强流质子加速器束流剖面分布及束晕测量系统设计

 针对一台用于加速器驱动洁净核能源系统研究、高占空比的强流质子加速器,开展强流质子直线加速器束晕产生的研究工作,其中的束流剖面分布特别是束晕部分测量的束流诊断系统是研究工作的核心内容。束晕的产生在低能量段尤其重要,且对整个直线加速器的设计有重要影响。介绍了研究束晕增长的束流输运线和测量系统的布局设计,并根据所研究的加速器束流的情况进行束流剖面探测器和束晕测量的设计和预研,包括丝靶材料的模拟计算和选择、机械驱动的控制系统设计和研究、前端模拟电路的设计和仿真模拟、以及整个系统与EPICS和VxWorks的计算机控制接口等。     

低温超导组件的标定与准直测量

Cry Module由于其无法通视和超低温特性,是超导直线加速器准直中的重点与难点。文中提出由激光跟踪仪和测微准直望远镜协同准直冷质量组件。作者设计了测微准直望远镜所用十字丝目标及其支架,而且成功安装低温超导组件,监测了两次低温实验时的位移。常温安装精度达到0.15mm,低温监测精度达到0.5mmm。目前ADS-Cry Module已通过中期检查验收,成功引出能量2.68Me V、最大流强3.6m A的连续波质子束,束流功率达到9.6k W,是目前国际上连续束运行的超导质子直线加速器中束流功率最高的,也是我国首次实现超导高频腔加速毫安级连续波质子束。这标志着我国强流质子超导直线加速器技术进入国际先进行列。     

CiADS束流负载效应前馈补偿的仿真评估

在高功率超导质子直线加速器中，束流负载效应是影响超导腔幅相稳定性的一个重要因素。本工作基于谐振腔建场模型，开发了超导腔系统束流负载效应的时域仿真程序，分析了束流负载效应对超导腔幅相稳定性的影响，并在C-ADS注入器II上通过相关实验测量对仿真结果进行了验证。利用该程序，评估了CiADS超导直线加速器脉冲束流的脉冲长度，以及前馈补偿的时序抖动和束流纹波等因素对腔中电磁场幅相稳定度的影响。仿真结果表明:在当前CiADS直线加速器设计参数下，为满足超导腔中电磁场0.1%与在高功率超导质子直线加速器中，束流负载效应是影响超导腔幅相稳定性的一个重要因素。本工作基于谐振腔建场模型，开发了超导腔系统束流负载效应的时域仿真程序，分析了束流负载效应对超导腔幅相稳定性的影响，并在C-ADS注入器II上通过相关实验测量对仿真结果进行了验证。利用该程序，评估了CiADS超导直线加速器脉冲束流的脉冲长度，以及前馈补偿的时序抖动和束流纹波等因素对腔中电磁场幅相稳定度的影响。仿真结果表明:在当前CiADS直线加速器设计参数下，为满足超导腔中电磁场0.1%与$0.1^{\circ}$的幅相稳定度指标，前馈时序抖动的偏差不能超过0.79 μs，束流流强的直流偏差不能超过0.9%，并且给出了束流纹波的最大抖动幅值与纹波频率之间的关系。这些结果将为CiADS超导直线加速器相关子系统技术指标的确定提供依据。     

中国散裂中子源直线射频功率源系统的研制

中国散裂中子源加速器质子束流加速能量为1.6 GeV,重复频率为25 Hz,撞击固体金属靶产生散射中子,一期工程的打靶束流功率为100 kW。直线加速器的设计束流流强为15 mA,输出能量为81 MeV。射频加速和聚束系统包括一台射频四极场加速器、中能束流传输线的两个聚束器、四节漂移管直线加速器加速腔和直线-环束流传输线的一个散束器,与之相对应,共有8个单元在线运行的射频功率源为其提供所需的射频功率。目前,直线射频功率源系统预研项目已全部完成,各项性能参数均已达到设计指标,当前正处在批产安装调试阶段。151013     

强流RFQ加速器的匹配设计方法研究

模拟计算和束流实验证明不匹配是直线加速器中强流束产生束晕的直接原因. 束晕的产生将导致束流品质下降和束流丢失, 也使得不匹配成为引起束流丢失的主要原因. 为了提高强流RFQ加速器中束流的传输品质和提高传输效率, 在分析了RFQ加速器中束流不匹配的原因之后, 提出了基于常规四部曲方法的匹配动力学设计方法. 该设计方法可以有效地抑制发射度增长和提高束流的传输效率.     

