从固定球顶端开始滚动的球的运动

对从固定球顶端开始滚动的球的运动进行了详细的分析求解,并指出了周衍柏《理论力学教程》的一处错误与欠妥之处.     

问题解答

问:行星为什么不沿着圆周运动? 答:这问题可分为两部分:行星的轨道为什么不是圆形的和产生及保持椭圆形轨道的原因是什么。回答前一问题比较容易。所有天体均按圆锥曲线而运动,如果仅限于闭合轨道,偏心率的数值将有无限组。在这无限多的轨道中,只有偏心率为零的轨道是圆形的。因此,圆形轨道的几率是无限小的。即使形成了圆形轨道(这是极稀罕的情形),这种轨道也只能维持极短暂的时间,因为所有其他行星的影响(扰动)会极快地使轨道变形,而圆形的任何改变都难免使轨道变成椭圆。实际上,对于所有行星,其     

圆形轨道运动质点受径向速度扰动后的轨道——兼谈圆形轨道稳定性条件

导出了有心力场中质点无量纲形式的轨道微分方程,给出了极角与极径之间的积分关系式,求出了n=2、n=-1和n=3时,在圆形轨道运动质点受到径向速度扰动后的轨道方程,提出了圆形轨道稳定性条件的图像分析方法.     

有心力场中圆形轨道稳定性非线性近似分析

利用微扰法研究质点在有心力作用下圆形轨道的稳定性问题.对比分析了一阶与二阶两种近似条件下质点运动轨道的微扰相图,给出了两种近似条件下圆形轨道稳定性的条件.     

倾斜轨道上运动小球实验探讨

本文对小球在倾轨道上的运动规律进行了理论上的分析．为验证理论结果，设计了实验装置，进行了实验．实验结果证明理论分析是正确的．     

Breit-Pauli哈密顿的正确张量表达式

采用不同的方法,对Breit-Pauli哈密顿中的自旋-其它轨道相互作用和轨道-轨道相互作用的球张量形式重新进行了推导,给出了自旋-其它轨道相互作用和轨道-轨道相互作用哈密顿的球张量形式的正确表达式,指出了文献中所列出的这类表达式的错误,提供了导出这些表达式的中间步骤.     

自制静电轨道

为增加静电实验的可见度和持续性,自制了静电现象演示仪——静电轨道,既可演示直线轨道运动,也可演示圆形轨道运动.     

球在可自由移动的球形空腔内作纯滚动的运动分析

对在光滑水平面上可自由移动的球形空腔内作纯滚动的球的运动进行分析,给出球心及其边缘上任意一点在静止参考系中的运动轨迹方程,并绘出它们相应的轨迹,求出球在球形空腔内平衡位置附近作小振动的周期,并和球在可自由移动的球形空腔内作纯滑动的情况作了比较.     

在水平旋转的圆台上滚动的球与带电粒子在电磁场中的运动

本文研究在水平旋转的国台上滚动的球的动力学问题．推出在圆台匀速旋转和匀加速旋转两种情况下球相对于惯性空间的速度公式、角速度公式及摩擦力公式．当圆台匀速旋转时，球将做匀速圆周运动，甚至在原地自旋．当圆台做匀加速旋转时，球的轨道一般不是圆，只有在特定的初始条件下，球才可能继续绕圆台中心轴作匀加速圆周运动．球运动的这些动力学现象与带电粒子在圆形电磁场中的运动，二者之间存在着十分有趣的──对应关系．利用这些对应关系，使我们有可能用类比的方法，去想象并理解那些不易接受的概念．     

非球对称势场与轨道有序化:NiO电子结构再研究

用含有非球对称修正的FPLMTO和LDA+UDFT,LDA+USIC研究了NiO的电子结构,发现由于非球对称势场的引入,导致了占据的3d轨道eg分量的轨道有序化.结果表明在这一类复杂的强关联电子中,原子球内非球对称性多极势场对电子结构的影响已经比较明显:除了上述的轨道有序化以外,eg分量的位置下移,宽度明显变窄,呈现局域化的趋势;两种不同LDA+U方法计算得出的电荷转移能隙分别为337eV(DFT)和25eV(SIC).同时发现在NiO中,上、下Hubbard带实际上是由占据的和非占据的3deg轨道构成,3dt2g轨道和O2p轨道的杂化带具有较大的带宽,因而也具有一定的巡游特性.结果表明在NiO中有特征明显的3d电子轨道有序化.通过研究得出结论:在NiO这一类体系的电子结构计算中,势场的非球对称性部分和球间区势场的作用,以及轨道极化等因素都应该恰当地处理 关键词： 关联电子系统 过渡金属氧化物 电子结构     

纯滚动运动中的摩擦力做功问题

大学物理教学中普遍要讲授刚体的平面平行运动，而小球的纯滚动问题恰是该运动中的典型问题．本文就纯滚动问题中的摩擦力是否做功?做功的实质以及坐标系选择对此问题的影响作了比较清晰的阐述．     

Dynamics of a viscous ball rolling down on a rigid staircase

We theoretically investigate the motion of a ball rolling down on a periodical staircase. Our research is restricted in the case of completely inelastic collision when the ball falls down on the surface of the stairs. The ball is accelerated when it rolls cross the edge of the stair, while it is decelerated when it rolls on the horizontal surface due to the rolling friction. The competition between them causes two different regimes according to the parameters of the system. One is the steady moving regime in which the ball keeps moving forever, and the other is the still regime in which the ball finally stops after rolling on a finite number of stairs. The diagram of these two regimes is given in the reduced parameter space. The tendency that smaller scale of the staircase can keep moving on smaller inclined angle is found.     

