SMA本构模型及其应用的研究进展

形状记忆合金(SMA)是一类应用前景广阔的智能材料系统, 其最基本的宏观响应特性是在不同温度和应力条件下的相变超弹性和形状记忆特性.近年来, 形状记忆合金本构模型发展迅速, 其在工程结构振动控制领域中的研究和应用也得到了广泛地关注.与此同时, 许多学者将SMA用于当前迅速发展的智能材料结构,发展了一系列SMA复合材料本构模型, 成为目前SMA的应用研究的热点.本文针对形状记忆合金本构模型的发展状况, 首先回顾了近年来常用的和新发展的SMA本构模型, 并根据其包含的力学特点和基本理论将其进行了比较归类, 分析了各类模型特点和适用范围;其次从微/宏观角度介绍了有广阔应用前景的SMA智能复合材料的本构模型的发展状况;接着简要的综述了几类较为实用的SMA本构模型在实现结构的主/被控制、变形控制及结构裂纹诊断与控制等方面的应用现状.最后对目前本构模型的发展趋势、工程应用问题提出了一些看法和展望.      

形状记忆合金伪弹性行为模拟

基于对伪弹性形状记忆合金(SMA)典型应力-应变曲线的特征分析,在原Graesser本构模型中增加简洁多项式来描述SMA应力诱发马氏体相变完成后在变形马氏体相下继续加载阶段的变形特征;并引入应变幅值与混相下SMA弹性模量的关系来改进不同应变幅值下卸载时SMA的应力-应变关系,从而提出了一种新的SMA一维本构关系模拟其伪弹性力学行为。该模型对直径为0.5mm的NiTi合金丝的拉伸加载、卸载试验曲线的模拟结果表明:改进本构模型与原Graesser模型相比,其能够准确地模拟SMA在不同应变幅值下加载和卸载应力-应变关系。此外,通过研究SMA本构模型的物理关系,推导出了控制SMA滞回曲线特征的关键参数fT与相变临界应力、弹性常数之间的明确关系,可利用该关系直接确定参数fT,摆脱了只靠试算获取该参数的传统做法,其准确性得到了试验验证。     

形状记忆合金的热力学本构方程

利用形状记忆因子,直观地描述了形状记忆合金(SMA)实现其超弹性与形状记忆效应的热力学宏观过程.根据热力学基本原理并假设SMA为各向同性材料,建立了描述复杂应力状态下SMA热力学行为的三维本构方程.该本构方程具有直观的表述形式且所含材料常数均可以通过宏观实验测定,克服了现存SMA三维本构方程由于表述形式复杂和材料参数不...     

形状记忆合金混杂复合材料薄壁梁主动变形模型

提出具有变形主动驱动作用的SMA纤维混杂复合材料单闭室薄壁截面梁的力-位移本构关系模型.基于变分渐近法导出具有SMA主动纤维的复合材料薄壁空心梁的二维截面刚度系数以及截面内力(矩)与位移(转角)关系方程,含SMA纤维层合板材料性能由混合率进行预测.基于Tanaka的SMA应力应变关系以及Lin的线性相变动力模型,导出了SMA诱发的轴力、扭矩与弯矩的数学表达式.由该文建立的具有拉伸-扭转-弯曲静变形耦合的一般公式出发,讨论周向均匀刚度配置以及周向反对称刚度配置特殊情形,并给出了简化的本构方程.在不考虑SMA纤维含量和温度变化的情况下,本文的模型可以退化为普通纤维复合材料单闭室薄壁截面梁的已有结果.通过数值计算揭示了SMA对弯曲-扭转静变形特性的作用规律,分析了SMA纤维含量、驱动温度和复合材料铺层角的影响.     

SMA长纤维铝基复合材料的热力学性能

从作者建立的增量型的SMA本构关系出发 ,借助于细观力学的方法 ,推导出了新的长纤维SMA复合材料的增量型细观本构模型 ;应用此模型分析了该复合材料的在循环热载作用下的力学性能 ,尤其是计算了复合材料在不同条件下残余应力的变化 ,这对智能复合材料的设计提供了很大帮助。     

基于UMAT的形状记忆合金驱动波纹板结构的数值分析

形状记忆合金SMA主动驱动波纹板效率高,且性能稳定,在设计自适应智能结构上具有可观的前景。为有效利用有限元法对SMA波纹板结构进行计算分析,基于已有SMA本构模型推导了增量型SMA本构模型,据此编写了可由ABAQUS调用的用户材料(UMAT)子程序;利用该UMAT子程序对SMA主动驱动波纹板结构进行了数值模拟计算,与实验结果的对比验证了计算结果的有效性;在SMA波纹板原始结构基础上,提出了SMA短带错落布置型新结构,并进行了数值模拟分析与验证;提出了新结构的温度控制方案和提高驱动效果的措施,可为SMA驱动波纹板驱动器的设计与应用提供参考与借鉴。     