一种可调耦合度型高功率输入耦合器的设计

旨在设计一支新型、耦合度可调、连续波型高功率输入耦合器,外部品质因数的调节范围为1.5×105~2×106,以适应先进光源技术研发与测试平台超导电子直线加速器束流试验装置不同束流模式下的需要。这是国内首次开展耦合度可调式连续波型高功率输入耦合器的研制。采用HFSS三维电磁仿真软件完成了耦合器的高频结构设计,对耦合器的微波传输、场分布进行了计算;同时采用CST微波工作室对不同内导体天线插入深度下耦合器的外部品质因数进行了仿真计算,结合650 MHz 2单元超导腔进行了耦合度调节实验,仿真计算与实验测试结果基本一致。     

BPM测量束流纵向发射度与Twiss参数

在C-ADS直线加速器样机中,为了描述束流相空间分布,需要精确测量束流在RFQ出口处的参数。束流横向信息已通过发射度重构测量获得,束流光学也得到了验证。采用了一种用BPM的SUM信号测量束流纵向参数的方法。在实验中,调节两台聚束器的聚束腔压并记录其下游BPM上的SUM信号。通过粒子群算法和TraceWin模拟相结合的方法,得到了考虑空间电荷效应的测量结果。测得的发射度与Toutatis中的模拟值相近。     

ESS靶前束流剖面及束晕监测器样机的研制

为了研究靶前高功率束流的物理特性，欧洲散裂中子源计划研制一套靶前多丝束流剖面监测器及束晕监测器样机，样机的在线测试将在日本质子加速器研究设施的3 GeV质子束传输束线上进行。针对此束线现场安装管道狭小、监测器样机传动机构行程大的特点，提出一种适用于小通道的多点定位多丝束流剖面探头，将其与束晕探头集成在一个样机上，结构紧凑，可实现双探头的独立驱动。使用ANSYS workbench对探头及传动杆进行了变形分析，完成了样机的研制，通过丝间距光学影像测量、真空检漏、小孔通过性测试及通断检测，确保了样机的可靠性。     

BPM测量束流纵向发射度与Twiss参数（英文）

在C-ADS直线加速器样机中,为了描述束流相空间分布,需要精确测量束流在RFQ出口处的参数。束流横向信息已通过发射度重构测量获得,束流光学也得到了验证。采用了一种用BPM的SUM信号测量束流纵向参数的方法。在实验中,调节两台聚束器的聚束腔压并记录其下游BPM上的SUM信号。通过粒子群算法和Trace Win模拟相结合的方法,得到了考虑空间电荷效应的测量结果。测得的发射度与Toutatis中的模拟值相近。     

SFC的新的轴向注入束流线

为了满足HIRFL-CSR对注入器SFC的束流强度和品种的越来越高的要求, 兰州重离子加速器国家实验室在研制超导ECR离子源的同时, 设计了一个新的SFC的轴向注入束流线. 这个系统可以分别使用现有的常规ECR离子源和新建造的超导ECR离子源, 期望把从C到U的各种离子的能量和束流强度提高到一个新的水平. 这个系统由二极磁铁, 四极透镜, GLASSER透镜, 螺线管, 螺旋形静电偏转器和两台丝网型线性聚束器组成. 在总结现有系统运行经验的基础上,无论在横向还是纵向, 其性能结构都做了必要的改进. 文章给出了新系统的设计思想, 系统的布局结构和束流光学计算结果, 并对进一步提高聚束效率和聚束器的改进设计作了简要的描述. 目前, 系统正在安装中.     