Motion of grains down a bumpy surface

We summarize in this article an extensive experimental and theoretical effort carried out to understand the behavior of a single ball when rolling down a bumpy surface. This may appear to be a simple problem but in fact is one that displays a rich variety of different behaviors which allow us to understand better dissipative systems such as granular media. Studies performed previously have shown that the motion of the single ball on the rough surface can be characterized by three different dynamic regimes according to the different values of the two control parameters, the inclination angle theta and the ratio Phi=R/r, where R is the radius of the rolling ball and r the radius of the glass beads which make up the rough surface. The three regimes are a decelerated regime A, a stationary regime B, characterized by a constant average velocity and a jumping regime C. This result was found to be independent of the composition of the rolling ball and the rough surface. It has been demonstrated that regime B is characterized by a viscous-like friction force that appears for specific parameter values. This friction force can be explained by a model whose central ingredient is the geometry of the surface. The trajectory of the ball in regime B can be pictured as a driven random walk motion where the fluctuations of the local velocities are due to collisions of the moving sphere and the surface grains. A detailed analysis of diffusive properties of the motion is discussed. (c) 1999 American Institute of Physics.     

The stability analysis of rolling motion of hypersonic vehicles and its validations

The stability of the rolling motion of near space hypersonic vehicles with rudder control is studied using method of qualitative analysis of nonlinear differential equations, and the stability criteria of the deflected rolling motions are improved. The outcomes can serve as the basis for further study regarding the influence of pitching and lateral motion on the stability of rolling motion. To validate the theoretical results, numerical simulations were done for the rolling motion of two hypersonic vehicles with typical configurations. Also, wind tunnel experiments for four aircraft models with typical configurations have been done. The results show that: 1) there exist two dynamic patterns of the rolling motion under statically stable condition. The first one is point attractor, for which the motion of aircraft returns to the original state. The second is periodic attractor, for which the aircraft rolls periodically. 2) Under statically unstable condition, there exist three dynamic patterns of rolling motion, namely, the point attractor, periodic attractor around deflected state of rolling motion, and double periodic attractors or chaotic attractors.     

The ANAIS billiard experiment

The problem on the motion of a homogeneous ball on a horizontal plane is considered. The existence of the vector first integral independent of the friction character and the motion of the support plane in the horizontal directions is shown. In particular, the velocities of the ball center are identical at the moments of rolling on a motionless plane, which corresponds to experiments with the ANAIS billiard table.     

球体上滚问题分析

研究球体在不平行双直线型导轨上的上滚实验问题,包括上滚原因、条件和如何获得最佳的演示效果,并给出一个关于椭圆的几何命题.     

滚球混沌运动演示实验

以滚球在3个凹形槽上的受力体现作用的非线性,导轨由电机推动作简谐振动,滚球在导轨上作受迫(滚动)振动,可以把导轨作简谐振动的频率或振幅作为调整参量.当受迫振动的滚球振幅小时,滚球只在1个凹形槽中作简谐振动;当振幅渐渐增大时,可呈现周期倍增和渐至混沌状态.通过观察安装在同一振动滑板上的2套导轨上的滚球的运动,则可以演示混沌运动对初值的敏感性.     

Stochastic rolling of a rigid sphere in weak adhesive contact with a soft substrate

We study the rolling motion of a small solid sphere on a fibrillated rubber substrate in an external field in the presence of a Gaussian noise. From the nature of the drift and the evolution of the displacement fluctuation of the ball, it is evident that the rolling is controlled by a complex non-linear friction at a low velocity and a low noise strength (K), but by a linear kinematic friction at a high velocity and a high noise strength. This transition from a non-linear to a linear friction control of motion can be discerned from another experiment in which the ball is subjected to a periodic asymmetric vibration in conjunction with a random noise. Here, as opposed to that of a fixed external force, the rolling velocity decreases with the strength of the noise suggesting a progressive fluidization of the interface. A state (K) and rate (V) dependent friction model is able to explain both the evolution of the displacement fluctuation as well as the sigmoidal variation of the drift velocity with K. This research sets the stage for studying friction in a new way, in which it is submitted to a noise and then its dynamic response is studied using the tools of statistical mechanics. Although more works would be needed for a fuller realization of the above-stated goal, this approach has the potential to complement direct measurements of friction over several decades of velocities and other state variables. It is striking that the non-Gaussian displacement statistics as observed with the stochastic rolling is similar to that of a colloidal particle undergoing Brownian motion in contact with a soft microtubule.     

Lattice Boltzmann simulation of behaviour of particles moving in blood vessels under the rolling massage

The rolling massage is one of the most important manipulations in Chinese massage, which is expected to eliminate many diseases. Here, the effect of the rolling massage on a pair of particles moving in blood vessels under rolling massage manipulation is studied by the lattice Boltzmann simulation. The simulated results show that the motion of each particle is considerably modified by the rolling massage, and it depends on the relative rolling velocity, the rolling depth, and the distance between particle position and rolling position. Both particles' translational average velocities increase almost linearly as the rolling velocity increases, and obey the same law. The increment of the average relative angular velocity for the leading particle is smaller than that of the trailing one. The result is helpful for understanding the mechanism of the massage and to further develop the rolling techniques.     

无滑动滚动时的摩擦力

通过一个演示实验 ,分析论证了纯滚动刚体所受摩擦力为静摩擦力 ,静摩擦力与物体的运动状态有关 ,与接触面性质无关 .