基于自适应网络模糊推理系统的γ能谱指纹模糊识别

提出了以自适应网络模糊推理系统参数为识别特征的γ能谱指纹模糊识别方法.通过建模和仿真,提取了γ能谱指纹的模糊系统特征参数,并建立了关于系统特征参数的模糊集及模糊识别原则,以较高的置信度实现了γ能谱指纹的类型识别和个体识别.对实测γ能谱指纹进行了识别,对方法的识别性能进行了研究和探讨.研究表明,该方法不但具有较强的类型识别能力和个体识别能力,并具有较低的识别下限和较强的抗噪声能力.     

类型γ射线能谱指纹的识别机理

放射源的辐射指纹能起到标识和鉴别放射性物体的作用.在涉及核弹头不可逆销毁过程的深度核裁军核查中,核弹头的辐射指纹对标识和鉴别裁减下来的核弹头将起到关键作用.预先研究辐射指纹的有关技术,如识别机理的研究,将有助于深度核裁军的核弹头核查技术发展.以实验室放射源为研究对象,探索了类型γ射线能谱指纹的同一性识别机理.类型γ射线指纹识别机理的研究,就是要找出一种合适的方法,以较高的置信度,描述两个正在进行比较的γ射线指纹是否为同一放射源的指纹.采用了谱形比较法,并用谱相似度概念来描述两个指纹的相似程度.在谱形比较思想的指导下,编制了放射源类型指纹识别软件,并通过放射源同一性的识别实验验证了软件的有效性,同时研究了谱相似度随统计涨落和测量条件,如时间、源强和本底等因素的变化情况.研究结果表明:1)用相似度概念来描述两个指纹的相似程度,回答两个待比较的γ射线能谱是否代表同一类型放射源,是切实可行的;2)该识别机理只具备识别放射源类型的能力,而对同一类型、差异甚微的放射源个体还不能识别 关键词： γ射线能谱指纹 辐射指纹 识别机理 核查技术     

出壳γ射线特征能谱作为弹头指纹的可行性计算分析

通过对核弹头部件中核材料自发衰变γ射线输运过程的分析，根据不同类型的核弹头有不同的出壳γ射线能谱形状，研究泄漏γ射线特征能谱作为核弹头指纹的可行性，还通过对高能和低能γ射线穿透谱的比较，分析球壳的厚度。     

基于最大隶属原则的核磁共振波谱模糊识别

介绍了基于最大隶属原则的核磁共振(NMR)波谱模糊识别原理与方法. 提出了关于核磁共振波谱模糊集合的概念,并给出了相应的隶属函数. 通过建立标准谱数据库和相应的模糊识别算法,实现了核磁共振波谱的快速自动定性分析. 对苯酚、邻苯二酚、间苯二酚及对苯二酚4种化合物及其11种混合物样品的¹H NMR谱进行了定性分析. 结果表明,在粗略找峰和隶属度阈值在0.45~0.85之间较大范围内取值的情况下,方法均给出了准确的识别结果.     

基于模糊识别的γ能谱定性分析

提出了一种基于模糊识别的γ能谱分析方法。通过建立关于未知谱的模糊集合、标准核素库及模糊识别算法,实现了γ能谱的快速自动定性分析,并对3组混合标准源γ能谱和3个低本底样品γ能谱进行了定性分析。结果表明在不精确求解峰位的情况下,即可准确分析出样品中所含的放射性核素。     

基于均值向量检验法的模板比较算法

模板比较算法是核弹头及其核部件模板识别技术的一项关键技术.文中介绍了一种基于均值向量检验法的高分辨γ能谱指纹模板比较算法,并用放射源对其进行了有效性检验.检验结果表明,该算法是有效的,能够准确识别不同强度、不同组成的辐射源.研究还就模板构型的设计提出了两条建议. 关键词： 模板比较算法 模板识别技术 能谱指纹 均值向量检验法     

基于奇异谱分析的γ能谱降噪算法

针对传统频域滤波法无法有效解决γ能谱中噪声频谱与谱成分频谱的重叠问题,本文提出了基于奇异谱分析的γ能谱降噪方法,阐述了奇异谱分析降噪方法的基本原理,给出了降噪算法.通过分析γ能谱的奇异谱特征,给出了最优嵌入维数和γ能谱重构阶数的选取方法.实测60 CoHPGeγ能谱的降噪结果表明:奇异谱分析法可有效分离和消除γ能谱的加性噪声和乘性噪声,从而大幅提高了能谱信噪比.与传统方法相比,该方法算法简单,具有较强的降噪能力,且待定参量少,是有效的γ能谱降噪方法.     

高能X射线双能成像法中的物质识别

研究了边界能量为1—10MeV的高能X射线成像系统中采用双能成像法识别物质问题. 通过研究其物理机理, 提出了一个近似线性的数学模型; 定义了物质识别灵敏度用于评价物质识别效果; 发现了双能X射线的最优能谱分布区间. 提出并验证了面向最优能谱分布区间的双能X射线能谱调制方法, 大大提高了物质识别灵敏度, 并较好解决了不易识别薄物质的问题. 建成了9MeV/6MeV交替双能成像实验样机, 获得了物质识别着色图像. 相关实验研究结果与理论研究符合得很好.     

