带经济器的热泵型纯电动客车空调系统结霜特性研究

针对热泵型纯电动客车空调系统在冬季低温供热运行时车外换热器易结霜问题,设计并搭建一套带经济器、有三种不同补气方式的热泵空调系统实验台。通过实验研究并对比分析该系统在不同补气方式下运行时车外微通道平行流换热器的结霜性能,发现车外环境温度为-15℃工况时,在中压补气方式下结霜运行时系统COP、制热量、蒸发温度均明显最高,此时系统可高效运行。     

换热器低温结霜工况性能实验研究

利用搭建的换热器低温结霜工况性能实验台,测试了在不同的入口空气温度、湿度、流速等环境参数下,翅片管蒸发器低温结霜工况的结霜量、制冷量、进出口空气侧压降和能量传递系数的变化以及结霜量、制冷量、空气侧压降和能量传递系数等随霜层增长的变化规律,分析了环境参数对翅片管蒸发器性能的影响,为低温条件下换热器动态结霜性能研究提供了更多的实验参考和计算依据。     

环境参数对翅片管换热器表面结霜特性影响的实验研究

为了解决空气源热泵蒸发器在低温工况下的结霜问题,利用焓差法空调性能实验室搭建翅片管换热器结霜动态特性测试试验台,单独对翅片管换热器进行霜层生长特性影响研究,获得了翅片管换热器表面霜层厚度、结霜量及制冷剂制热能力等参数在不同迎面风速、空气温度及相对湿度情况下的变化规律。为延缓空气源热泵机组结霜、延长机组在低温工况下稳定运行时间提供了依据。     

结霜工况下R410A热泵空调器动态特性的数值模拟

将选用R410A工质的热泵室外换热器表面的结霜视为准稳态过程,建立了热泵系统的分布参数模型,用有限差分法对其在结霜工况下的动态特性进行了数值计算。换热器采用分相流模型,并考虑了室外换热器表面结霜引起风量下降及换热器管排布置的影响,毛细管模型中考虑了"闪点延迟"和"壅塞流"现象。计算结果表明,在霜开始形成阶段,室外换热器表面结霜有助于改善空气源热泵性能,而在结霜循环的后期,霜层厚度快速增长,热泵的制热量、性能系数等迅速下降。     

热泵型电动汽车空调系统设计和实验研究

针对纯电动汽车,设计了一套带有热气旁通除霜和喷液冷却的热泵型空调系统,并利用焓差法实验台对样机的制冷、制热性能及结霜和除霜过程进行研究。针对冬季环境温度较低时室外换热器易结霜的问题,重点对系统结霜和除霜特性进行实验研究,并在此基础上获得了该系统旁通阀的最佳开度;本研究样机实验结果显示,系统运行25min,除霜5min为最佳的除霜周期。     

热泵型纯电动客车空调结霜特性实验研究

针对热泵型纯电动客车空调系统在冬季低温高湿环境下,车外换热器易结霜而造成系统制热性能严重衰减的问题,开发了一种带有经济器的补气型纯电动客车热泵空调系统,对车外管翅式换热器结霜特性进行了实验研究。结果表明,当车外换热器完全结霜后,系统制热量和COP均大幅下降。由于采用中压补气技术,系统仍能稳定运行,当车外温度为0、-10、-20℃时,结霜过程中系统制热量分别降低了5、3.2、2.3 kW,COP分别降低了1.1、0.7、0.45,且车外空气相对湿度越大,系统制热性能衰减越严重。     

热泵型纯电动汽车空调融霜特性研究

针对热泵型纯电动汽车空调系统在冬季低温高湿环境下运行时,车外换热器易结霜而影响系统性能的问题,设计搭建了带低压补气的热泵型纯电动汽车空调实验台。实验研究了不同车内温度、不同压缩机转速、不同车内风机送风量以及不同补气阀开度对融霜性能的影响,结果显示通过合理有效的控制可以缩短融霜时间在120秒以内,使空调系统的性能得到一定改善。     

非连续运行工况下结霜动力因素实验分析

冷风机表面在非连续运行工况下结霜是实际运行中经常遇到的问题,其影响因素较为复杂。通过建立结霜实验台,系统分析了影响非连续运行工况下冷风机表面结霜的因素,包括运行比、相对湿度及冷风机表面温度,并且对实验结果总结了关联式。结果表明,在非连续工况中,结霜量是一个与运行比有极大关系的值,而拟合的关联式则体现了这种关系,并与实验结果有较小的误差。     

