SUS304奥氏体不锈钢摩擦跑和阶段的摩擦表面层演变及其对摩擦行为的影响

跑合阶段材料的形变过程与组织变化对材料的摩擦行为有重要影响.试验以SUS304奥氏体不锈钢和WCCo硬质合金球为对摩副,采用50 N载荷进行干摩擦试验,对跑合初期磨痕表面粗糙度、氧含量、硬度、形貌、物相以及磨痕截面硬度等分布进行了观察与测量.结果显示:摩擦的最初4个周次,SUS304不锈钢表层发生剧烈的马氏体相变以及塑性变形,导致磨痕表面迅速粗化并生成磨屑,这对随后SUS304不锈钢跑合阶段的摩擦行为产生了重要影响.在后续的摩擦过程中,SUS304不锈钢表层和亚表层组织逐渐演化,形成较为稳定的结构,使得摩擦过程进入稳态.     

P110油管钢表面镀Cu与镀Ni-P摩擦磨损性能的比较

在P110油管钢表面分别制备了Cu镀层和Ni-P镀层,采用SEM、EDS和STM等方法对比研究了P110油管钢基体、Cu镀层和Ni-P镀层的摩擦磨损性能,分析了磨痕形貌、磨损率和摩擦系数的异同,探讨了磨损机理.结果表明:Cu镀层和Ni-P镀层的耐磨性均明显优于P110油管钢基体,且Ni-P镀层的耐磨性优于Cu镀层;P110油管钢基体的磨痕呈磨坑形貌,磨损机理为剥层磨损和磨粒磨损;Cu镀层的磨痕表面附着Cu磨屑,磨屑受压发生塑形变形,磨损机理为疲劳磨损和黏着磨损;Ni-P镀层的磨痕呈细小的犁沟形貌,磨损机理为轻微磨粒磨损.     

载荷对304不锈钢微动磨损性能的影响

采用SRV-IV微动摩擦磨损试验机,研究了在干摩擦和水介质润滑条件下,载荷对304不锈钢微动磨损行为的影响,用扫描电子显微镜(SEM)和X射线能谱(EDS)对磨损表面形貌和成分进行分析.结果显示:载荷和介质对微动摩擦行为和磨损机理有显著影响.在干摩擦下,载荷明显改变了微动运行区域,当载荷增大到50 N时微动运行区域由滑移区变为部分滑移区.摩擦系数和磨痕深度随着载荷的增加依次减小.磨损机理由黏着、磨粒和氧化磨损转变为局部疲劳和轻微氧化.同干摩擦相比,由于水介质的润滑和冷却作用,表面黏着被抑制,摩擦系数显著减小,两接触面间易滑移,部分滑移区消失.随载荷的增大磨痕深度增大,因腐蚀与磨损的交互作用,在海水中的磨痕深度比去离子水中略大.磨损机理主要为磨粒磨损和轻微的腐蚀磨损.     

温度对7A04铝销-50CrMo4钢盘摩擦副干滑动摩擦磨损行为的影响

针对7xxx铝合金温热成型过程中模具磨损等问题，本文作者研究了不同温度对7A04铝销-50CrMo4钢盘摩擦副干滑动摩擦磨损行为的影响.采用光学显微镜、3D光学轮廓仪和扫描电子显微镜等对试样的微观组织、磨痕形貌、磨损亚表层组织以及磨屑形貌进行了表征.结果表明，随着试验温度的升高，摩擦系数先降低后升高. 7A04铝销的磨损率先减小后增大；其磨损机制以磨粒磨损为主. 50CrMo4钢盘的磨损率先增大后减小，在225℃时降至最低；其室温下的磨损机制为磨粒磨损、胶合黏着磨损和剥层磨损的混合磨损机制，温度从125℃升至175℃时转变为轻微磨粒磨损和一般黏着磨损的混合磨损机制；各温度下均存在明显的材料转移现象. 7A04铝销在125℃时开始出现机械混合层，伴随有明显的氧化现象，这将导致在225℃下机械混合层结构变得疏松且易剥落.在225℃下50CrMo4钢磨损亚表面的变形晶粒区和动态再结晶区厚度增大，表面硬度下降，塑性增加，形成长条状的切屑. 7A04铝销表面机械混合层的氧化及塑性变形层的变化与50CrMo4钢磨损表面动态再结晶的变化决定了在不同温度中2种材料各具有不同的磨损率与磨损形式.     

γN相/Si3N4陶瓷球摩擦副在干摩擦条件下的磨损机制转变图

采用等离子体源渗氮技术在AISI 316奥氏体不锈钢表面制备γN相层.研究了γ_N相层/Si_3N_4陶瓷球摩擦副在球-盘式磨损仪、载荷2~8 N、滑动速度0.15~0.22 m/s干摩擦条件下的磨损行为,基于详细的磨痕表面和磨屑显微分析,通过响应面分析法建立γ_N相层在此状态下的磨损机制转变图.结果表明:γ_N相层在低载荷下的磨损机制主要是氧化磨损;而在较高载荷下的磨损机制主要是塑性变形和磨粒磨损.     