基于二维直方图和模糊熵准则的阈值化方法

图像分割是图像分析、识别和理解的基础。图像分割主要是指将图像分成各具特性的区域并提取出感兴趣目标的技术,其研究多年来一直受到人们的高度重视;阈值化法是图像分割的一种重要方法,在图像处理与识别中广为应用;针对图像分割中细节往往被忽略导致后续处理困难的问题,基于模糊关系和最大模糊熵原理提出了一种阈值化方法,对二维直方图进行模糊分割;为了获得图像分割中的细节,提出的方法根据最大熵原则自动确定模糊区域和门限,进而获得二维模糊熵和遗传算法最优解,最后获得图像细节;通过对不同灰度水平和颜色类型图像进行实验比较,实验结果表明提出的方法优于二维非模糊方法和一维模糊熵分割法,得到该方法在图像分割中获得细节的结论。     

基于最大隶属度原则的彩色图像分割方法

提出一种基于模糊最大隶属度原则的彩色图像分割方法.从彩色图像的彩色直方图中获取目标色和背景色，建立一组色彩模糊集，计算该图像中的色彩在各模糊集中的隶属度，并基于最大隶属度原则确定色彩的归属.基于上述最大隶属度的模糊模式识别原则建立了最大隶属度-径向基函数神经网络，实现了快速有效的彩色图像分割. 关键词： 最大隶属度原则 彩色图像分割 彩色直方图 神经网络     

Relationship between γ-ray sources and star formation regions

A statistically significant correlation between the position of unidentified discrete γ-ray sources with star formation regions in the Galaxy has been obtained. The fraction of unidentified discrete γ-ray sources coincident with star formation regions was found to be 47 ± 8%. The coincident γ-ray sources have on average more rigid spectra and higher fluxes in comparison with other unidentified discrete γ-ray sources. A possible mechanism of γ radiation from star formation regions is the annihilation of particles of the dark matter concentrated in the star formation regions.     

Prospects for isomeric energy release

The state of experimental studies and promising proposals for the application of nuclear isomers presented as controlled energy or γ-ray sources are reviewed. The properties of isomeric states, methods of their production, and approaches to their efficient stimulation using various types of radiation are analyzed. The long-lived isomers, which can be accumulated in reactor irradiations or in other nuclear interactions with abundant yield, are listed. The isomers are estimated according to their specific energy accumulated per nucleus and the level of the cross section for their formation in reactions with neutrons. The nuclei are classified as promising either for obtaining controlled γ-ray pulses, for the enhanced release of the radioactive decay energy, or for experimental studies on detecting forbidden electromagnetic transitions from the ground to isomeric state. In all cases, the possibility of external-stimulus action on nuclear transitions has key significance, which should become the subject of investigations. The results of successful observation of stimulation of isomers are described at excitation energy E* > 1 MeV in the reactions with bremsstrahlung photons and Coulomb excitation in the ion beam. The essential increase in the K-hindered transitions with increasing energy and also the K-mixing at high rotational frequency for high-spin levels are discussed. The attention is focused on attempts to detect the triggering induced by the radiation in the x-ray range, in particular, that of the ^178m2Hf isomer with the help of x-ray sources and the synchrotron radiation. Proposals for experiments with other isomers are considered. The possibility of affecting the nuclear states by means of ionization of electron shells of a corresponding atom is discussed as promising, and various schemes of similar experiments are proposed. The atomic cross sections are eight orders of magnitude higher than the nuclear ones; therefore, the stimulation of an isomer can occur even if the conversion from atomic excitations to nuclear ones has a low probability.     

基于微通道板的中子探测器γ射线灵敏度

研制了一种基于微通道板的超快脉冲中子探测器,对其γ射线灵敏度进行了理论和实验研究。建立了探测器的γ射线灵敏度理论计算模型,利用蒙特卡罗方法模拟计算了不同能量γ射线在不同厚度聚乙烯靶中产生的出射电子能谱和出射角度分布,并结合经验公式计算了单个电子在微通道板(MCP)孔道中产生的二次电子产额,最后得到了探测器的γ射线灵敏度,结果表明当聚乙烯靶厚度大于某一值时,γ射线灵敏度基本相同。利用西北核技术研究所的标准γ射线放射源对探测器的γ射线灵敏度进行了实验标定,实验结果与理论计算结果一致。     

Laser wakefield electron acceleration for γ-ray radiography application

An electron beam is obtained using laser wakefield electron accelerator, and converted into a γ-ray source after undergoing bremsstrahlung radiation in a dense material. A quasi-monoenergetic structure is observed when the length of the plasma channel was modified. The structure has a 58-MeV peak energy, 15mrad (full-width at half-maximum) divergence angle, and 340-pC charge. The γ-ray source generated by this high-quality electron beam is brighter and has higher spatial and temporal resolutions than other conventional sources. A γ-ray radiography demonstrational experiment is performed. Pictures of a ball with different layers made of different materials are taken. The results show a clear structure and density resolution.     

