水滑石阻燃剂热相变行为及其热力学分析

水滑石(LDH)具有阻燃、消烟、填充和热稳定性等功能,是无机阻燃剂的新品种,以尿素为沉淀剂制备Mg/Al摩尔比为4的镁铝水滑石(MgAl-LDH)阻燃剂。通过X射线衍射光谱(XRD)、傅里叶红外光谱(FT-IR)和热重-差示扫描量热法(TG-DSC)等表征手段,以及结合去卷积及曲线拟合分析,研究了MgAl-LDH阻燃剂的热分解行为,探求其热相变规律,特别是热解相变过程中层板羟基(—OH)的存在形式和层间碳酸根(CO2-₃)的配位变化,并从热力学角度对其热分解过程进行了分析讨论。XRD表征发现,随着温度的升高,LDH阻燃剂主体层板结构发生晶相转变,500 ℃时层间CO2-₃基本脱除生成镁铝双金属混合氧化物(Mg—Al—O),600 ℃有杂相MgAl₂O₄尖晶石晶相生成。基于FT-IR和TG-DSC表征和曲线拟合分析,发现LDH阻燃剂主体层板—OH存在[Al—OH—Al],[Al—OH—Mg]和[Mg—OH—Mg]三种形式,各结构单元中的—OH析出难易程度有所不同,[Mg—OH—Mg]最难析出,[Al—OH—Mg]次之,而[Al—OH—Al]较易;层间CO2-₃亦有三种配位方式,即桥联配位、单齿配位和双齿配位。从热力学角度对MgAl-LDH阻燃剂的热力学性质进行了估算,得到了Mg₈Al₂(OH)₂₀CO₃晶体的吉布斯自由能(Δ_rGθ_T)随温度变化的明确表达式。当温度(T)高于228.65 ℃时,吉布斯自由能(Δ_rGθ_T)小于零,MgAl-LDH发生分解,层板中—OH析出过程是自发进行的。该结果与TG-DSC实验结果接近,表明热力学估算所得吉布斯自由能(Δ_rGθ_T)与温度(T)的关系是可靠的。     

电负性拓扑指数mF及其对无机物理化性质的预测

受Randic分子连接性拓扑指数 mX的启发 ,构建了电负性拓扑指数 mF .用 mF的 0、1阶指数分别与 2 0种碱金属卤化物的晶格能U、生成焓ΔrHm、离子水化能ΔrGθm、5 1种金属离子水合热ΔrHθh 和 80种离子标准生成热ΔfHθm 进行关联 ,拟合的回归方程的相关系 (指 )数分别为 0 .995 4( 0 .995 4)、0 .983 5 ( 0 .9840 )、0 .9794( 0 .9795 )、0 .9948和 0 .9865 ,满足优级或良级标准 .结构选择性达到唯一性表征 ,预测取得满意的结果     

基于MgAl-8-HQ LDH复合粒子选择性检测Fe~(3+)的荧光传感器

为实现对Fe~(3+)高选择和简便检测,基于镁铝层状双氢氧化物(MgAl LDH)层板的Al~(3+)的可调控性及易与8-羟基喹啉(8-HQ)发生配位作用,设计制备了8-HQ插层配位的高荧光性8-羟基喹啉镁铝层状双氢氧化物(Mg_xAl-8-HQ LDH),同时采用IR,XRD,UV-Vis及分子荧光光谱仪表征其结构和性能。IR分析表明8-HQ与铝离子生成C-O-Al和C-N-Al配位键;XRD揭示8-HQ插入MgAl LDH的层板间,致(003)衍射峰向2θ低角度方向移动,衍射峰强度随Mg与Al摩尔比增加而增强;因MgAl LDH层间的8-HQ与Al~(3+)配位,致8-HQ在314 nm处的吸收峰消失,同时在376 nm处出现了金属离子与配体之间的跃迁吸收峰;荧光分析表明:Mg_xAl-8-HQ LDH的荧光强度随Al~(3+)含量降低而增强,当镁铝离子物质的量之比为4∶1时,荧光强度显著强于8-羟基喹啉铝。通过研究金属离子对Mg_4Al-8-HQ LDH粒子荧光光谱的影响,发现该粒子对金属离子表现出显著的选择和差异性,尤其对Fe~(3+)具有高选择性。进一步研究[Fe~(3+)]对Mg_4Al-8-HQ LDH粒子的溶液颜色及荧光强度的影响表明:在10~(-6)~10~(-2)mol·L~(-1)内随[Fe~(3+)]增加,Mg_4Al-8-HQ LDH粒子溶液的颜色由浅黄色变成墨绿色,故可实现上述浓度范围内Fe~(3+)的比色传感;同时其荧光强度显著降低,当[Fe~(3+)]为10~(-3)mol·L~(-1)可完全猝灭其荧光,当-log[Fe~(3+)]为3~6时,-log[Fe~(3+)]与溶液荧光强度呈负相关函数关系,可实现对Fe~(3+)的高选择和灵敏性荧光传感检测,据此本实验成功建立了Mg_A Al-8-HQ LDH粒子荧光和比色双重传感检测Fe~(3+)的新方法。     

