激光靶心冲击波观测镜折反式光学系统设计

设计了一种激光靶心冲击波观测镜的光学系统.用反射式光学系统代替折射式光学系统,解决了普通玻璃在200 nm端透过率较低的问题.反射镜不引入色差,有利于系统在200~800 nm谱段消色差.为消系统轴外像差,反射系统选型为对称式.反射镜全部采用球面镜,为消反射镜以及平板玻璃窗带入的球差,引入校正镜(材料JGS1),在满足要求的条件下,控制折射镜的厚度,使系统色差满足瑞利判据的色差允差,得到了良好的成像质量.     

Suppression of primary chromatic aberration by genetic algorithm in an advanced telephoto lens

This paper proposes a new method for finding a suitable glass combination set for an advanced telephoto lens via a genetic algorithm (GA). Normally, glass properties, inclusive of index and Abbe number, play a significant role in the elimination of primary chromatic aberration. So many optical glasses (over 300 different refractive types) have been developed hitherto that it is difficult to choose a state-of-the-art glass combination quickly. According to the newly developed GA operations in this paper, however, several suitable glass combinations can be found quickly through a unique sequence of function selection, crossover and mutation. An advanced telephoto lens design is employed in this research, which has the characteristic of being more sensitive to axial aberrations than lateral chromatic aberrations. The GA operations are described in the macro of the optical software program, CODE V. The simulation results in this research show that the primary chromatic aberration is efficiently eliminated after the application of GA. The main goal of this research is that during optimization, error function could be minimized only if primary aberrations are well under control in our first step; in a telephoto lens, the secondary spectrum of longitudinal chromatic aberration and lateral chromatic aberration caused by distortion play a role in chromatic aberration control as well; however, optimization with a combination of both primary chromatic aberration and secondary chromatic aberration will complicate the process with a lot of working variables. The GA method introduced in this paper might efficiently eliminate the primary chromatic aberration first by finding the best glass combination and its trend and then simplifying the following optimization process for all optical systems.     

Hybrid triplet objective with optimum aberration correction

This paper is devoted to the design of a hybrid triplet objective consisting of two refractive lenses and a diffractive element analogous to holographic lens. The possibilities of correcting field aberrations are discussed.Several exemplary solutions of achromatic, apochromatic and quasi-superachromatic hybrid objectives with corrected average field curvature or astigmatism are presented. In the best designs coma is also substantially minimized.     

A simple quadrupole-octupole electromagnetic lens

Charged particle beam trajectories in a simple electromagnetic quadrupole-octupole lens are numerically calculated based on analytical expressions for the +potential distribution. Locations of the lens foci in the image space are determined over a wide range of initial conditions. Relationships between the electrostatic and magnetic lens components that provide correction for chromatic aberrations of off-axis beams, which are different from classical beams, are obtained. Phase contours at the lens exit are calculated for beams occupying the major part of the aperture, and conditions for transforming the phase contour with minimal distortions are found.     

用于半导体激光打标机的谐衍射/折射f-theta镜

根据半导体激光器发射波长的范围和谐衍射透镜的特点,讨论了含有谐衍射光学元件的混合f-theta镜的设计.将谐衍射面型引入到半导体激光器及Nd:YAG激光器打标镜的设计中,使用普通的光学材料,使系统在0.8-1.5 μm波段内很好地校正了各种单色像差和色差,在各个分立波长上系统的光学传递函数接近或达到衍射极限.系统结构紧凑、片数少、兼容性好、具有良好的像差特性,适用于半导体激光器及Nd:YAG激光器打标系统.     

Coma compensation in off-axis laser resonators

Coma can introduce large linear losses in laser resonators with off-axis focusing. Compensation of coma and astigmatism is considered for a variety of resonator arrangements. It is demonstrated that it is only possible to compensate for both at a unique off-axis angle. A resonator design is proposed for eliminating coma and astigmatism.     

人眼模型中各折射面对人眼像差的贡献

将计算光学系统各个折射面对系统像差贡献的理论应用于人眼中.用C语言编制光线追迹程序,计算了人眼各个折射面对眼睛像差的贡献及各种像差经过眼睛不同折射面的变化.给出了眼睛中各个折射面对眼睛彗差的贡献,并发现角膜与晶状体对眼睛彗差的贡献有相互补偿的作用.在眼睛中,角膜前表面对人眼像差的贡献最大,晶状体后表面对眼睛像差的贡献次之,这两个折射面比其他两折射面对眼睛像差的贡献大得多.这说明晶状体后表面也是改善人眼像差的参数之一.     

