冲击诱发NiTi形状记忆合金相变行为研究

NiTi形状记忆合金的高应变动态响应特性在军事、航空等领域具有重要应用.为研究NiTi合金在动态力学诱导下的相变行为,在不同温区不同冲击速率下,通过轻气炮装置对NiTi合金进行了动态加载实验.利用差示扫描量热仪(DSC),综合物性测量系统分析了冲击波残余效应对NiTi合金相变行为的影响.研究发现:受冲击的样品在第一次DSC热循环中观察到了三个马氏体吸热峰,表现为三步逆马氏体相变,而在第二次热循环中其中两个应力诱发马氏体吸热峰因变形恢复消失.形成两个应力诱发马氏体吸热峰的原因可能是晶粒内部与晶界处的相变过程不同步.受冲击后样品DSC放热峰上出现了一小肩峰,表明可能因中间相(R相)的出现而发生了两步相变,结合电阻测量曲线进一步确认R相的存在,且发现奥氏体相向R相转变以及R相向马氏体相转变这两种相变过程在某一温度范围内可同时进行.同时,文中也具体讨论了不同的冲击加载条件对相变过程的影响.     

Ni-Fe-Ga磁致形状记忆合金中间马氏体相变

采用差示扫描量热和x射线衍射技术研究Ni-Fe-Ga磁致形状记忆合金的马氏体相变行为.结 果发现,在多晶Ni565_56.5Fe190_19.0Ga245_{2 4.5}和Ni563_56.3Fe170_17.0 Ga267_26.7合金中除马氏体相变外,还观察到一次完整的、正相变和逆相 变对应出现、单 纯由温度诱发的中间马氏体相变.该中间马氏体相变与马氏体相变均为热弹性相变. 关键词： Ni-Fe-Ga 中间马氏体相变 磁致形状记忆合金     

内应力对Mn2NiGa铁磁形状记忆合金的结构、相变和磁性能的影响

通过施加压应力的方法,在铁磁形状记忆合金Mn₂NiGa中引入残留内应力,研究了内应力对 Mn₂NiGa材料的结构、相变和磁性能的影响.研究发现,加压过程使材料发生了塑性形变,在材料内部引入了大量的位错缺陷.卸载后保留的位错缺陷在材料中造成了残留的内应力,导致了马氏体相变温度大幅度提高, 使原本室温下的母相转变成了马氏体相.测量到导致样品转变成马氏体的阈值压应力为1.0 GPa.加压形成的马氏体中的残留内应力将矫顽力从低于50 Oe提高到350 Oe.残留内应力在730 K的热处理中由于位错缺陷的消失而得以消除,样品实现了马氏体逆相变.如此高的逆相变温度使得 Mn₂NiGa马氏体的居里温度测量成为可能,获得了530K的数值.     

低温时效处理对铁磁形状记忆合金Mn2NiGa的结构、相变和磁性能的影响

对在较低温度范围的时效处理铁磁形状记忆合金Mn₂NiGa的结构、相变和磁性进行了研究.研究发现,母相基体析出了细小的析出相,引起了晶格扭曲和畸变,导致了系统内产生了很大的内应力.在其浓度超过晶格的容忍度之后,提升了体系的马氏体相变温度,使母相在时效温度下转变成马氏体相,并在其中测量到高达900 Oe的矫顽力.由于这种马氏体相的逆相变温度大幅提高,外推获得其居里温度在530 K附近.细小析出相的粗化使内应力消失,样品又回到母相状态.观察到细小析出相粗化的两个阈值温度,分别为423 K和 关键词： 铁磁形状记忆合金 2NiGa')" href="#">Mn₂NiGa 时效处理 内应力     

60keV质子辐照对TiNi记忆合金薄膜马氏体相变的影响

利用磁控溅射的方法在氧化后的单晶Si基片上制备了TiNi形状记忆合金薄膜，利用示差扫描量热法和原位X射线衍射研究了薄膜的马氏体相变特征。通过60keV质子注入（辐照）薄膜样品研究了H+离子对合金薄膜马氏体相变特征的影响，结果表明氢离子注入后引起了马氏体相变开始Ms和结束点Mf以及逆马氏体相变开始As和结束温度Af的下降，而对R相变开始Rs和结束温度Rf影响不大。掠入射X射线衍射表明H+离子注入后有氢化物形成。H+离子注入形成的氢化物是引起相变点的变化的主要因素。     