一种含马来酰亚胺环氧树脂固化剂的合成与结构、光谱和热力学性质研究

以马来酸酐、对硝基苯胺、环氧氯丙烷为原料,首先合成出N-(4-硝基苯基)马来酰亚胺(NPMI)、再将其催化还原成N-(4-氨基苯基)马来酰亚胺(APMI),最后以APMI与环氧氯丙烷反应合成出一种新型的含马来酰亚胺环氧树脂固化剂N-(4-氨基苯基马来酰亚胺)二缩水甘油胺(MPDGA).采用密度泛函理论B3LYP/6-311++G(d,p)方法,研究了所合成的MPDGA分子的几何结构、电子结构及热力学性质.获得了它们的红外光谱、电子光谱和分子轨道图,以及标准摩尔热容C_(pm)~θ、标准摩尔熵S_m~θ、标准摩尔焓H_m~θ等气态热力学性质与温度的变化关系,同时获得了MPDGA分子的标准摩尔生成焓Δ_fH_m~θ和标准摩尔生成自由能ΔfGθm数据.     

Al2O3X(X=H,D,T)的电子振动近似理论方法研究

用密度泛函理论(DFT)方法在6-311 G(d,p)水平上对Al2O3X(X=H,D,T)分子较低能量的几何构型进行了优化.计算结果表明该分子有两个可能基态,即Al2O3X(X=H,D,T)(2A′)Cs和Al2O3X(X=H,D,T)(2B2)C2v.全电子计算了氢同位素分子及Al2O3X(X=H,D,T)的能量E、定容热容CV和熵S.应用电子振动近似理论,即用单个分子Al2O3X(X=H,D,T)中的电子和振动能量和熵近似代表它们处于固态时的能量和熵,计算得到固体Al2O3的氢化热力学函数ΔH0,ΔS0,ΔG0以及平衡压力与温度的关系.当Al2O3吸附氢(氘,氚)形成C2v对称性气态Al2O3X(X=H,D,T)对应的固体时,氢气可以排代氘气,氘气可以排代氚气.这种排代效应非常不明显;形成Cs对称性气态Al2O3X(X=H,D,T)对应的固体时,反应的氢氘氚排代效应的顺序为氚排代氘,氘排代氢,与钛等的氢氘氚排代效应的顺序相反.总体而言,这种排代效应都非常弱.随着温度的增加,这一系列反应的氢氘氚排代效应趋于消失.     

~4He~+在Al和Si单晶晶面沟道中的半波长及阻止本领

采用高分辨探测系统,在不同的入射角θ_(in)和出射角θ_(out)的条件下,测量了1—2MeV ~4He~+入射在Al(100)面和Si(110),(100)面中的背散射能谱。得到了背散射能谱振荡峰的间距ΔE与cosθ_(in)/cosθ_(out)的直线关系,从而获得了1—2MeV ~4He~+在这三个晶面中的振荡半波长及阻止本领。实验得到的半波长与理论计算值在误差范围内一致,晶面沟道方向的阻止本领略大于随机方向的阻止本领。     

［Mg(NH2)2］n(n=1—5)团簇的密度泛函理论研究

用密度泛函理论的杂化密度泛函B3LYP方法在6-31G^*基组水平上对［Mg(NH₂)₂］_n(n=1—5)团簇各种可能的构型进行几何结构优化,预测了各团簇的最稳定结构.对最稳定结构的振动特性、成键特性、电荷特性等进行了理论研究.结果表明：团簇易形成链状结构,Mg—N键长为0.190—0.234 nm,N—H键长为0.101—0.103 nm,H—N—H键角为100.2°—107.5°;团簇中M 关键词： 2)₂］_n(n=1—5)团簇')" href="#">［Mg(NH₂)₂］_n(n=1—5)团簇 密度泛函理论 结构与性质 储氢材料     