折衍混合单透镜替代双胶合望远物镜的设计研究

提出了一种用以替代双胶合望远物镜的折衍混合单透镜的设计方法，由于一般望远物镜相对较大、视场较小，故其球差和色关功效大，校正要求高，而与视场有关的像差本身较小。通过分析初级像差，本文研究了折衍混合单透镜的折射器件（基底）选型、初始结构设计及消色差和球差的方法，仅采用一种玻璃材料Ｋ９，设计的折射混合透镜具有与原传统结构相当的色差和降低了约一半的单色像差，能成功地取代传统双胶合物镜；展示了折衍混合结构在     

Large aperture phase-coded diffractive lens for achromatic and 16° field-of-view imaging with high efficiency

Diffractive lenses (DLs) can realize high-resolution imaging with light weight and compact size. Conventional DLs suffer large chromatic and off-axis aberrations, which significantly limits their practical applications. Although many achromatic methods have been proposed, most of them are used for designing small aperture DLs, which have low diffraction efficiencies. In the designing of diffractive achromatic lenses, increasing the aperture and improving the diffraction efficiency have become two of the most important design issues. Here, a novel phase-coded diffractive lens (PCDL) for achromatic imaging with a large aperture and high efficiency is proposed and demonstrated experimentally, and it also possesses wide field-of-view (FOV) imaging at the same time. The phase distribution of the conventional phase-type diffractive lens (DL) is coded with a cubic function to expand both the working bandwidth and the FOV of conventional DL. The proposed phase-type DL is fabricated by using the laser direct writing of grey-scale patterns for a PCDL of a diameter of 10 mm, a focal length of 100 mm, and a cubic phase coding parameter of 30π. Experimental results show that the working bandwidth and the FOV of the PCDL respectively reach 50 nm and 16° with over 8% focusing efficiency, which are in significant contrast to the counterparts of conventional DL and in good agreement with the theoretical predictions. This work provides a novel way for implementing the achromatic, wide FOV, and high-efficiency imaging with large aperture DL.     

Study on differential algebraic method for electron optical properties of wide electron beams in immersion electrostatic-magnetic lenses

Differential algebraic method for calculation of electron optical properties is extended to wide electron beams in combined immersion electrostatic-magnetic lenses, based on Taylor series expansion of the differential algebraic data structure of wide electron beam focusing systems. Higher order aberrations referred to off-axis central trajectories are calculated and this makes the evaluation of wide electron beam focusing properties much simplified with high-enough precision. A program was written, and a specific combined immersion electrostatic-magnetic lens is calculated as an example. Computed results show that the second aperture aberrations referred to off-axis central trajectories of the system of the primary one, whereas the third- and over third-order ones only play a secondary role.     

Selection and optimization of mirror structure of off-axis two-mirror afocal system北大核心CSCD

According to the structural characteristics of aspheric off-axis two-mirror optical system, the imaging characteristics of the system were analyzed by using primary aberration theory. Based on the characteristics of different aspheric surfaces, the vector expression of system aberrations was derived. Using the Seidel coefficients, the primary wave aberration of systems were expanded and values of system aberration for different aspheric surface shapes were specifically calculated. After the evaluation index of the off-axis structure was determined, the imaging qualities of different surface shape combinations were compared. Then the optimal surface shape selection method was analyzed by quantitative comparison results. The results show that compared with other reflector combination methods, the spherical aberration, coma and astigmatism of the off-axis double paraboloid system are all 0, the wavefront RMS is much better than λ/14 (λ=0.587 6 μm), and the Strehl ratio is greater than 0.8. According to the calculation results, it not only has a stronger ability to suppress multiple primary aberrations, but also can effectively compress the volume of the system. Copyright ©2022 Journal of Applied Optics. All rights reserved.     

Optimization of 350× optical zoom lens with diffractive optical element

Through researching and validating, a set of optical designs using a diffractive optical element (DOE) and optimization process has been derived in this paper. We put forward a set of theories to solve the numerous quality issues in imaging and applied it to an optical design. For an optical design to be successful, it must comply with the standards of the optical system. Optical designers must also take into consideration imaging quality, wherein the most influential aspects are chromatic aberration and monochromatic aberration. We complied with systemic standards such as effective focal length and total system length. Diffractive Optical Element, based on the theory of wave phase difference, takes advantage of negative Abbe number, which might significantly eliminate chromatic aberrations of optics. Following the advanced technology applied to micro lens and etching process, precisely made micro DOE element now is possible to be manufactured in a large number. A 350× zoom lens with DOE is demonstrated in the proposal. The results show that regardless of whether chromatic aberration is axial or longitudinal, issues concerning the optical lens's chromatic aberration could be significantly reduced.     

