五种典型硝苯胺类炸药的静电势与撞击感度的关系研究

利用NONDO程序包，采用双头算法对硝基苯胺类炸药的分子结构和电偶极矩等性质以及C－NO2键中点静电势等进行计算，讨论了硝基苯胺类炸药C－NO2键中点静电势最大值Vimidmax与其实验撞击感度之间的关系。研究表明：对于硝基苯胺类炸药，不宜单独用C－NO2键中点静电势最大值Vmidmax来表征撞击感度的变化，但可以用静电势最大值Vmidmax与电偶极矩的积来确定其撞击感度的变化趋势，讨论了硝基和胺基的相对位置以及硝基和胺基的数目对这类炸药感度的影响。     

硝基甲苯类炸药C-NO2键中点的静电势

利用HONDO程序包,采用从头计算法对硝基甲苯类炸药的分子结构及其C-NO2键中点的静电势进行了计算,讨论了硝基甲苯类炸药C-NO2键中点的静电势最大值Vmidmax与其实验撞击感度之间的关系.研究表明:对于硝基甲苯类炸药,可用其分子C-NO2键中点的静电势最大值Vmidmax来确定其撞击感度的变化趋势.以静电势为判据,讨论了硝基和甲基数目以及硝基和甲基的相对位置对这类炸药撞击感度的影响.     

含硝基烷基的一些CHNO多硝基化合物的C-NO2键离解能计算——应用于撞击感度

用密度泛函方法,在B3LYP/6-31G*水平对五个含硝基烷基的硝基芳香族炸药分子和四个含硝基烷基的苯酸酯炸药分子进行了几何结构全优化、能量和频率计算.并分别对这两类炸药分子苯环上的C-NO2和烷基上的C-NO2键离解能进行了同等水平的计算.结果表明,这两类分子中的最弱键均是烷基上的C-NO2键.进一步分析实验撞击感度与分子中最弱键离解能量的关系.结果表明,最弱键离解能BDE是表征炸药撞击感度的重要指针,但不是唯一指针.除了BDE,炸药的撞击感度可能还受其它因素或反应途径的影响.     

硝基环丁烷炸药及其衍生物表面静电势与感度理论研究

在DFT-B3LYP/6-311++G**水平上,研究了硝基环丁烷及其衍生物和硝基环己烷C-NO2 和 N-NO2 键的中点、环上方分子表面静电势及其统计量,建立了三种标题化合物实验撞击感度h50与分子表面静电势及其统计量之间的定量关系。结果表明,这些模型的相关性较差。然而,环张力贡献的引入使其相关性增强。作为一种表征分子全局性质的物理量,分子表面静电势可用于预估炸药分子的感度。随着实验数据的增多,建立撞击感度h50与分子表面静电势及其静电势的统计量之间的定量关系是有必要的。     

取代硝基苯炸药的理论研究

在133LYP/6.31 G*理论水平上优化了一系列取代硝基苯类化舍物的几何构型,计算了它们的电子结构和Wiberg键级,结果表明,随着氨基的引入,起爆引发键C-NO2键的强度有可能得到加强,炸药的撞击感度减小.讨论了分子内氢键与其撞击感度的关系,结果表明氢键的形成可能对分子的撞击感度起钝化作用.讨论了C-NO2键的强弱与其位置的关系.     

多硝基苯酸酯炸药分子键离解能与撞击感度关系研究

用密度泛函方法,在B3LYP-6-31G*、B3P86/6-31G*和B3LYP-6-311G*三种理论水平对四个含硝基烷基的苯酸酯炸药分子进行了几何结构全优化、能量和频率计算。并对这些炸药分子苯环上的C-NO2和烷基上的C-NO2键离解能分别进行了三种理论水平的计算。结果表明,这类分子中的最弱键是烷基上的C-NO2键。进一步分析实验撞击感度与分子中最弱键离解能量的关系,结果表明,分子最弱键离解能与分子总能量的比值BDE/E和实验撞击感度h50%之间存在一个几乎线性的关联关系。BDE/E是表征炸药撞击感度的一个实用的合理指针。     

硝基环丁烷炸药及其衍生物表面静电势与感度理论研究

在DFT-B3LYP/6-311++G**水平上,研究了硝基环丁烷及其衍生物和硝基环己烷C-NO_2和N-NO_2键的中点、环上方分子表面静电势及其统计量,建立了三种标题化合物实验撞击感度h50与分子表面静电势及其统计量之间的定量关系.结果表明,这些模型的相关性较差.然而,环张力贡献的引入使其相关性增强.作为一种表征分子全局性质的物理量,分子表面静电势可用于预估炸药分子的感度.随着实验数据的增多,建立撞击感度h_(50)与分子表面静电势及其静电势的统计量之间的定量关系是有必要的.     