基于UMAT的形状记忆合金驱动波纹板结构的数值分析

形状记忆合金SMA主动驱动波纹板效率高，且性能稳定，在设计自适应智能结构上具有可观的前景。为有效利用有限元法对SMA波纹板结构进行计算分析，基于已有SMA本构模型推导了增量型SMA本构模型，据此编写了可由ABAQUS调用的用户材料（UMAT）子程序；利用该UMAT子程序对SMA主动驱动波纹板结构进行了数值模拟计算，与实验结果的对比验证了计算结果的有效性；在SMA波纹板原始结构基础上，提出了SMA短带错落布置型新结构，并进行了数值模拟分析与验证；提出了新结构的温度控制方案和提高驱动效果的措施，可为SMA驱动波纹板驱动器的设计与应用提供参考与借鉴。     

基于OpenSees平台的SMA被动阻尼器及其在斜拉桥减震中的应用

基于OpenSees平台编制形状记忆合金SMA(Shape Memory Alloys)可恢复材料的本构关系模型,并将其加入OpenSees材料库;提出一种SMA阻尼器,并将其安装在斜拉桥桥塔与主梁之间,通过数值分析研究SMA阻尼器初始刚度、屈服后刚度以及卸屈比变化对其减震性能的影响;进一步对比不同体系斜拉桥的破坏模式,分析SMA阻尼器对料拉桥抗震性能的改善,以及SMA阻尼器对斜拉桥残余变形的自恢复效果.     

超弹性NiTi合金丝动力特性试验及本构模型研究

形状记忆合金(SMA)是一种兼具感知和驱动功能的功能材料,因其独特的形状记忆效应、超弹性和高阻尼等特性,成为土木工程结构振动控制的理想材料.论文研究了超弹性NiTi丝的动力特性和应变率相关的本构模型.试验测试了NiTi丝在不同应变率下的力学性能,建立了应力增量与应变率的关系方程.在试验的基础上,提出了改进的SMA本构模...     

一种修正的形状记忆合金本构模型数值算法及应用

采用Hughes-Winget算法修正了已有文献所发展的考虑塑性和相变耦合效应的形状记忆合金(SMA)本构模型的积分算法,使其能适用于发生较大转动变形的问题。据此编制了ABAQUS用户子程序UMAT,对SMA弹簧拉伸和"三点弯"等发生较大转动的问题进行了模拟。结果表明,修正算法可减小结构在发生较大转动变形时采用小变形本构模型计算带来的误差,提高计算过程的收敛速度与稳定性。采用本文的修正算法模拟了Ni Ti SMA的大变形拉伸伪弹性和塑性、SMA板的大挠度弯曲伪弹性和SMA弹簧的大变形拉伸伪弹性行为,结果与试验和其他研究者的计算结果吻合较好,证明了该修正算法的有效性。     

形状记忆合金拟弹性行为的热力学描述

形状记忆合金是由马氏体和奥氏体组成并动态变化的两相材料 ,其拟弹性行为实质上是两相各自行为的动态组合。本文提出了形状记忆合金拟弹性行为的一种热力学描述。根据实验现象假设在感兴趣的温度和变形范围内 ,奥氏体相具有线弹性特性而马氏体相具有弹塑性特性 ,结合 Tanaka的相变描述 ,给出了小变形、初始各向同性和塑性不可压缩条件下形状记忆合金的三维本构方程。对不同温度下形状记忆合金材料的特性进行了描述 ,较好地预言了单调及循环加载下的响应和正、反相变行为及其温度影响 ,动态相变过程对应力响应的影响 ,高温相下的强度增加等。     

A CONSTITUTIVE MODEL FOR TRANSFORMATION, REORIENTATION AND PLASTIC DEFORMATION OF SHAPE MEMORY ALLOYS

A constitutive model is developed for the transformation, reorientation and plastic deformation of shape memory alloys (SMAs). It is based on the concept that an SMA is a mixture composed of austenite and martensite, the volume fraction of each phase is transformable with the change of applied thermal-mechanical loading, and the constitutive behavior of the SMA is the combination of the individual behavior of its two phases. The deformation of the martensite is separated into elastic, thermal, reorientation and plastic parts, and that of the austenite is separated into elastic, thermal and plastic parts. Making use of the Tanaka’s transformation rule modified by taking into account the effect of plastic deformation, the constitutive model of the SMA is obtained. The ferroelasticity, pseudoelasticity and shape memory effect of SMA Au-47.5 at.%Cd, and the pseudoelasticity and shape memory effect as well as plastic deformation and its effect of an NiTi SMA, are analyzed and compared with experimental results.     

