Implement of FEC in the Optical Transport Network

Forward error correction (FEC) is a method by which extra information is included along with the original signal to provide redundancy for correcting bit errors. According to Reed Solomon code regularity, a certain amount of bit errors can be corrected. The appropriate capability of correcting burst bits in error may be more flexible implement of FEC in the optical transport network. The suitable choice can effectively reduce cost of the optical transport network.     

A New Simple Ultrahigh Speed Decoding Algorithm for BCH Code

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A New Simple Ultrahigh Speed Decoding Algorithm for BCH Code

In order to content with forward error correction (FEC) technology of the high-speed optical communication system, a new simple decoding algorithm for triple-error correcting Bose, Chaudhuri, and Hocquenghem (BCH) code is proposed. Without complicated matrix-operation or division-operation or intricate iterative algorithm, the algorithm is high efficient and high-speed because of its simplicity in structure. The result of hardware emulation confirms that the algorithm is feasible completely. Introduction of the parallel structure increases the speed of coding greatly. The algorithm can be used in the high-speed optical communication system and other fields.     

Interference Cancellation and FEC in S/CDMA Networks with PIN+OA Receiver

For reducing the effects of optical multiple access interference (OMAI) and receiver noise in code-division multiple access (OCDMA) networks with STM-1 input, use of parallel cancellation and forward error correcting (FEC)codes greatly improves the performance of the receiver..     

Impact of the distribution pattern of fast polarization scrambler on the performance of PMD mitigation with FEC for DQPSK optical system

The combination of fast polarization scrambler (FPS) and forward error correction (FEC) is one of the methods to mitigate the polarization mode dispersion (PMD) in high-speed optical fiber communication systems. The effect of the different distribution patterns of FPS on PMD mitigation with FEC is investigated. A comparison of the bit error rates (BERs) between two cases where the distributed FPS is absent and present along the fiber is carried out by simulation. A novel representation called the "ring chart" to assess the performance of different distribution patterns intuitively is proposed. The results show that the distribution pattern is an impact factor for this PMD mitigation scheme.     

用于光学神经网络硬件系统误差纠正的虚拟神经网络

提出了一种用于修正光学神经网络硬件系统误差的虚拟神经网络模型，光学实验结果表明该网络能够有效地消除硬件系统误差对实验结果的影响。     

Use of in-house primary standard blackbodies for accurate cathode temperature measurement

The interpretation of cathode behavior in traveling wave tubes is clouded considerably by the uncertainty in both the precision and absolute accuracy of cathode temperature measurements as determined by optical pyrometry. The sensitivity and potential accuracy of optical pyrometry is very good, but many sources of error are possible. Sources of error that were experimentally measured in this study can be classified in three categories: (a) instrument and calibration errors; (b) operator (subjective) errors; and (c) errors caused by obstacles or geometrical variations in the optical path. Possible methods of avoiding or correcting sources of errors are recommended, including the use of an in-house primary standard blackbody. The design and use of this device are described in detail. When the primary standard is used and coupled to cathode measurements through secondary blackbodies optical pyrometry is an extremely reliable method for cathode temperature determination.     

Improvement of measurement range of optical fiber displacement sensor based on neutral network

By studying the output characteristics of random type optical fiber displacement sensor and semicircular type optical fiber displacement sensor, a sensor of new structure was designed. Using the ratio of the two output signals as the output of the whole system, the measurement range was enlarged, the linearity was improved, and the errors of reflective and absorbent changing in target surface are automatically compensated. Meantime, an optical fiber sensor model of correcting static error and linearizing the output curve based on BP artificial neural network was set up. The intrinsic errors such as fluctuations in the light, circuit excursion, the intensity losses in the fiber lines and the additional losses in the receiving fiber caused by bends were eliminated. By discussing in theory and experiment, the error of nonlinear is 2.9%, the measurement range reaches to 3.0 mm and the relative accuracy is 2%. This kind of sensor offers such advantages as no electromagnetic interference, simple construction, high sensitivity, good accuracy and stability.     

