Multilevel phase-type diffractive lenses in silica glass induced by filamentation of femtosecond laser pulses

Multilevel phase-type diffractive lenses were fabricated by translating a filament of a femtosecond laser pulse into three-dimensional space inside synthesized silica. The profile of the lenses was designed by use of a multi-level approximation to a kinoform lens. Two-level diffractive lenses with multiple layers along the optical axis provided a maximum efficiency of 37.6% at a wavelength of 632.8 nm. A four-level diffractive lens provided a maximum efficiency of 56.9%. The lenses fabricated with filamentation were free from birefringence.     

10m大口径薄膜衍射主镜的色差校正技术研究

分析了薄膜衍射主镜的成像性能及色散特性,利用含有衍射面的反射式消色差光路校正了衍射主镜的强色散,使成像系统的工作波段达到40nm、视场达到0.02°,设计了10m口径、115.73m总长的短结构合成孔径薄膜衍射成像系统.结果表明,消色差光路将两边缘波长0.58μm与0.62μm之间的焦距差由5.34m减小到17.27μm.该研究提供了一种薄膜衍射主镜成像系统的设计方案,可为超大口径薄膜衍射成像系统的工程化研究提供参考.     

二元光学透镜在资源卫星中的应用

使用一种基于二元光学透镜的分光成像及消色差原理的新方法来设计资源卫星的中继光学系统。通过分析二元光学透镜的分光成像原理、消色差原理、衍射效率与阶数和工作波长及设计波长的比之间的关系,又考虑到单独设计制造二元光学透镜的难度,采用折衍混合成像光学系统来拟定资源卫星中继光学系统的设计方案,给出用ZEMAX软件设计的具体结果。设计实例及分析结果表明,包含二元光学透镜的折衍混合成像系统可以很好的实现光谱波段分离,用于资源卫星的光学系统具有一定的适用性。     

衍射光学透镜色散特性的仿真研究

在白光照射下,衍射光学透镜的焦距不仅同材料色散和波长色散有关,而且还同孔径因子有关。基于折射率随波长变化的经验公式,利用自编的仿真计算程序包,得到了透镜焦距、材料色散、波长色散、孔径因子之间的关系曲线。所获得的理论分析和仿真计算结果为进一步设计消色差的纯衍射目视光学系统提供了理论依据,具有一定的指导意义。     

宽光谱超大孔径反衍望远系统设计

二元光学元件具有许多传统光学元件无法比拟的优越性。利用2个二元光学元件作为系统的物镜和目镜,通过确定各元件的基本结构、孔径大小,设计了25m的超大孔径反衍混合望远系统。所设计系统的弥散斑大小及MTF函数都能够达到设计要求。使用谐衍射透镜代替普通衍射透镜,对系统进一步改进,使望远系统获得了较宽的光谱范围。试验结果表明:改进后的系统无论在单一光谱、多频带光谱或者连续光谱范围,都能够获得接近衍射极限的成像质量。     

大数值孔径衍射透镜的优化设计方法

本文针对大数值孔径衍射透镜工艺制作难的问题,以菲涅耳衍射透镜为例,研究了相位匹配原理并提出了一种优化设计二元大数值孔径衍射透镜的方法。在菲涅耳衍射透镜原理的基础上,确定了优化设计多相位台阶衍射透镜的结构参数,并给出了一个设计实例,最后对结果元件的衍射效率进行了分析与讨论。     

Design and fabrication of fluid controlled dynamic optical lens system

A novel small fluid controlled optical lens system that is capable of displaying dynamic variation of its focal length and field-of-view (FOV) is designed and fabricated. In this active lens system, appropriate volume of the optical fluid can be pumped into or out of the lens chamber to provide double-convex (DCX) or double-concave (DCV) lens effect. Simple optical imaging experiments were performed using different sets of glass lenses with fixed focal lengths to determine the optimum lens configuration required for designing a dynamic optical lens system. The experimental results obtained from the glass lenses demonstrate that a combination of a single DCX lens with three DCV lenses provides a wider FOV. The flexible membranes for fluid controlled lenses were fabricated using polydimethylsiloxane polymer material, which has good optical transparency and elasticity. A simple fluid injection system is used to vary the radius of curvature of the lenses, and thereby to change the focal length. A dynamic optical lens system with a combination of one DCX and multiple variable focal length DCV lenses as designed here can image an object with a wide range of focal length and FOV. With this fluid controlled optical system, the FOV and focal length could be continuously varied and a maximum FOV of 118.3° could be achieved. The smallest f-number (f_/#) for this fluid controlled single lens system was found to be 1.3, which corresponds to the numerical aperture value of 0.35.     