Thermomechanical behavior of shape memory alloy under complex loading conditions

The thermo-mechanical behavior of polycrystalline shape memory alloy (SMA) under multi-axial loading with varying temperature conditions has been studied by experiments. Recently the research has been extended theoretically and a mechanical model of polycrystalline SMA and the corresponding mesoscopic constitutive equations have been developed. The model presented in this paper is constructed on the basis of the crystal plasticity and the deformation mechanism of SMA. The variants in the crystal grains and the orientations of crystal grains in the polycrystal are considered in the proposed model; the constitutive equations are derived on the basis of the proposed model. The volume fraction of the martensite variants in the transformation process and the influence of the stress state on the transformation process are also considered. Some calculated results obtained by the constitutive equations are presented and compared with the experimental results. It is found that the deformation behavior of SMA under complex loading conditions can be well reproduced by the calculation of the constitutive equations.     

Shakedown analysis of shape memory alloy structures

Phase transformational shakedown of a structure refers to a status that plastic strains cease developing after a finite number of loading cycles, and subsequently the structure undergoes only elastic deformation and alternating phase transformations with limited magnitudes. Due to the intrinsic complexity in the constitutive relations of shape memory alloys (SMA), there is as yet a lack of effective methods for modeling the mechanical responses of SMA structures, especially when they develop both phase transformation and plastic deformation. This paper is devoted to present an algorithm for analyzing shakedown of SMA structures subjected to cyclic or varying loads within specified domains. Based on the phase transformation and plastic yield criteria of von Mises-type and their associated flow rules, a simplified three-dimensional phenomenological constitutive model is first formulated accounting for different regimes of elastic–plastic deformation and phase transformation. Different responses possible for SMA bodies exposed to varying loads are discussed. The classical Melan shakedown theorem is extended to determine a lower bound of loads for transformational shakedown of SMA bodies without necessity of a step-by-step analysis along the loading history. Finally, a simple example is given to illustrate the application of the present theory as well as some basic features of shakedown of SMA structures. It is interesting to find that phase transformation may either increase or decrease the load-bearing capacity of a structure, depending upon its constitutive relations, geometries and the loading mode.     

Micro-mechanical behaviors of SMA composite materials under hygro-thermo-elastic strain fields

An analytical procedure to evaluate the behavior of shape memory alloy (SMA) composite under hygrothermal environment is presented. The SMA wires are considered as inclusions embedded in a homogeneous matrix medium of the composite. The inhomogeneity associated with the phase transformation and thermal strains in the SMA wire as well as the hygrothermal strain in the matrix is homogenized using Eshelby’s equivalent inclusion method. In the present work, a similar approach adopted for SMA composites by Marfia and Sacco [Marfia, S., Sacco, E., 2005. Micromechanics and homogenisation of SMA-wire-reinforced materials. J. Appl. Mech. 72 (2), 259–268.] is considered in order to validate the response of SMA composite subjected to thermo-elastic strain field. However, in the present approach, certain modifications and new derivations for the inelastic strain tensors is carried out. First, the constitutive laws for the SMA wire and matrix are expressed in terms of the average strain in the composite. The evolutionary equations used to characterize the pseudoelastic (PE) behavior of the SMA wire are redefined in terms of the eigen strains (phase transformation and thermal strains) occurring in the SMA wire, which are then expressed in terms of the average strain in the composite. Further, the SMA composite constitutive law under coupled hygro-thermo-elastic strain fields is proposed. The generic homogenized hygric and thermal inelastic composite tensors required for the proposed hygro-thermo-elastic constitutive law are derived. Finally, the SMA composite lamina is characterized using Eshelby’s equivalent inclusion method. Using the proposed modifications and derivations, the analytical results are validated for the case of thermo-elastic strain fields and the procedure is then extended to evaluate the SMA composite behavior under hygro-thermo-elastic strain fields. The results include the effect of thermo-elastic and hygro-thermo-elastic strains on the transformation stresses and the nature of hysteresis due to hygric and thermo-elastic strains.     

SMA阻尼器的阻尼特性分析及器件设计方法

提出了SMA中心引线型阻尼器的力学计算模型，以Brinson本构模型为理论依据建立了阻尼器的阻尼特性分析理论及器件设计方法；利用MATLAB编制的仿真软件进行了实例仿真。结果表明SMA阻尼器具有明显的阻尼特性，加上其耐久性和免维护性，适合用于土木工程的结构振动被动控制。