Radiotherapy out-of-field dosimetry: Experimental and computational results for photons in a water tank

The first objective of this work was to check and select a set of four kinds of passive photon, dosimeters (two thermo-luminescence dosimeter (TLD) types, one radiophotoluminescence (RPL) dosimeter and one optically stimulated luminescence (OSL) dosimeter) together with a common measurement protocol. Dosimeters were calibrated in a reference clinical linear acccelerator beam in a water tank at a reference facility at the Laboratoire National Henri Becquerel (CEA LIST/LNE LNHB, Saclay. Radiation qualities of 6, 12 and 20 MV were used with standard calibration conditions described in IAEA TRS 398 and non-standard conditions. Profile and depth dose ion chamber measurements were also made to provide reference values. Measurements were made in a water tank into which pipes could be inserted which held dosimeters in pre-determined and reproducible positions. The water tank was built to enable investigation of doses up to 60 cm from the beam axis. A first set of experiments was carried out with the beam passing through the tank. From this first experiment, penumbra and out-of-field dose profiles including water and collimator scatter and leakage were found over three orders of magnitude. Two further sets of experiments using the same experimental arrangement with the beam outside the tank, to avoid water scatter, were designed to measure collimator scatter and leakage by closing the jaws of the collimator. Depending on the energy, typical leakage and collimator scatter represents 10–40% and 30–50% of the total out-of-field doses respectively. It was concluded that all dosimeters can be used for out-of-field photon dosimetry. All show good uniformity, good reproducibility, and can be used down to low doses expected at distances remote from the subsequent radiotherapy target volume.     

Collimation with hollow electron beams

A novel concept of controlled halo removal for intense high-energy beams in storage rings and colliders is presented. It is based on the interaction of the circulating beam with a 5-keV, magnetically confined, pulsed hollow electron beam in a 2-m-long section of the ring. The electrons enclose the circulating beam, kicking halo particles transversely and leaving the beam core unperturbed. By acting as a tunable diffusion enhancer and not as a hard aperture limitation, the hollow electron beam collimator extends conventional collimation systems beyond the intensity limits imposed by tolerable losses. The concept was tested experimentally at the Fermilab Tevatron proton-antiproton collider. The first results on the collimation of 980-GeV antiprotons are presented.     

Beam collimation for CSNS/RCS

The current design of the CSNS/RCS beam collimation system consists of a two-stage betatron collimation and a single momentum collimator. This paper summarizes various aspects of collimator design, including collimation principle and layout, material choice and collimator mechanical structure, etc. At last,radiation and thermal analysis are carried out to illustrate the feasibility of the current beam collimation scheme.     

Beam collimation for CSNS/RCS

The current design of the CSNS/RCS beam collimation system consists of a two-stage betatron collimation and a single momentum collimator. This paper summarizes various aspects of collimator design, including collimation principle and layout, material choice and collimator mechanical structure, etc. At last, radiation and thermal analysis are carried out to illustrate the feasibility of the current beam collimation scheme.     

Comparative results on collimation of the SPS beam of protons and Pb ions with bent crystals

New experiments on crystal assisted collimation have been carried out at the CERN SPS with stored beams of 120 GeV/c protons and Pb ions. Bent silicon crystals of 2 mm long with about 170 μrad bend angle and a small residual torsion were used as primary collimators. In channeling conditions, the beam loss rate induced by inelastic interactions of particles with the crystal nuclei is minimal. The loss reduction was about 6 for protons and about 3 for Pb ions. Lower reduction value for Pb ions can be explained by their considerably larger ionization losses in the crystal. In one of the crystals, the measured fraction of the Pb ion beam halo deflected in channeling conditions was 74%, a value very close to that for protons. The intensity of the off-momentum halo leaking out from the collimation station was measured in the first high dispersion area downstream. The particle population in the shadow of the secondary collimator-absorber was considerably smaller in channeling conditions than for amorphous orientations of the crystal. The corresponding reduction was in the range of 2-5 for both protons and Pb ions.     