量子稳定子码的差错纠正与译码网络构建

寻找差错症状与差错算子之间映射关系是量子译码网络的核心内容,也是量子译码网络实现纠错功能的关键.给出了比特翻转差错症状矩阵和相位翻转差错症状矩阵的定义,将任意Pauli差错算子的差错症状表示为比特翻转差错症状矩阵和相位翻转差错症状矩阵的线性组合.研究发现,量子稳定子码的差错症状矩阵由其校验矩阵所决定,从而可将差错症状矩阵与差错算子之间的映射关系转化为校验矩阵与差错算子之间的映射关系,使得所有关于差错症状的分析都可以通过分析其校验矩阵来实现.这与经典线性码的差错症状与奇偶校验矩阵之间的关系类似,因此可以将经 关键词： 稳定子码 校验矩阵 差错症状 Pauli算子     

Ring-based PON supporting multiple optical private networks using OCDMA technique

This work is a novel attempt to provide local communications for multiple optical private networks (PNs) within ring-based passive optical network (PON). In order to improve network throughput performance, PNs traffic is decentralized from PON traffic let no extra traffic management into optical line terminal (OLT). To achieve multiple secure optical private networking over ring-based PON layout, optical code division multiple access (OCDMA) technique is applied. This technique leads to interconnect optical network units (ONUs) in the same PN sharing the same codeword while other PNs benefiting from different codewords. This scheme can be used in access networks to establish discrete communications between different sites in an enterprise or a university campus or even a residential accommodation. The proposed network architecture is then set up and its bit error rate performance is experimentally demonstrated. Finally, the network scalability and throughput performance of the proposed scheme are analyzed.     

Soft decision decoding of the orthogonal complex MIMO codes for three and four transmit antennas

Orthogonality is a much desired property for MIMO coding. It enables symbol-wise decoding, where the errors in other symbol estimates do not affect the result, thus providing an optimality that is worth pursuing. It also paves the way for low complexity soft decision decoding, which for orthogonal complex MIMO codes is known for two transmit (Tx) antennas, i.e. for the Alamouti code. We propose novel soft decision decoders for the orthogonal complex MIMO codes on three and four Tx antennas and extend the old result of maximal ratio combining (MRC) to cover all orthogonal codes up to four Tx antennas.As a rule, a sophisticated transmission scheme encompasses forward error correction (FEC) coding, and its performance is measured at the FEC decoder instead of at the MIMO decoder. We introduce the receiver structure that delivers the MIMO decoder’s soft decisions to the demodulator, which in turn cranks out the logarithm of likelihood ratio (LLR) of each bit and delivers them to the FEC decoder. This significantly improves the receiver, where a maximum likelihood (ML) MIMO decoder makes hard decisions at a too early stage. Further, the additional gain is achieved with stunningly low complexity.     

The analysis of the error statistics in a 5 × 40 Gbit/s fibre link with hybrid amplification

We quantify the error statistics and patterning effects in a 5 × 40 Gbit/s WDM RZ-OOK SMF/DCF fibre link using hybrid Raman/EDFA amplification. By extensive use of a numerical model, we determine how the error statistics change with the transmission distance. This knowledge is used as a basis for a constrained coding technique in order to improve the transmission error rate. We propose an adaptive constrained code for mitigation of the patterning effects and demonstrate that this approach can substantially reduce the bit error rate (BER) even for very large values of the channel BER (BER > 10^− 1). The proposed technique can be used in combination with forward error correction schemes (FEC) to extend the range of channel BERs that an FEC scheme is effective over.     

不同结构绝对光栅尺的误码机制研究

针对光栅尺具有断电位置复位、无累计误差、高精度优点,在光学隔振平台上分别建立开放式和封闭式绝对光栅尺实验系统,绝对光栅尺采用图像识别原理,以气浮直线电机ArotechABL1500为参考对象,使用激光干涉仪RENISHAW XL-80校核精度,研究不同结构绝对光栅尺的误码特点及原因。通过对比实验及研究分析,表明封闭式绝对尺相对于开放式绝对尺的误码率要高,开放式绝对式光栅尺的误码率为3%,封闭式绝对式光栅尺的误码率为8%。     

Failure location mechanism in long-reach PON based on OCDR

An efficient and unambiguous failure monitoring and protection mechanism is proposed in long-reach passive optical network (LR-PON). Optical code domain reflectometer by optical coding scheme is utilized. Improved optical encoders are placed centrally in optical distribution network and at both sides of each remote node to monitor all links and nodes in the network, which can make much simpler installation and smaller management costs. A reliable and robust protection system is designed and it can protect LR-PON from multiple fault cases. The network can achieve monitoring and protection process by network management system centrally. After locating fault, the system can also monitor the network continuously. The performance analysis of the monitoring system: signal-to-noise-plus-interference ratio, signal-to-interference-ratio and signal-to-noise-ratio are studied. Furthermore, the performance of data signals for protection system is investigated by bit error rate. The results obtained prove the feasibility and efficiency of the proposed network, and it can support high network capacity.     