头孢呋辛酯与牛血清白蛋白相互作用特征研究

采用荧光光谱、三维荧光光谱、同步荧光光谱和紫外吸收光谱法,研究了不同温度下头孢呋辛酯（CFA）的浓度在1.959×10-6至13.71×10-6 mol·L-1范围内,牛血清白蛋白(BSA)的浓度为2.0×10-6 mol·L-1时两者之间的相互作用,按照Sterm-Volmer方程、Lineweaver-Burk方程和热力学方程分析和处理实验数据,计算了表观作用常数（K_LB: 3.907×106 L·mol-1）,热力学参数的平均值（焓变ΔH：-13.43 kJ·mol-1,熵变ΔS：81.90 J·K-1和标准吉布斯自由能变化ΔGθ：-38.34 kJ·mol-1）,测定了作用位点数（n: 1.042）,讨论了CFA对BSA的荧光猝灭作用机理。BSA和CFA作用可能形成了一种新的复合物,猝灭作用主要属于静态猝灭。认可热力学参数ΔH≈0, ΔS＞0和ΔGθ＜0,反应力主要是熵驱动力和静电作用力。在同步荧光光谱中色氨酸和酪氨酸的峰波长明显红移;在三维荧光光谱中,在加入CFA后二峰的发射波长蓝移;在紫外-可见吸收光谱图中,三体系的最大吸收明显不同,这些均显现色氨酸和酪氨酸所处的微环境的变化,同时说明了加入CFA后BSA的构象发生了变化。这为讨论BSA的构象变化,阐明CFA的药理作用和在生物体内的生物学效应等提供重要信息。     

Mg3MNi2(M=Al,Ti)的晶体结构与电子性能原子模拟研究

利用元素取代Mg2 Ni合金的部分Mg后得到Mg3 MNi2 (M=Al,Ti)合金.计算得到的Mg2 Ni和Mg3 MNi2 (M=Al,Ti)的晶格常数和实验一致,研究了Mg3 MNi2 (M=Al,Ti)的电子性能和储氢性能的关系,结果表明:Mg2 Ni合金中Al和Ti部分取代Mg形成新的合金Mg3 MNi2 (M=Al,Ti)后,Mg和Al、Ti之间形成共价键.从晶体结构特征和电子性能等方面分析预测了Mg3 MNi2 (M=Al,Ti)合金比Mg2Ni合金具有较低的吸、放氢温度.     

温度对Fe(Ⅲ)与牛血清白蛋白结合作用的影响

运用荧光光谱法研究了铁(Ⅲ,Fe3+)与牛血清白蛋白(Bovine Serum Albumin,BSA)的相互作用。在290K、308K时,随着Fe3+浓度的增大BSA发射峰略有蓝移,荧光强度降低,根据Stern-Volmer方程求出了Fe3+对牛血清白蛋白(BSA)荧光猝灭的常数,并探讨了BSA荧光猝灭机制,为静态猝灭,温度没有改变Fe3+对BSA的猝灭机制。根据公式lg(F0/F-1)=lgKA+nlg[C]求出了二者在两个温度时的结合常数(KA)以及结合位点数(n),经过数据分析后,得到了三个热力学参数吉布斯自由能变(ΔG)、焓变(ΔH)和熵变(ΔS),结果表明温度升高Fe3+与BSA的作用增强,二者之间的作用力主要为疏水作用。     

Guided-Wave Two-Dimensional Acousto-Optic Scanner Using Proton-Exchanged Lithium Niobate Waveguide

Two-dimensional scanning of a 0.6328 mum guided-light beam has been realized using noncolinear acousto-optic (AO) coplanar Bragg diffraction together with colinear AO guided-mode to substrate radiation-mode conversion in a Z-cut Xpropagation LiNbO3 proton-exchanged (PE) waveguide. The two surface acoustic (SAW) waves utilized are at the center frequencies of 500 and 200 MHz, propagating in the Y and X axes, respectively. Two-dimensional scanning of approximately 720 resolvable light beam spots, namely, 18 40 (horizontal vertical) scanning, has been demonstrated using a light beam of 1.0 mm aperture. The total number of resolvable beam spots can be greatly increased from 720 by simply utilizing SAW transducers of larger bandwidth and a light beam of greater aperture. It should also be possible to significantly increase the diffraction efficiency from 3 % by optimizing the parameters of the PE waveguide and the SAWs.     

Effect ofγ-radiation on the spectral luminescence characteristics of impure cadmium tungstate crystals

Results of a study of the effect of γ-radiation on the spectral luminescence properties of cadmium tungstate crystals doped with silver, bismuth, and molybdenum cations are presented. Spectral characteristics of the nondnnnoped crystals are briefly described. Absorption and photo and X-ray luminescence spectra of the crystals taken before and after exposure to γ-radiation (5.5·10⁴ Gy) are compared. It is found that the spectral characteristics of the crystals doped with silver, bismuth, and molybdenum cations do not change markedly after the exposure. The relation between the type of impurity-induced defects, individual characteristics of the impurity cations, and the character of the effect of γ-radiation on the spectral luminescence properties of impure crystals is analyzed (preliminarily). Translated from Zhurnal Prikladnoi Spektroskopii, Vol. 64, No. 1, pp. 55–60, January–February, 1997.     