HWR010超导腔提取耦合器的优化设计

我国自主研发的超导加速器CAFe是ADS加速器的前端示范装置,其对加速器的运行稳定性有非常高的要求。在CAFe的运行中存在场致发射效应干扰超导腔提取信号的问题,是造成超导腔运行故障最频繁的问题之一,这严重降低了加速器的稳定性。这一问题是由于超导腔内的场致发射电子在相关微波传输器件上引起了放电现象,干扰了信号的传输并造成低电平控制系统对超导腔的错误控制,最终导致超导腔失谐和加速器停机故障。本文通过优化提取天线的结构,避免场致发射电子进入提取耦合器,从而解决传输信号异常的问题。优化后的天线在线运行效果良好,解决了超导腔这种提取信号异常的问题,提高了加速器运行的稳定性。     

High Energy Density Physics Studies at the Facility for Antiprotons and Ion Research: the HEDgeHOB Collaboration

The forthcoming F acility for A ntiprotons and I on R esearch (FAIR) at Darmstadt, is going to be a unique accelerator facility that will deliver high quality, strongly bunched, well focused, intense beams of heavy ions that will lead to unprecedented specific power deposition in solid matter. This will generate macroscopic samples of H igh E nergy D ensity (HED) matter with fairly uniform physical conditions. These samples can be used to study the thermophysical and transport properties of HED matter. Extensive theoretical work has been carried out over the past decade to design numerous dedicated experiments to study HED physics at the FAIR, which has provided the basis for the HEDgeHOB ( H igh E nergy D ensity Matter Ge nerated by H eavy I o n B eams) scientific proposal. This work is still in progress as the feasibility studies for more experimental schemes are being carried out. Another, very important research area that will benefit tremendously from the FAIR facility, is the production of radioactive beams. A superconducting fragment separator, Super–FRS is being designed for the production and separation of rare radioactive isotopes. Unlike the HED targets, the Super–FRS production target should not be destroyed or damaged by the beam, but should remain intact during the long experimental campaign. However, the high level of specific power deposited in the production target by the high intensity ion beam at FAIR, could cause serious problems to the target survival. These HED issues related to the Super–FRS production target are also discussed in the present paper (© 2011 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)     

Estimating the main radiation source terms for the NICA collider

The various radiation sources at the NICA collider were identified and specified. It is found that the most powerful ones are the beam catchers restricting the beam ??halo??. The double differential neutron yields from the catcher are calculated using the GEANT4 code. A simulation of the total absorbed dose in the magnet superconducting winding due to the catcher radiation is carried out for the accepted levels of beam losses. The induced radioactivity of the catcher is predicted for the collider schedule.     

回旋加速器中的空间电荷效应和束晕

在考虑束团内粒子之间的空间电荷相互作用力的条件下,对日本理化研究所(RIKEN)现有的一台注入器(加速常数为K70的AVF型回旋加速器)中束团的演变过程进行了模拟计算.模拟结果表明,束团的形变、束晕现象同样发生在回旋加速器中,不过,其产生机制不同于直线加速器.它不是由共振和混沌引起,而是由于粒子的排斥运动和束团内粒子的涡流运动引起的.     

A Monte Carlo simulation of neutron activation analysis of bulk objects

A PGNAA facility comprising an isotopic neutron source has been simulated using the Monte Carlo code MCNPX. The facility is envisaged for elemental composition studies of biomedical, environmental and industrial bulk objects. The study carried out, aimed to improve the detection sensitivity of prompt gamma-rays emitted by a bulk object, measured in the presence of higher energy ones. An appropriate collimator, a filter between the neutron source and the object and an optimisation of the positioning of the neutron beam and the detector relative to the object analysed were means to improve the desired sensitivity. The simulation is demonstrated for the in-vivo PGNAA of boron in the human liver.