不同温度冷表面结霜特性研究综述

结霜现象广泛存在于自然界和低温、制冷、航空航天等工程领域。近几十年来,国内外学者通过大量实验和数值模拟研究结霜机理,因为结霜条件不同导致其结论也不尽相同。对普冷、低温及深冷等不同冷表面工况下的霜层生长特性进行了研究,介绍了在不同工况下所观察的霜生长现象,总结了空气温度、湿度、速度及冷表面温度等因素在不同工况下对结霜的影响规律,综述了霜层内传热传质现象的研究现状,并指出在深冷工况下对霜生长的研究是未来研究的重点方向。     

含结霜工况的空气源热泵的季节性能

本文对空气源热泵结霜工况下的动态特性和季节性能进行了理论研究,将室外换热器的结霜视为准动态过程,建立了空气源热泵结霜工况下的动态分布参数模型.利用近30年的气象资料,计算了北京、上海、广州、南京四个城市的季节能效比,计算结果表明:在计算冬季供热季节性能系数时,如果不考虑结霜将产生一定程度的误差.这为以后实验研究和优化设计提供了理论基础.     

Guided-Wave Two-Dimensional Acousto-Optic Scanner Using Proton-Exchanged Lithium Niobate Waveguide

Two-dimensional scanning of a 0.6328 mum guided-light beam has been realized using noncolinear acousto-optic (AO) coplanar Bragg diffraction together with colinear AO guided-mode to substrate radiation-mode conversion in a Z-cut Xpropagation LiNbO3 proton-exchanged (PE) waveguide. The two surface acoustic (SAW) waves utilized are at the center frequencies of 500 and 200 MHz, propagating in the Y and X axes, respectively. Two-dimensional scanning of approximately 720 resolvable light beam spots, namely, 18 40 (horizontal vertical) scanning, has been demonstrated using a light beam of 1.0 mm aperture. The total number of resolvable beam spots can be greatly increased from 720 by simply utilizing SAW transducers of larger bandwidth and a light beam of greater aperture. It should also be possible to significantly increase the diffraction efficiency from 3 % by optimizing the parameters of the PE waveguide and the SAWs.     

Hybrid Wavelength and Code Division Multiple Access in Optical Networks

A review of schemes for multiple access in fiber optic networks shows that a hybrid of wavelength and code division multiple access (WCDMA) combines the best features of both. In particular, the hybrid scheme retains the large information carrying capacity of wavelength division multiple access (WDMA) and flexibility of code division multiple access (CDMA). In this paper WDMA, optical CDMA (OCDMA), and WCDMA networks are discussed. In OCDMA networks, concept of incoherent and coherent coding including inverse decoding and matched filter is introduced. The delay performance of both WDMA and WCDMA networks, under the simple suboptimum access protocols based on cyclic search, is computed. It has been shown quantitatively that tuning delay significantly affects the delay performance of both WDMA and WCDMA networks. Futhermore, delay performance of WCDMA networks is always better than the WDMA networks for the same tuning delay, load, and number of users.     

Effect ofγ-radiation on the spectral luminescence characteristics of impure cadmium tungstate crystals

Results of a study of the effect of γ-radiation on the spectral luminescence properties of cadmium tungstate crystals doped with silver, bismuth, and molybdenum cations are presented. Spectral characteristics of the nondnnnoped crystals are briefly described. Absorption and photo and X-ray luminescence spectra of the crystals taken before and after exposure to γ-radiation (5.5·10⁴ Gy) are compared. It is found that the spectral characteristics of the crystals doped with silver, bismuth, and molybdenum cations do not change markedly after the exposure. The relation between the type of impurity-induced defects, individual characteristics of the impurity cations, and the character of the effect of γ-radiation on the spectral luminescence properties of impure crystals is analyzed (preliminarily). Translated from Zhurnal Prikladnoi Spektroskopii, Vol. 64, No. 1, pp. 55–60, January–February, 1997.     

Research on beamforming method for dual-line array with space mismatch between the two line arrays

The performance of port/starboard discrimination of dual-line array will be seriously degraded when the space between the two line arrays of the dual-line array is mismatched. The directivity function of the delay-sum and delay-subtract beamforming is deduced and the port/starboard discrimination of the delay-sum and delay-subtract beamforming is also studied both under the ideal status and the status under which the space between the two line arrays of the dual-line array is mismatched. Analysis results show the delay-subtract beamforming has better performance of port/starboard discrimination. At last, the sea trial results demonstrate the theoretical results.     