脉冲γ射线对光纤的辐射效应

介绍了光纤的损耗机制和γ射线对光纤的辐射效应,设计了针对脉冲γ射线作用于光纤而产生辐射感生损耗的实验测量系统。利用平均光子能量为0.3 MeV、脉冲宽度25 ns、剂量率2.03×107Gy.s-1,和平均光子能量为1.0 MeV、脉冲宽度25 ns、剂量率5.32×109Gy.s-1的2种脉冲γ射线分别作用于多模和单模光纤,分别采用波长为405,660,850,1 310和1 550 nm的激光光纤传输系统对辐射感生损耗进行了测量。获得了光纤辐射感生损耗和辐射剂量的关系,并对实验结果进行分析。从实验结果可以看出:在近红外到可见光范围内,脉冲γ射线对光纤作用产生的辐射感生损耗随探测波长减小而增大;在0.1~3.5 Gy剂量范围内,多模光纤辐射感生损耗和辐射剂量呈线性关系。分析辐射对光纤的作用机制和实验结果后得出:光纤基质原子的电子能级对传输光子的共振吸收而造成吸收损耗增加;光纤折射率分布的改变从而导致波导损耗增加。     

Precision Measurements of High-Energy Cosmic Gamma-Ray Emission with the GAMMA-400 Gamma-Ray Telescope

The GAMMA-400 γ-ray telescope installed at the Russian space observatory is intended for precision measurements in the energy range of 20 MeV–1000 GeV of γ-ray emission (with the angular and energy resolutions several times better than that of current γ-ray telescopes) from discrete sources; measurement of the energy spectra of Galactic and extragalactic diffuse γ-ray emission; studies of γ-ray emission from the active Sun; and measurements of fluxes of γ-ray emission and electron–positron cosmicray component, which are probably associated with the annihilation or decay of dark-matter particles.     

小波分析及神经网络方法在核物理及核工程中的应用

介绍了小波分析和神经网络方法在核物理及核工程领域的应用现状。 分别对小波分析及神经网络方法的基本原理进行了介绍, 详细讨论了小波变换中的多分辨分析方法在γ能谱平滑以及核电站设备监测等方面的应用, 讨论了连续小波变换在γ能谱分析、 粒子种类鉴别以及核反应堆安全监测等领域的应用。 同时, 还详细介绍了神经网络方法在以上各领域的发展现状。 最后, 展望了两种方法在核安全检测、 核辐射防护以及核电站实时监控等领域的发展趋势。 Applications of wavelet analysis and neutral networks in the field of nuclear physics and engineering are reviewed. The principle of these two methods are introduced briefly, and then the applications of multiresolution analysis technique in the smoothing of γ ray spectroscopy, and in nuclear power plant monitoring are discussed in detail. Applications of the continuous wavelet analysis method in γ ray spectroscopy analysis, in particle identification , and in nuclear reactor safety monitoring are also talked over. In addition, the applications of neutral networks in above fields are introduced. Finally, the trends of the future development for these two methods are prospected.     

Nuclear viscosity of hot rotating 240Cf

In a detailed investigation of giant dipole resonance (GDR) γ-ray yield from ²⁴⁰Cf populated in the ³²S + ²⁰⁸Pb reaction, the absolute γ-ray/fission multiplicities are extracted over a wide range of excitation energy and angular momentum. The enhanced yield of GDR decay γ rays has been analyzed within the framework of a modified statistical model containing the nuclear viscosity as a free parameter. The extracted nuclear dissipation coefficient is found to be independent of the temperature. Large constant dissipation during the saddle-to-scission path provides good fits to the γ-ray spectra.     

钚部件属性γ射线综合测量原型系统

通过γ射线辐射探测、能谱分析和信息屏障等技术集成，建立了一套可用于核裁军核查的钚部件的钚存在、武器级钚和年龄属性的HAM-1型γ射线综合测量系统.在不泄漏核部件敏感设计信息的前提下，探测核部件是研制HAM-1型γ射线综合测量系统的基本出发点.根据信息屏障的设计要求，选用ARM微处理器作HAM-1的控制中心，自行研发了高分辨γ能谱的解谱分析技术和属性分析技术，编制了HAM-1型γ射线综合测量系统的应用软件，实现了能谱采集、数据分析、结果显示的自动化和核部件敏感设计信息的保护. 关键词： 钚部件 属性测量 信息屏障 γ射线综合测量系统     

Radio waves and γ-ray emission from astrophysical sources

A mechanism of X- and γ-ray emission by relativistic electrons at interaction with astrophysical objects (maser clouds) is considered and the contribution of this mechanism to the formation of a continuous spectrum and its correlation with radio-wave radiation are investigated. The radiation yield upon deexcitation of a quantum system by an electron exceeds that of “conventional” (i.e., without a change in the quantum-system state) bremsstrahlung at small nuclear charges (Z < 10) and may be about 8% of the total γ-ray intensity. It is shown that in the direction in which the γ-ray intensity increases, one should observe radio waves corresponding to a particular maser source.