Theoretical analysis and simulation of conjugate heights for dual-conjugate AO system in lidar

A multi-conjugate adaptive optics （MCAO） can offer a possibility of widening field of view （FOV） characterized by the isoplanatic angle, and the choose of conjugate height becomes a basic problem for MCAO, which influences the size of iosplanatic angle. Considering the application of lidar, the isoplanatic angle＇s expressions of two deformable mirrors （DMs） MCAO for uplink and downlink are deduced. The effects of conjugate heights for dual-conjugate AO are thoughtfully discussed, and the isoplanatic angles are further analyzed. The results show that the isopanatic angle varies with the conjugate height and reaches the maximum as the conjugate height is at the optimal altitude. Moreover, the optimal conjugate height changes with the propagation distance.     

Quick single-photon detector with many avalanche photo diodes working on the time division

Due to the limit of response speed of the present single-photon detector, the code rate is still too low to come into practical use for the present quantum key distribution (QKD) system.A new idea is put up to design a quick single-photon detector.This quick single-photon detector is composed of a multi-port optic-fiber splitter and many avalanche photo diodes (APDs).Au of the ports with APDs work on the time division and cooperate with a logic discriminating and deciding unit driven by the clock signal.The operation frequency lies on the number N of ports, and can reach N times of the conventional single-photon detector.The single-photon prompt detection can come true for high repetition-rate pulses.The applying of this detector will largely raise the code rate of the QKD, and boost the commercial use.     

Improvement of four-wave mixing-based wavelength conversion efficiency in dispersion shifted fiber by 40-GHz clock pumping

40-GHz clock modulated signal as a pump to improve the efficiency of four-wave mixing (FWM)-based wavelength conversion in a 26.5-km dispersion shifted fiber (DSF) is investigated. The experimental results demonstrate that the conjugated FWM component has higher intensity with the clock pumping than that with the continuous-wave (CW) light pumping. The improvement of FWM-based wavelength conversion efficiency is negligible when the pump power is less than Brillouin threshold. But when the pump power is greater than Brillouin threshold, the improvement becomes significant and increases with the increment of pump power. The improvement can increase up to 9 dB if pump power reaches 17 dBm.     

Characterization of PolyA and PolyC mismatches by Raman spectroscopy

A.C mismatches are studied by Raman spectral characterization of PolyA, PolyC, and their equimolar complex in solution of 0.14 mol/L Na ,pH7.0.Experimental results show that A·C mismatches occur to be A/B (mainly A) conformers, and unlike Watson-Crick base pairing, this kind of mismatches is stabilized by only one hydrogen bond involving cytosine N4H2 and adenine N7.The formation of A·C complex makes the base stacking interactions much stronger, and conformation of the backbone more ordered, which leads to obvious Raman hypochromic effect with some shifts in corresponding bands.     

Speech enhancement by array crosstalk resistant ANC and spectrum subtraction

Microphone array-based speech enhancement has great importance for speech communications and speech recognition. To reduce the aperture of the microphone array and to increase the effect of the speech enhancement will greatly broaden the application areas of the microphone array. An array crosstalk resistant adaptive noise cancellation method is therefore presented. And then an improved spectral subtraction algorithm is further cascaded to obtain better enhancement results. Theoretic analysis and experiments indicate that the proposed scheme needs only a very small microphone array while it simultaneously achieves a higher SNR improvement. Besides, the proposed scheme can be used in many noisy environments and is easy for real-time implementation.     

Multi-pulse operation of a Kerr-lens mode-locked femtosecond laser

Our experimental results show that the presence of a proper amount of negative group velocity dispersion is essential to multi-pulse operation of a Kerr-lens mode-locked femtosecond laser. We demonstrate that the pulse separations and the number of pulses contained within a cavity round trip are strongly dependent on the initial perturbations. The results allow us to get a better understanding on the influences of the convoluted self-phase modulation and intra-cavity dispersions on the stable multi-pulse oscillation in a Kerr-lens mode-locked femtosecond laser.     

Propagation of Helmholtz-Gauss beams in weak turbulent atmosphere

Based on the Rytov approximation of light propagation in weak turbulent atmosphere,the closed-form expressions of field and average irradiance of each one of the four fundamental families of Helmholtz-Gauss (HzG)beams:cosine-Gauss beams,stationary Mathieu-Gauss beams,stationary parabolic-Gauss beams,and Bessel-Gauss beams,which are propagating in weak turbulent atmosphere,are obtained.The results show that the field and average irradiance can be written as the product of four factors:complex amplitude depending on the z-coordinate only,a Ganssian beam.a factor of complex phase perturbation induced by atmospheric turbulence,and a complex scaled version of the transverse shape of the non-diffracting beam.The effect of weak atmospheric turbulence on irradiance distribution of the HzG beam can be ignored.