像方扫描技术研究

基于显微摄影的成像原理,研究了像方扫描以扩大视场的途径,并建立了一个二次成像的设计模型,包括一个大视场的固定前置物镜组和一个运动轨迹为球面的中继透镜组。物镜组所成的一次像面优化了场曲,中继透镜组则根据该场曲进行运动,对一次像面不同区域成像,并采用光学被动消热差以保证不同温度的像质。该模型的相对孔径1∶3,波长3.7 m~4.8 m,焦距90 mm,瞬时凝视视场为4,扫描视场达24,采用7片透镜3个非球面,在全视场范围内具有接近衍射限的像质。     

非制冷长波红外热像仪折衍混合双视场光学系统设计

根据衍射光学元件具有大的负向色散特性,将衍射光学元件应用于红外双视场光学系统中,根据傅里叶光学分析衍射光学元件(DOE)的消色差,列表对比折射透镜与衍射光学透镜的特性,并给出变倍比为4∶1可用作非制冷红外热像仪的光学系统的具体设计实例.系统采用切入式变焦方式,在短焦时切入2片透镜实现宽视场,通过引入二元面和非球面提高了成像质量.设计结果表明:在空间频率11 lp/mm处,短焦距40 mm时,各个视场的MTF值均大于0.6;长焦距160 mm时,各个视场的MTF值均大于0.7,宽视场和窄视场都具有较好的成像质量.     

Highly efficient broadband double-sided Fresnel lens for THz range

Modern passive THz setups require effective optical elements with a large numerical aperture. Here we propose a new type of the optical element for THz applications, which is a broadband double-sided Fresnel-like lens with an optimized thickness. The optimization is performed to obtain a very low attenuation, low material cost, and small weight in the element media. It also provides achromatic properties for the assumed wavelength range. The experimental evaluation of the proposed diffractive lens by means of time-domain spectroscopy is presented and discussed.     

双液体透镜变焦系统的高斯光学分析

液体透镜是一种新的光学元件,它实现了无机械变焦,给变焦系统的设计提出了一种新的概念。使用一种比较少见的口径较大的液体透镜组成变焦系统。对液体透镜的原理进行了介绍,对液体透镜变焦系统的设计方法进行可行性分析,给出了各种设计方案,使用Zemax对变焦系统进行仿真。针对大视场给出使用了前置透镜组的方案,得到了一个视场60,变倍比6.2倍的变焦系统。     

高衍射效率衍射望远镜系统的设计/加工及成像性能测试

为提高衍射效率,设计并制作了口径为300mm的衍射成像系统.该系统的物镜是由一块四台阶位相型菲涅尔波带片通过激光直写套刻和Ar离子束物理刻蚀技术在石英玻璃基板上加工而成.测试了衍射物镜的衍射效率,实验结果表明:衍射物镜在波长632.8nm处的衍射效率为66.4%,达到理论值的82%.搭建了衍射成像系统光路,分别采用10μm星点孔与分辨率板,测试了系统的成像性能.实验测得星点像直径为44μm,分辨率板的极限分辨率达到84lp/mm,接近该系统的理论计算值,表明该衍射成像系统具有较好的成像性能.     

Wavelength tuning of femtosecond pulses generated in nonlinear crystals by using diffractive lenses

We demonstrate that diffractive lenses (DLs) can be used as a simple method to tune the central wavelength of femtosecond pulses generated from second-order nonlinear optical processes in birefringent crystals. The wavelength tunability is achieved by changing the relative distance between the nonlinear crystal and the DL, which acts in a focusing configuration. Besides the many practical applications of the so-generated pulses, the proposed method might be extended to other wavelength ranges by demonstrated similar effects on other nonlinear processes, such as high-order harmonic generation.     

大孔径大视场变焦投影镜头设计

为了满足大孔径大视场变焦投影镜头的市场需求, 基于Zemax光学软件设计一款连续变焦的投影镜头, 变焦范围为16.27 mm~22.77 mm, 视场角为63.7°~47.8°, F数为1.75~1.95, 配合1.55 cm(0.61英寸)LCOS投影显示芯片使用, 在工作距离2 000 mm处可投射出190.5 cm(75英寸)画面, 光学系统总长小于160 mm, 由10片透镜组成, 其中包括8片玻璃透镜和2片塑料透镜。设计结果表明:镜头在空间极限频率71 lp/mm处, 各个焦段的MTF值均大于0.5, 场曲都在0.1 mm之内, 畸变小于3%, 成像质量良好。最后对光学系统进行了公差分析, 得出一组较宽松的公差。     

Characterization of T-ray binary lenses

Multilevel phase-shift Fresnel diffractive zone plates fabricated on silicon wafers have been used as T-ray imaging lenses. The imaging results, including spatial and temporal distribution of T-rays measured at the focal planes in the frequency range from 0.5 to 1.5 THz, indicate that the performance of the diffractive terahertz (THz) lens is comparable with or better than that of conventional refractive THz lenses. The unique properties of the T-ray binary lens make it possible to fabricate excellent optics for narrow-band THz applications.     