60keV质子辐照对TiNi记忆合金薄膜马氏体相变的影响

 利用磁控溅射的方法在氧化后的单晶Si基片上制备了TiNi形状记忆合金薄膜，利用示差扫描量热法和原位X射线衍射研究了薄膜的马氏体相变特征。通过60keV质子注入（辐照）薄膜样品研究了H+离子对合金薄膜马氏体相变特征的影响，结果表明氢离子注入后引起了马氏体相变开始Ms和结束点Mf以及逆马氏体相变开始As和结束温度Af的下降，而对R相变开始Rs和结束温度Rf影响不大。掠入射X射线衍射表明H+离子注入后有氢化物形成。H⁺离子注入形成的氢化物是引起相变点的变化的主要因素。     

Ni-X-In(X=Mn,Fe和Co)合金的缺陷稳定性和磁性能的第一性原理研究

Ni-Mn-In是一种新型的磁控形状记忆合金, 它通过磁场诱导逆马氏体相变实现形状记忆效应. 实验中常围绕化学计量比Ni₂MnIn合金进行成分调整, 以获得适宜的马氏体相变温度与居里温度, 在这个过程中必然会产生多种点缺陷. 本文使用量子力学计算软件包VASP, 在密度泛函理论的框架下通过第一原理计算, 系统地研究了非化学计量比Ni-X-In(X=Mn, Fe 和Co)合金的缺陷形成能和磁性能. 反位缺陷中, In和Ni在X亚晶格的反位缺陷(In_X和Ni_X)的形成能最低, Ni和X反位于Y的亚晶格(Ni_Y和X_Y)得到较高的形成能. 因此, In原子可以稳定立方母相的结构, 而X原子对母相结构稳定性的影响则相反; 空位缺陷中最高的形成能出现在In空位缺陷, 再次肯定了In原子对稳定母相结构的作用. 此外, 详细研究了点缺陷周围原子的磁性能以及电荷分布. 本文的计算结果在指导实验中的成分设计和开发新型磁控形状记忆合金方面具有重要意义.     

锰基高温反铁磁形状记忆合金中马氏体逆相变的表面浮突研究

本文利用原子力显微镜原位研究Mn_79.5Fe_15.6Cu_4.9反铁磁高温形状记忆合金在升降温过程中与马氏体相变相关的表面起伏特征, 同时采用X射线衍射、动态热机械分析等实验检测手段辅助分析其微观组织结构演化, 从纳米尺度分析面心立方–面心四方结构相变及表面浮突产生的物理机理. 实验结果表明: 在升降温过程中观察到帐篷型表面浮突, 由面心立方–面心四方马氏体逆相变产生的, 即母相浮突, 这与通常观测到的马氏体浮突不同; 实验证实面心立方–面心四方马氏体逆相变具有切变特征, 马氏体孪晶的逆向切变是产生帐篷型表面浮突的主要机理; 测得逆孪晶切变的浮突角小于1°, 远小于传统形状记忆合金的表面浮突角值, 这是由于面心立方母相与面心四方马氏体相结构差异较小造成的; 表面浮突随温度变化具有极好的可逆性, 这是马氏体相变晶体学可逆性决定的, 表明该合金具有优良的表面形貌记忆效应.     

18 MeV质子辐照对TiNi形状记忆合金R相变的影响

研究了用HZ B串列加速器的18MeV质子辐照对TiNi形状记忆合金R相变的影响,辐照在奥氏体母相状态下进行。示差扫描量热法(DSC)表明,辐照后R相变开始温度TsR和逆马氏体相变结束温度TfA随辐照注量的增加而降低。当注量为1.53×1014/cm2时,TsR和TfA分别下降6K和13K,辐照未引起R相变结束温度TfR和逆马氏体相变开始温度TsA的变化。表明辐照后母相(奥氏体相)稳定。透射电镜(TEM)分析表明辐照后没有引起合金可观察的微观组织变化。辐照对R相变开始温度TsR和逆马氏体相变结束温度Af的影响可能是由于质子辐照后产生了孤立的缺陷团,形成了局部应力场,引起晶格有序度的下降所造成的。     