氮合金化堆焊合金往复式摩擦磨损行为的研究

在马氏体不锈钢中引入氮，通过铌、钛固氮制备氮合金化堆焊合金. 利用往复式摩擦磨损试验机测试加氮和未加氮两种堆焊合金在不同载荷(5、10和15 N)下的摩擦磨损性能，研究了其摩擦磨损行为. 结果表明:在摩擦磨损过程中，堆焊合金表面承受周期性载荷，摩擦表面出现明显的切削痕和塑性变形，其磨损机制以磨粒磨损和表面疲劳磨损为主. 氮合金化堆焊合金中，碳氮化物沿马氏体基体、晶界弥散析出，起到了明显的细晶强化和弥散强化作用，增强了基体的塑性变形抗力以及抵御磨粒磨损的能力，使磨损表面切削痕数量更少、深度更浅，抗疲劳剥落现象得到明显改善.      

外加磁场对W-20Cu/45钢摩擦副干摩擦特性影响的实验研究

以W-20Cu销/45钢环摩擦副为研究对象,采用改进后的MPV-1500型摩擦磨损试验机,研究了直流磁场对W-20Cu干滑动摩擦磨损特性的影响.利用扫描电镜观察W-20Cu销磨损后的表面形貌、纵切面组织及磨屑形貌,采用三维形貌仪表征了磨损表面粗糙度.结果表明:随着磁场的施加和增大,W-20Cu销和45钢环的磨损率及摩擦系数均有减小趋势.磁场不仅降低了W-20Cu销摩擦面亚表层的变形程度,而且能吸附磨屑并使之细化.无外加磁场时,磨损机制主要为磨粒磨损;施加磁场后,W-20Cu销摩擦面趋于平滑,磨损机制变为磨粒磨损和氧化磨损的混合磨损.     

乳、恒牙釉质及本质体外摩擦行为的对比研究

采用往复式滑动摩擦磨损试验考察了人体乳、恒牙牙釉质及牙本质在人工唾液润滑下的摩擦学性能.结果表明:人体牙的摩擦磨损行为同其微观结构密切相关;恒牙釉质磨痕表面存在轻微擦伤迹象;乳牙釉质的磨损表面主要呈现裂纹和轻微犁沟,二者都存在腐蚀磨损的现象;乳牙和恒牙本质的摩擦磨损行为相似,磨损明显加剧,磨斑表面呈现严重犁削和剥落特征.     

690合金传热管在不同摩擦副条件下的微动磨损性能研究

采用MFF-3000电磁振动微动疲劳与磨损试验机，研究两种抗振条材料(退火405不锈钢和淬火回火06Cr13)对690合金传热管的微动磨损性能的影响，试验采用块/管线接触方式，即线接触. 试验结束后，采用OM、SEM、EDX和EPMA和三维光学显微镜对磨痕微观形貌和成分等进行分析，对比分析两种摩擦副的微动摩擦行为. 结果表明:当配副材料为405不锈钢时，690合金的磨损相对严重；工况相同时，06Cr13的磨损比405不锈钢严重，且405不锈钢的磨屑尺寸较小，06Cr13磨痕表面存在大量的剥层裂纹. 随着温度增加，磨屑增加，氧化程度加剧，磨损加剧，主要的磨损机制为磨粒磨损和剥层.      

合成蜡粉改性聚四氟乙烯基粘结涂层摩擦学性能的研究

用合成蜡粉改善聚四氟乙烯基粘结涂层并考察了其摩擦磨损性能以及合成蜡粉添加盈对摩擦磨损试验结果重复性的影响。结果表明：合成蜡粉可明显改善聚四氟乙烯基粘结涂层的减摩耐磨性能;随着合成蜡粉添加量的增加,其摩擦磨损试验数据的重复性显著提高,通过对其磨痕形貌和磨痕表层转移物的分析发现,在摩擦过程中,合成蜡粉可阻止偶件金属元素向聚四氟乙烯基粘结涂层摩擦表面的转移和大尺寸磨屑的产生。     

一种基于直接计算高阶奇异积分的断裂力学双边界积分方程分析法

相对于有限元法,边界单元法在求解断裂问题上有着独特的优势,现有的边界单元法中主要有子区域法和双边界积分方程法.采用一种改进的双边界积分方程法求解二维、三维断裂问题的应力强度因子,对非裂纹边界采用传统的位移边界积分方程,只需对裂纹面中的一面采用面力边界积分方程,并以裂纹间断位移为未知量直接用于计算应力强度因子.采用一种高阶奇异积分的直接法计算面力边界积分方程中的超强奇异积分;对于裂纹尖端单元,提供了三种不同形式的间断位移插值函数,采用两点公式计算应力强度因子.给出了多个具体的算例,与现存的精确解或参考解对比,可得到高精度的计算结果.      