应用折-衍射元件校正人眼色差

提出了采用两个折射-衍射元件对人眼系统在14°范围内进行色差校正的光学系统设计方法。基于系统光学性能的评价与单片折射-衍射元件色差校正系统的对比验证了本文提出的色差校正系统的性能。结果表明：两种色差校正系统都可以很好地校正人眼的轴向色差。但是,单片折射一衍射色差校正系统引入了横向色差,其由校正前的14．51μm增加到81．4μm,严重影响了边缘视场处的成像质量。而采用双片折射一衍射元件的色差校正系统可同时对轴向色差和横向色差进行校正,使横向色差降为1．64μm。设计的色差校正系统可有效提高视网膜的成像质量,并可用于视觉仪器。     

Multiplexer/demultiplexer in optical communications based on a holographic Fresnel lens

A holographic Fresnel lens for coarse wavelength-division-multiplexing (WDM) application in 1300 nm band is described. Letter paper focuses on minimizing the third-order aberrations for off-axis operation of the lens in order to reduce channel spacing and insertion loss. Improved characteristics have been obtained for the lens fabricated according to the theoretical design.     

准直系统对静态傅里叶变换光谱仪的影响

准直系统为静态傅里叶变换光谱仪提供准直光,其品质对光谱仪复原光谱的信噪比有着决定性的影响。研究基于菲涅尔标量衍射理论,通过数值计算软件建立了静态傅里叶变换光谱仪的物理光学仿真模型,详细探讨了准直镜头各种赛德尔像差及扩展光源尺寸对静态傅里叶变换光谱仪的影响。仿真结果表明：各类像差对光谱信噪比影响的大小呈现明显的规律性;特别是,轴外像差对光谱信噪比的影响还与光源点所处的象限位置有关;最后仿真得到了扩展光源的最大容许半径为0.65 mm。此研究结果将用于准直系统的设计。     

Chromatic aberrations of thin refractive variable-focus lens

We present an approach to an analysis of the third order chromatic aberrations of thin refractive fluid lenses with a variable focal length. A detailed theoretical analysis is performed for a simple fluidic variable-focus lens and formulas are derived for an optical design of such lenses. Aberration coefficients of the third order of the variable-focus lens can be completely characterized by three parameters which depend only on refractive indices of fluids forming the variable-focus lens. Formulas were derived for the change of the third-order aberration coefficients with the wavelength. Calculations are provided for Varioptic lens Arctic-416.     

Design of apochromatic telescope without anomalous dispersion glasses

A novel lens system with correction of secondary spectrum without using anomalous glasses is presented. The lens system comprises four separated lens components, with three of them being subapertures. Two examples of apochromatic telescope are presented, both with the use of typical normal glasses, namely crown K9 and flint F5 glasses, and low-cost slightly anomalous dispersion glasses. Secondary spectrum and other chromatic aberrations of the two design examples are corrected.     

Aberration analyses for liquid zooming lenses without moving parts

Liquid lenses with an adjustable focal length are of particular interest for their potential applications in compact imaging or zooming systems. We have analyzed the aberrations for liquid zooming lenses and compared them with those of traditional lenses. Based on the 3rd order aberration theory, possible structures for the liquid zooming lens without moving mechanism were determined. We showed that a two-group liquid lens system is the simplest one that contains no moving mechanical parts and has enough parameters to correct all chromatic aberrations for any focal length and most monochromatic aberrations for certain focal lengths.     

Coma measurement using a PSM and transmission image sensor

As feature size decreases, especially with the use of resolution enhancement technique, requirements for the coma aberrations in the projection lenses of the lithographic tools have become extremely severe. So, fast and accurate in situ measurement of coma is necessary. In the present paper, we present a new method for characterizing the coma aberrations in the projection lens using a phase-shifting mask and a transmission image sensor. By measuring the image positions at multiple NA and partial coherence settings, we are able to extract the coma aberration. The simulation results show that the accuracy of coma measurement increases approximately 20% compared to the previous straightforward measurement technique.     

Differential algebraic method for arbitrary-order chromatic aberration analysis of electrostatic lenses

In this paper, differential algebra is applied to calculate arbitrary high-order chromatic aberrations of electrostatic electron lenses. Expressions of differential algebraic form of high-order combined chromatic aberration coefficients are obtained and arbitrary-order chromatic aberrations can be calculated numerically. As an example, a typical Schiske's electrostatic lens has been studied. All the first- to third-order chromatic aberration coefficients of the lens have been calculated, and the pattern of the first-order chromatic aberration has been given as well.