哈斯勒合金Ni50Mn35In15的马氏体相变及其磁热效应

利用电弧炉熔炼了Ni50Mn35In15多晶样品,根据磁性测量对其马氏体相变和磁热效应进行了系统研究.结果表明.随着温度的降低,样品在室温附近先后发生了二级磁相变与一级结构相变特征的马氏体相变,导致它的磁化强度产生突变.同时通过低温下的磁滞回线的测量发现样品存在交换偏置行为,表明低温下马氏体相中铁磁和反铁磁共存.此外,根据Maxwell方程,计算了样品在马氏体相变温度附近的磁熵变,当温度为309 K,磁场改变5 T时,样品的磁熵变可达22.3 J/kg K.     

Effect of quenching temperature on pore formation during the cyclic heat treatment of aluminum

It has previously been shown [1] that pores are formed during the repeated heating and rapid cooling of commercially pure aluminum, and that as a result a deterioration in the mechanical properties of the material is observed. The fact that the intensity of pore formation increases with reduction in the diameter of the specimens being investigated — i.e., under conditions when the amount of plastic deformation decreases [2] and the rate of cooling, and consequently the concentration of quenching vacancies increases — leads to the assumption that the development of porosity observed in aluminum is due not to thermal stresses but to quenching vacancies.An approximate estimate of the number of fixed vacancies during repeated heat exchanges and comparison with the experimentally observed change in volume show that such an assumption is not without foundation.The present paper gives the results of further investigations into the behavior of aluminum under conditions of repeated sudden heat exchanges, and in particular the effect of quenching temperature, as a factor which increases the concentration of quenching vacancies, on the change in mechanical properties and microstructure of the material.     

银、银-铝合金及其内氧化银-铝合金的内耗峯

用频率约为1周/秒的扭摆,测量了99.99％和99.95％两种纯银以及99.99％纯银分别加入0.01％、0.02％、0.05％、0.15％、0.5％铝和99.95％纯银加入0.5％铝的六种合金的内耗。并且,还比较了三种合金的多晶和其中一种合金的单晶在内氧化前和后,以及经过不同时间的内氧化处理后的内耗变化。实验的结果表明:(1)99.99％纯银试样在空气中测量,升温过程中在130℃左右出现一个内耗峯,从高温作降温测量这个峯不再明显地出现。(2)99.95％纯银试样和99.99％纯银加有少量铝的三种合金试样,在空气中作升温测量,都出现两个明显的内耗峯。低温峯出现在130℃到260℃的范围内,高温峯出现在380℃到430℃的范围内。这两种内耗峯的高度和巅值温度都随杂质含量的多少而改变。从高温作降温测量,高温峯可以重复出现,而低温峯就不再出现。加入合金元素一方面会引起一个新的高温峯,另一方面它又起着抑制低温峯出现的作用。当铝含量超过0.05％(即0.2原子％)时,就只出现一个高温峯。实验的结果指出,低温峯和氧在银中存在时的状态有关,可能是由于晶界上Ag₂O的变化导致晶界结构状态和空位的平衡浓度的改变而引起的。高温峯可能是由于富集在晶界或亚晶界处的合金元素,在一定温度的交变应力下向晶粒内扩散和反扩散所引起的。(3)经过内氧化处理后的合金试样,其内耗巅值是随处理时间的增加而减小。这种内耗的变化也是由于晶界处的铝和氧原子的平衡浓度和界面结构状态受到改变引起的。     

Role of bulk thermal defects in the reconstruction dynamics of the TiO2(110) surface

We use low-energy electron microscopy to show that changing the temperature of oxygen-deficient, rutile-structure crystals causes steps on the (110) surfaces to move. This motion occurs because the concentration of bulk oxygen vacancies changes with temperature, requiring that material be added to or subtracted from the surface. During cooling below a bulk-stoichiometry-dependent temperature, the surface reconstructs into a 1x2 structure in the regions surface steps have swept through, showing that the structural and compositional changes needed to form the 1x2 phase are facilitated by the surface-to-bulk mass flow.     