含alphaC-H键的硝基芳香族炸药分子的C-NO2键离解能研究

采用密度泛函理论中的B3LYP方法,取6-31G*基组,对含alpha C-H键的硝基苯类炸药的分子结构和能量,以及C-NO2键离解能等进行计算,讨论了含alpha C-H键的硝基苯类炸药分子中C-NO2键离解能的强弱与其位置的关系。研究表明:alpha C-H键邻位的C-NO2键离解能比对位的C-NO2键离解能弱,邻位中又以受alpha C-H键影响最大的C-NO2键离解能最弱。     

三硝基芳香族炸药的表面静电势、活化能与感度理论研究

运用密度泛函DFT-BHand HLYP/6-311G**方法,对八种三硝基芳香族炸药分子进行全优化、能量频率计算,研究其各自的活化能、表面静电势等几种统计量.建立起这八种化合物实验撞击感度h50与分子表面静电势及统计量之间的定量关系,结果发现其相关系数很大(0.91+).随后引入活化能影响因子,在撞击感度与分子活化能、分子表面静电势及其统计量之间建立关系模型,结果表明撞击感度与活化能、表面静电势及其他统计量之间存在很好的相关关系(0.95+).这对预估炸药分子的撞击感度值有一定意义.     

“最小键级原理”的从头算证实———苯和苯胺类硝基衍生物

感度是爆炸物对外界刺激的敏感程度 ,是火药、炸药和起爆药的基本属性 .在外界撞击作用下炸药发生爆炸的难易程度即该炸药的撞击感度 .感度通常依靠实测 ,从理论上加以判别是人们追求的目标 ,故研究炸药感度与结构的关系一直是该领域的热点 .根据撞击引起热解、热解引起爆炸、撞击感度主要与热解引发步骤相关联等思想 ,我们建议了“最小键级原理 (PSBO)”[1- 4] :对系列结构相似爆炸物 ,其热解引发键键级 (或重叠布居 )越小 ,则撞击感度越大 ;热解引发键键级越大 ,则撞击感度越小 .该判据已在多系列炸药中获得证实和应用[1- 4] .“热解引…     

Sensitivities of ionic explosives

ABSTRACT

We have investigated the relevance for ionic explosive sensitivity of three factors that have been demonstrated to be related to the sensitivities of molecular explosives. These are (1) the maximum available heat of detonation, (2) the amount of free space per molecule (or per formula unit) in the crystal lattice and (3) specific features of the electrostatic potential on the molecular or ionic surface. We find that for ionic explosives, just as for molecular ones, there is an overall tendency for impact sensitivity to increase as the maximum detonation heat release is greater. This means that the usual emphasis upon designing explosives with large heats of detonation needs to be tempered somewhat. We also show that a moderate detonation heat release does not preclude a high level of detonation performance for ionic explosives, as was already demonstrated for molecular ones. Relating the free space per formula unit to sensitivity may require a modified procedure for ionic explosives; this will continue to be investigated. Finally, an encouraging start has been made in linking impact sensitivities to the electrostatic potentials on ionic surfaces, although limited so far to ammonium salts.     

Sensing dipole fields at atomic steps with combined scanning tunneling and force microscopy

The electric field of dipoles localized at the atomic steps of metal surfaces due to the Smoluchowski effect were measured from the electrostatic force exerted on the biased tip of a scanning tunneling microscope. By varying the tip-sample bias the contribution of the step dipole was separated from changes in the force due to van der Waals and polarization forces. Combined with electrostatic calculations, the method was used to determine the local dipole moment in steps of different heights on Au(111) and on the twofold surface of an Al-Ni-Co decagonal quasicrystal.     

利用高分辨同步辐射衍射研究氨苄青霉素三水合物的电荷密度分布:密度泛函理论和多极模型之间的相关性

实验研究了氨苄青霉素三水合物的电荷密度分布,并与用密度泛函理论的量子计算结果进行比较.计算了电荷导出性质,Mulliken原子电荷,偶极矩和分子静电势.另外用多极分析对实验总体参数的进行细化.用多极处理获得的结构因子构建了傅立叶图.同时讨论电荷分布的拓扑性质,分析了（3,-1）临界点的特性.     

Computing surface dipoles and potentials of self-assembled monolayers from first principles

We discuss methodological aspects of first principles calculations of surface dipoles and potentials in general, and surface-adsorbed self-assembled monolayers in particular, using density functional theory with a slab/super-cell approach. We show that calculations involving asymmetric slabs may yield highly erroneous results for the surface dipole and demonstrated the efficacy of a simple dipole correction scheme. We explain the importance of the electrostatic dipole distribution, show how to compute it, and establish conditions for the equivalence of calculations for the dipole distribution and the electrostatic potential distribution.     