汶川地震诱发文家沟巨型滑坡 碎屑流基本特征及成因机制初步分析

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2008年5月12日,汶川M80地震在四川省绵竹市清平乡文家沟内诱发一巨型滑坡。通过现场调查得知,滑坡前后缘高差455m,厚度20～30m,滑面为基岩层面,初始方量2750×107m3。滑体在运动中转化为碎屑流。滑坡-碎屑流总的水平运动距离为4022m,垂直运动距离为1443m,遗留的堆积物体积达5×107m3。滑坡距映秀—北川断裂仅36km,位于其下盘,地震烈度达XI度。滑坡导致文家沟中48人遇害,并形成一条完整的地震次生地质灾害链。初步分析表明滑坡启动速度快,滑坡向碎屑流转化过程明显、地点明确。碎屑流运动过程复杂,伴有强烈的“气垫效应”和“前缘气浪冲击效应”。作者认为,文家沟滑坡的高启动速度是长持时强烈地震动作用的结果,与山体的猛烈碰撞是导致滑体解体并转化为碎屑流的原因。     

Preface: Orbits around asteroid

One of the core issues in modern celestial mechanics is the orbital dynamics in the near-regime gravitational field of as- teroids, which provides deep insights into the mathematical nature of a class of nonlinear systems, and plays as a critical basis for in situ explorations of different science goals. Lots of efforts have been made to reveal the characteristics of orbital motion in the vicinity of asteroids, and to improve the skills of asteroid research in methodology.     

Effet de l'anisotropie élastique cristalline sur la distribution des facteurs de Schmid à la surface des polycristauxInfluence of crystalline elasticity anisotropy on Schmid factor distribution at the free surface of polycrystals

Experimental studies of the plasticity mechanisms of polycrystals are usually based on the Schmid factor distribution supposing crystalline elasticity isotropy. A numerical evaluation of the effect of crystalline elasticity anisotropy on the apparent Schmid factor distribution at the free surface of polycrystals is presented. Cubic elasticity is considered. Order II stresses (averaged on all grains with the same crystallographic orientation) as well as variations between averages computed on grains with the same crystallographic orientation but with different neighbour grains are computed. The Finite Element Method is used. Commonly studied metals presenting an increasing anisotropy degree are considered (aluminium, nickel, austenite, copper). Concerning order II stresses in strongly anisotropic metals, the apparent Schmid factor distribution is drifted towards small Schmid factor values (the maximum Schmid factor is equal to 0.43 instead of 0.5) and the slip activation order between characteristic orientations of the crystallographic standard triangle is modified. The computed square deviations of the stresses averaged on grains with the same crystallographic orientation but with different neighbour grains are a bit higher than the second order ones (inter-orientation scatter). Our numerical evaluations agree quantitatively with several observations and measures of the literature concerning stress and strain distribution in copper and austenite polycrystals submitted to low amplitude loadings. Hopefully, the given apparent Schmid factor distributions could help to better understand the observations of the plasticity mechanisms taking place at the free surface of polycrystals. To cite this article: M. Sauzay, C. R. Mecanique 334 (2006).     

Nonlinear behavior of matrix-inclusion composites under high confining pressure: application to concrete and mortar

This paper is devoted to a micromechanics-based simulation of the response of concrete to hydrostatic and oedometric compressions. Concrete is described as a composite made up of a cement matrix in which rigid inclusions are embedded. The focus is put on the role of the interface between matrix and inclusion which represent the interfacial transition zone (ITZ). A plastic behavior is considered for both the matrix and the interfaces. The effective response of the composite is derived from the modified secant method adapted to the situation of imperfect interfaces. To cite this article: T.H. Le et al., C. R. Mecanique 336 (2008).     

Dynamics and Breakup of Viscoelastic Liquids (A Review)

The phenomena of hydrodynamic breakup of liquid jets, drops, films, bridges, and filaments are reviewed for liquids with viscoelastic properties. The reasons for breakup are capillary instabilities, collisions with rigid obstacles, and other forms of dynamic action. The relationship between the properties of the liquids and the features of the breakup process is discussed.     

Flow stability analysis and excitation using pulsating jets

Classical flow stability applied to transition from laminar to turbulent flow may also describe the behavior of vorticity fluctuations created by a pulsating jet placed along a solid boundary. A numerical laminar flow experiment involving a pulsating jet placed along the surface of a duct with flow separation downstream, resulted in eliminating most part of the separated flow region. Applying the same approach to a turbulent flow, it was possible to develop a turbulent stability flow formulation and apply successfully turbulent pulsating jet flow separation control. To cite this article: D. Skamnakis, K. Papailiou, C. R. Mecanique 333 (2005).