Positron annihilation studies on the migration of deformation induced vacancies in stainless steel AISI 316 L

Positron lifetime measurements were carried out at room temperature before and after isochronous annealing of cylindrical, machined fatigue specimens and of round slabs of austenitic stainless steel AISI 316 L deformed in compression. Annealing experiments are evaluated in terms of vacancy migration and sinking to grain boundaries and dislocations. The model assumes spherical grains with a homogeneous initial distribution of vacancies. A vacancy migration enthalpy of H^M _V=(0.9±0.15) eV was found. It is concluded that positron trapping at dislocation lines does not significantly contribute to positron lifetime measurements at room temperature and that single vacancies are the dominating positron traps. Positron annihilation depth profiling on cross-sectional areas prepared from machined specimens using a positron microprobe with 10 μm spatial resolution shows that machining of cylindrical specimens creates vacancies up to 5 mm below the surface. Received: 11 August 2000 / Accepted: 13 November 2000 / Published online: 28 February 2001     

Motor driven microtubule shape fluctuations: force from within the lattice

We develop a general theory of microtubule (MT) deformations by molecular motors generating internal force doublets within the MT lattice. We describe two basic internal excitations, the S and V shape, and compare them with experimental observations from literature. We explain the special role of tubulin vacancies and the dramatic deformation amplifying effect observed for katanin acting at positions of defects. Experimentally observed shapes are used to determine the ratio of MT stretch and shear moduli (approximately 6 x 10(5)) and to estimate the forces induced in the MT lattice by katanin (10's of pN). We conclude that molecular motors if acting cooperatively can "animate" MTs from within the lattice and induce slack even without cross bridging to other structures, a scenario very much reminiscent of the motor driven axoneme.     

Magnetostructural phase transformation and shape memory effect of Fe-added Ni<Subscript>2</Subscript>MnGa films

The magnetostructural phase transformation and shape memory effect (SME) of Fe-added Ni₂MnGa films were investigated. The free-standing films were heat-treated at 1073 K for 3.6 ks and constraint-aged (CA) at various conditions (473 ~ 723 K, 0 ~ 14.4 ks) to make the two-way SME. The reversible two-way SME by the temperature change was confirmed through the martensitic transformation (MT) and its reversion. The gradient of strain-temperature curve, the effective recovery strain and the width of thermal hysteresis were dependent on the CA conditions. The magnetic field (MF) induced structural phase transformation was evaluated by an XRD apparatus in high MF up to 5 T. It was confirmed that the martensitic phase was stabilized by the MF. Furthermore, the SME by the MF was observed around MT temperature on cooling process for the CA film. It was concluded that the MF induced SME appeared by the induction of the MT with MF.     

Positron annihilation in the quenched and electron-irradiated NiSb intermetallic compound

Samples of the near equiatomic NiSb compound were irradiated by 3 MeV electrons at 20 K or quenched from 1103 K and 1333 K and subsequently annealed isochronally. The behaviour of defects created by quench or irradiation were studied by the positron annihilation technique. Only one recovery stage was found around 425 K for quenched specimens, but two distinct stages (100 K and 425 K) were observed after irradiation. The 425 K stage is ascribed to the migration of Ni vacancies giving dislocation loops. The recombination of mobile interstitials with vacancies after irradiation is assumed to occur between 100 K and 250 K. Doppler broadening and lifetime variations of positrons as a function of the measuring temperature in these irradiation samples are discussed.     

18 MeV质子辐照对TiNi形状记忆合金R相变的影响

 研究了用HZ-B串列加速器的18MeV质子辐照对TiNi形状记忆合金R相变的影响，辐照在奥氏体母相状态下进行。示差扫描量热法（DSC）表明，辐照后R相变开始温度T^s_R和逆马氏体相变结束温度T^f_A随辐照注量的增加而降低。当注量为1.53×10¹⁴/cm²时，T^sR和T^f_A分别下降6K和13K，辐照未引起R相变结束温度T^s_R和逆马氏体相变开始温度T^f_A的变化。表明辐照后母相(奥氏体相)稳定。透射电镜（TEM）分析表明辐照后没有引起合金可观察的微观组织变化。辐照对R相变开始温度T^s_{R和逆马氏体相变结束温度Af的影响可能是由于质子辐照后产生了孤立的缺陷团，形成了局部应力场，引起晶格有序度的下降所造成的。}