Estimation of Ground-State and Singlet Excited-State Dipole Moments of Substituted Schiff Bases Containing Oxazolidin-2-one Moiety through Solvatochromic Methods

Absorption and fluorescence studies on novel Schiff bases (E)-4-(4-(4-nitro benzylideneamino)benzyl)oxazolidin-2-one (NBOA) and (E)-4-(4-(4-chlorobenzylidene amino)benzyl)oxazolidin-2-one (CBOA) were recorded in a series of twelve solvents upon increasing polarity at room temperature. Large Stokes shift indicates bathochromic fluorescence band for both the molecules. The photoluminescence properties of Schiff bases containing electron withdrawing and donating substituents were analyzed. Intramolecular charge transfer behavior can be studied based on the influence of different substituents in Schiff bases. Changes in position and intensity of absorption and fluorescence spectra are responsible for the stabilization of singlet excited-states of Schiff base molecules with different substituents, in polar solvents. This is attributed to the Intramolecular charge transfer (ICT) mechanism. In case of electron donating (?Cl) substituent, ICT contributes largely to positive solvatochromism when compared to electron withdrawing (?NO₂) substituent. Ground-state and singlet excited-state dipole moments of NBOA and CBOA were calculated experimentally using solvent polarity function approaches given by Lippert–Mataga, Bakhshiev, Kawskii-Chamma-Viallet and Reichardt. Due to considerable π- electron density redistribution, singlet excited-state dipole moment was found to be greater than ground-state dipole moment. Ground-state dipole moment value which was determined by quantum chemical method was used to estimate excited-state dipole moment using solvatochromic correlations. Kamlet-Abboud-Taft and Catalan multiple linear regression approaches were used to study non-specific solute-solvent interaction and hydrogen bonding interactions in detail. Optimized geometry and HOMO-LUMO energies of NBOA and CBOA have been determined by DFT and TD-DFT/PCM (B3LYP/6-311G (d, p)). Mulliken charges and molecular electrostatic potential have also been evaluated from DFT calculations.     

外电场作用下三元环状水分子团簇的特性研究

采用了HartreeFork自洽场方法在321G水平上研究了0～0.01a.u.的外电场对三元环状水分子团(H2O)3基态能量和电偶极距的影响规律,分析了由外电场产生的HellmanFeynman(HF)力(内力和外力)和在这个力的平衡作用下的团簇的稳定结构,结果表明,外电场的大小对三元环状水分子团簇(H2O)3这些性质有明显的影响.通过高斯计算可以得出,在所加的电场范围内,随着外电场的增大总能量下降,电偶极距增大,结构相对更稳定;外电场引起团簇中各个原子的电荷密度改变,导致了各个原子所受的静电力随之变化.     

A comparison of effective and polarizable intermolecular potentials in simulations: liquid water as a test case

A comparison of polarizable and effective intermolecular potentials has been carried out by employing simulated properties of liquid water at different temperatures. The effective potentials were obtained by adding a fixed fraction (~80%) of the induced dipole moments of the polarizable potential to the permanent dipole moment of the water molecule. The fraction was fitted to reproduce one structural (the height of the first peak of the oxygen-oxygen radial distribution function) and one dynamic (the self-diffusion coefficient) liquid property predicted by the polarizable potential. The two properties were well reproduced simultaneously by the effective potential at 273 K and 303 K, but less accurately at 373 K. The effective dipole moments were 2.79, 2.75, and 2.68 D at the three respective temperatures. In order to examine the effective potentials further, other liquid properties have been considered, and we found that the molecular rotational relaxation times and the hydrogen bonding properties are reproduced well by the effective potentials, whereas the velocity autocorrelation function, the pressure, the dielectric constant, and the Debye relaxation time are reproduced less accurately.     

Core/shell/shell spherical quantum dot with Kratzer confining potential: Impurity states and electrostatic multipoles

An exactly solvable problem of impurity states is considered in core/shell/shell spherical quantum dot. Kratzer molecular potential is taken for confinement potential. The analytical expressions are obtained for the energy spectrum and wave functions of the impurity electron. The dependencies of the total energy and the binding energy of the impurity on the parameters of the confining potential are investigated. The possibility of the impurity electron leakage is shown in the external environment, due to the specific form of the Kratzer potential. The character of the electrostatic field created by the impurity and the electron is observed on the basis of obtained results. The multipole corrections caused by the dipole and quadrupole moments of the electron are calculated. It is shown that the dipole moment is absent, and the problem reduces to the calculation of only z component for the average values of the diagonal elements of the quadrupole moment tensor. The dependencies of the average values of the quadrupole moment on the Kratzer potential parameters are studied.     

几种硝基苯类炸药在外电场作用下的分子特性

采用密度泛函理论中的B3LYP方法,在6-31G*水平上研究了外电场对一些硝基苯类炸药分子的总能量、偶极矩、分子轨道能级和前线轨道能量差等分子特性的影响;考察了在外电场作用下分子前线轨道能量差与炸药的电火花感度之间的关系.结果表明,在外电场作用下分子总能量降低,偶极矩增大、前线轨道能量差减小;分子前线轨道能量差与炸药的电火花感度之间几乎线性相关,且外电场对这种线性相关性无明显影响.