Retrieval of ultraviolet skylight radiances and O3 slant column densities from balloon-borne limb spectrometer

With a novel light-weight and absolutely calibrated ultraviolet （UV） spectrometer, UV skylight radiances and O3 slant column densities are measured by balloon-borne limb measurements in Xinjiang area, China. UV skylight radiances measured at the height of 31 km are compared with the results from Modtran in the wavelength range from 290 to 420 nm. O3 slant column densities are derived from radiance spectra in the Huggins bands （320 - 335 nm） using differential optical absorption spectroscopy method. And the parameter exhibits a good correlation with the same value simulated by radiative transfer model （Tracy）. The O3 profile simultaneously measured by an O3 sonde is used as input in Tracy calculations. The O3 sonde is launched on the same balloon.     

Design optimization of highly sensitive LSPR enhanced surface plasmon resonance biosensors with nanoholes

For breaking through the sensitivity limitation of conventional surface plasmon resonance (SPR) biosensors, novel highly sensitive SPR biosensors with Au nanoparticles and nanogratings enhancement have been proposed recently.But in practice, these structures have obvious disadvantages.In this study, a nanohole based sensitivity enhancement SPR biosensor is proposed and the influence of different structural parameters on the performance is investigated by using rigorous coupled wave analysis (RCWA).Electromagnetic field distributions around the nanohole are also given out to directly explain the performance difference for various structural parameters.The results indicate that significant sensitivity increase is associated with localized surface plasmons (LSPs) excitation mediated by nanoholes.Except to outcome the weakness of other LSP based biosensors, larger resonance angle shift, reflectance amplitude, and sharper SPR curves' width are obtained simultaneously under optimized structural parameters.     

Polymer gratings based on photopolymerization for low-order distributed feedback polymer lasers

Novel polymer distributed feedback(DFB)gratings are fabricated based on photopolymerization to reduce lasing threshold of polymer lasers.A photopolymer formulation sensitive to 355-nm ultraviolet(UV)light is proposed for the fabrication of polymer gratings and it can be used to form polymer films by spin-coating process.A very low surface-relief depth ranging from 12.5 to about 1.0 nm has been demonstrated with a refractive-index modulation of about 0.012.The experimental results indicate that such polymer gratings have promising potentials for the fabrication of low-order DFB organic semiconductor lasers.     

A novel methodology for photometric compensation of projection display on patterned screen

We propose a novel methodology based on the projector-camera (ProCam) system to address the photometric compensation issue for the projection display on the patterned screen.The patterned screen is treated as the combination of a perfect white screen and a color modulator.The perfect white screen is used to automatically and accurately characterize the ProCam system offline using the polynomial model,and the parameters of the color modulator can be efficiently recovered by employing only two gray images based on the linear reflectance model.The experimental results show that the color artifacts of the display image can be greatly improved with this methodology,which demonstrates its feasibility and validity in the photometric compensation.     

Direction-of-arrival estimation using matrix spatial prefiltering approach

An approach to direction-of-arrival （DOA） estimation for multiple narrowband farfield signals is proposed. The technique uses a novel matrix spatial prefiltering approach. Specifically, a matrix filter is designed to spatially filter the incoming data snapshots. The un-wanted components arriving from the stopband angular sectors are attenuated and the desired components from the angular sector of interest pass with minimal distortion. The matrix filter spatially filters the element-space data and the output reserves the element-space data property, which makes it very useful by passing sensor data through a spatial prefilter prior to applying many other array processors to attenuate interferences and improve system performance. Several examples of DOA estimation problem are presented to illustrate the performance of the proposed spatial prefiltering approach. Results of simulation and real data show that the pre-filter can efficiently attenuate the spatial interferences and significantly improve the estimation and resolution capability of DOA estimators at low signal-to-noise ratios for the sources located inside the passband sector. In addition, the use of spatial prefilter makes it possible to estimate DOAs for multiple sources more than the number of the elements of an array.     

Quantum efficiency calibration of opto-electronic detector by means of correlated photons method

A new calibration method of detectors can be realized by using correlated photons generated in spontaneous parametric down-conversion (SPDC) effect of nonlinear crystal.An absolute calibration system of detector quantum efficiency is performed.And its principle and experimental setup are introduced.A continuouswave (CW) ultraviolet (351 nm),diode-pumped,frequency-doubled,and solid-state laser is used to pump BBO crystal.The quantum efficiencies of the photomultiplier at 633,702,and 789 nm are measured respectively.The coincidence peaks are observed using coincidence circuit.Some measurement factors including the filter bandwidth of trigger channel,the detector position alignment and polarization of the pump light are analyzed.The uncertainties of this calibration method are also analyzed,and the relative uncertainties of total calibration are less than 5.8%.The accuracy of this method could be improved in the future.