基于最大值判决及光硬限幅器的光码分多址并行干扰抑制系统

针对光码分多址（OCDMA）的多用户干扰问题,提出一种引入光硬限幅器、基于最大值判决的光码分多址并行干扰抑制系统.该系统在发送端对比特“0”和比特“1”分别使用一个地址码和它的移位变形进行映射,以避免发送比特“0”时无光脉冲通过的问题,实现并行干扰抑制;在接收端光电检测器前引入一个光硬限幅器,判决电路采用最大值判决,以避免门限判决所引起的误判,进一步减小多用户干扰.阐述了其工作原理,系统采用光正交码作为地址码,PIN光电检测器,分析推导了系统的误码率表达式,进而对新型系统的多用户干扰抑制作用进行误码性能仿真.仿真结果表明,当信号光子到达率为25时,新型系统比常规系统的误码性能改善10个数量级以上,比常规并行干扰抑制系统改善2个数量级以上.     

A bidirectional hybrid DWDM-PON employing optical injection locking technique and data comparators

A bidirectional hybrid dense-wavelength-division-multiplexing (DWDM)-passive optical network (PON) employing optical injection locking technique on vertical-cavity surface-emitting lasers (VCSELs) and data comparator, as well as optical injection locking technique on distributed feedback laser diodes (DFB LDs) and amplitude/phase compensator is proposed and demonstrated. Improved performances of bit error rate (BER) and carrier-to-noise ratio/composite second order/composite triple beat (CNR/CSO/CTB) were observed in our proposed bidirectional hybrid DWDM-PON. Bidirectional transmission in bidirectional hybrid DWDM-PON architecture is a very attractive option, the capacity of the optical network can be expanded relatively easily by bidirectional transmission technology.     

单向量子密钥纠错协议的纠错性能仿真分析

高效误码纠错是量子密钥分配后续数据处理的关键技术之一.基于汉明码校验子级联单向一次通信纠错方案, 分别对三种校验子级联纠错能力进行了理论和仿真分析.根据分析结果提出了一种基于混合校验子级联纠错协议, 通过优化纠错流程相关参数提高密钥生成效率.随后对该协议的纠错能力及其密钥生成效率进行了仿真分析, 最后根据误码率后验分布参数, 对密钥最终误码率及其置信区间进行了估计.单一校验子级联纠错仿真结果显示:在相同的纠错能力的条件下, 初始误码率为3% < p ≤ 11% 时, (7, 4)汉明码纠错的密钥生成效率最高;初始误码率为1.5% < p ≤ 3.0% 时, (15, 11)汉明码纠错的密钥生成效率最高;初始误码率为p ≤ 1.5% 时, (31, 26) 汉明码纠错的密钥生成效率最高.混合校验子级联纠错方案的仿真结果显示:对于初始误码率为9.50%, 经过8轮次混合校验子级联纠错, 密钥生成效率为9.94%, 误码率期望值为5.21×10^-12, 置信度为90%的上限值为2.85×10^-11, 相比用单一(7, 4)校验子级联纠错的密钥生成效率提高了约3倍. 关键词： 量子密钥分配 保密纠错 效率分析     

广角成像系统光学畸变的数字校正方法

光学系统的畸变除了利用像差理论来实现校正外，还可以利用数字图像处理技术来进行校正。这为某些受其他条件的限制，很难用像差校正方法来实现其畸变校正的光学系统，如内窥镜光学系统和机器视觉光学系统等，提供了另一种畸变校正的方法。在讨论利用数字图像处理技术进行畸变校正的理论后。接着详细介绍了点阵样板校正方法，并给出校正实例。最后，为了评价校正的精度，文中分析了校正的主要误差来源，并通过比较校正前后视场各位置     

Optimizing bandwidth density in free space optical interconnects under the use of error correcting codes

The bandwidth density of error corrected free space optical interconnects is considered in this article. Analyses for the bandwidth density with and without error correcting codes are presented and compared. It is shown that the bandwidth density can be improved using error correcting codes with code rate as a design parameter. Moreover, it is shown that the fill factor of the detector array can be used as a parameter to further improve the bandwidth density for the coded system. Numerical results on the effect of using the code rate and fill factor to optimize the bandwidth density are presented and discussed.     

Block error rate of FSO links over non-Kolmogorov turbulence with exponentiated Weibull distribution

In this paper, we model block error rate (BLER) performance of optical wireless communication systems in strong turbulence slant channels with very slow fading and additive Gaussian noise, using the Exponentiated Weibull distribution models. In a communication system, which transmits data in blocks of N bits, the BLER probability P(M, N) of more than M bit errors in a block is particularly useful in evaluating the wireless optical channel performance. The joint effects of the beam wander and spread, pointing errors and the spectral index of non-Kolmogorov turbulence on system's performance are included. The obtained results can be essential for the designing of such links under real circumstances.