基于ZEMAX的大视场投影镜头设计

针对大视场投影镜头的设计问题,利用ZEMAX光学设计软件,通过各种操作数对镜头的基本参数和外形尺寸进行限制,并利用镜头架构的方式进行优化及大视场投影镜头的设计。其主要光学参量为:焦距为13.6 mm,全视场角为60°,相对孔径为1/1.6。设计结果表明:镜头的最大畸变量绝对值小于3% ,最大场曲小于0.06 mm,全视场MTF值在空间频率50 lp/mm时高于0.6,基本达到衍射极限。该镜头由10片球面镜组成,光学系统结构紧凑、易加工。     

大孔径变焦投影镜头设计

为了实现某一大孔径定焦投影镜头作为初始结构, 经过优化设计后成为大孔径变焦投影镜头, 根据设计目标的DMD对角线尺寸, 利用AUTOCAD对选择的定焦距系统的初始结构尺寸进行测绘, 初步选择各镜材料, 规划成5组元变焦系统, 利用各种操作数对镜头的基本参数和外形尺寸进行限制, 并合理利用2个非球面, 在光学设计软件Zemax与CODE V中往返优化, 得到一款在可见光波段内, 短焦距为14.61 mm、视场角为60°、F数为1.5, 长焦距为29.31 mm、视场角为30°、F数为1.6的变焦投影镜头。设计结果表明:各视场的传递函数(MTF)值在截至频率60 lp/mm处不低于0.46, 各焦距处的弥散角不超出1.6', 镜头具有良好的像质。该镜头系统由11块透镜和1块平行平板组成, 其中透镜2使用了非球面镜, 该镜头片数较少, 透镜折射率不高, 材料容易选择。     

Achromatic snapshot imaging polarimeter using modified Savart polariscopes and hybrid (refractive–diffractive) lenses

This paper presents the layout of achromatic snapshot imaging polarimeter (SIP) using modified Savart plates (MSPs) and working under nature light. The hybrid (refractive–diffractive) lenses are used to achieve the achromatic point-spread function (PSF), and the design probe the four Stokes vectors of the object by using polarization analyzing optics comprising two MSPs, a half wave plate, and an analyzer. In comparison with the monochromatic or quasi-monochromatic SIP using MSPs reported previously, the most remarkable property of the proposed layouts is to have the capability of directly detecting the object with natural illumination. Also, the configuration is more easily manipulated and robust than achromatic conventional Savart polariscopes reported previously in probing the object with axial movement. The feasibility is verified by numerical simulation for natural light.     

曲面和平面菲涅尔透镜的像差比较

通过一个大尺寸菲涅尔透镜的设计,比较了曲面菲涅尔透镜和平面菲涅尔透镜在光学像差方面的差异。从应用角度看,菲涅尔透镜设计属于准直系统,一般采用平面结构,但由于其成像要求的特殊性,通过运用P-W方法进行分析和比较,结果表明：曲面的设计较之于平面更具优势,并在ZEMAX中分别对2种菲涅尔透镜进行建模,验证了结果的正确性。但这不表明曲面菲涅尔透镜在像差方面一定比平面菲涅尔透镜更具优势,它还与实际应用场合有关,为此,提出了不同的结构参数设计。     

微型光纤传像束内窥镜的物镜设计

根据微型纤维软镜小尺寸、大视场的要求, 分析其设计准则, 采用"负-正"型反远距物镜作为初始结构, 确定其为像方远心光学系统。通过理论计算和Zemax光学仿真软件的不断优化, 最终设计出了一个工作波段在0.48 μm~0.65 μm, 焦距为0.37 mm, 全视场90°, 相对孔径为1:4的微型光纤传像束内窥镜物镜。该物镜由4片透镜组成, 包括1片负透镜、1片正透镜和1片双胶合透镜。设计结果表明:镜头总长3.89 mm, 最大横截面直径0.95 mm, 满足像方远心光学系统的初始设计要求, 在奈奎斯特空间频率77 lp/mm处的调制传递函数(MTF)近似为0.7, 接近衍射极限, 并且具有小尺寸、大视场、像质优良、结构合理、像面光照强度均匀等特点, 符合微型纤维式内窥镜的使用条件。