轴对称收敛型电子枪设计方法再讨论

 对轴对称收敛型电子枪设计方法进行了整理分析，就阴极半锥角的初始值对迭代综合法的收敛性能所产生的影响进行了讨论，针对低压缩比条件下原来的Vaughan公式失效的问题进行了分析，给出了更为合理的初始值计算公式。采用修正后的公式和迭代综合法对电子枪进行设计，在高压缩比情况下的设计结果与采用原来Vaughan方法的结果完全一致；而对于低压缩比的情况，也得到了合理的设计，从而解决了原来的Vaughan方法在低压缩比情况下失效的问题，扩大了迭代综合法的应用范围。     

回旋管单阳极电子枪计算机辅助设计

 根据回旋管对电子枪的要求，采用综合法和分析法设计了该单阳极磁控注入电子枪。编制了一套大型的计算程序，利用计算机辅助设计，给出了电极形状、电子轨迹与电子注参量。计算表明，这种电子枪具有速度零散小、层流性较好、体积小等特点。该枪已用于制管实验中。由热测实验表明，它具有明显的优点，并获得了127kW的峰值功率和超过10%的效率。     

高效率行波管电子枪设计及其优化

 利用综合迭代法初步确定了用于高效率行波管的电子枪几何尺寸参数，考虑电子枪设计对导流系数、注腰半径、层流性等参数提出的要求，通过建立评价电子注性能优劣的目标函数以量化设计结果;应用EGUN软件和步长加速直接求优的方法对目标函数进行了优化，优化结果满足了设计要求。该电子枪已经用于制管实验，电子注静态通过率99.7%,动态通过率98.0%,电子效率达到34%，实验结果进一步验证了该电子枪设计的合理性。     

1THz回旋管双阳极磁控注入电子枪的分析及设计

基于电子光学理论,通过编程进行大量的数值计算,设计了一支用于1THz回旋管的双阳极磁控注入式电子枪.对双阳极磁控注入电子枪的计算及设计进行了阐述,并对1 THz回旋管电子枪中高磁压缩比(f_m=125)可能导致电子反转的问题进行了详细的分析和模拟.通过对电子枪进行了仿真和优化,最后计算和设计了一支速度比适中(α=1.3),速度零散较小(Δβ<8%) 的电子枪.     

皮尔斯电子枪非迭代综合法的修正

 对Tiwary非迭代综合法进行了整理分析，根据阴极半锥角大小的不同范围对其计算公式做出了相应修正，使得计算结果与Vaughan迭代综合法的计算结果相吻合，二者之间相差可以实现小于1°；对阳极半径公式也做了合理的修正，使阳极与阴极之间的间隙及电子枪射程的计算精度也与迭代综合法相当。采用非迭代法的修正方法计算精度受阴极半锥角大小的影响大大减小，扩大了其应用范围。     

微波管电子枪三维粒子模拟研究

 分析了以往电子光学模型进行电子枪模拟工作过程及存在的缺陷，指出粒子模拟方法能够全面考虑空间电荷限制和温度限制、阴极热初速、电子注非层流性等因素，研究电子注的瞬态和噪声特性，是一种更准确的电子枪模拟方法。以某电子枪为例，运用Mafia PIC模块进行了模拟计算，与实验结果对比表明Mafia粒子模拟具有相当精度，可用于指导微波管电子枪工程设计。     

BEPCII电子枪系统设计

 BEPCII改进工程需要更高流强的电子枪。新电子枪系统的物理设计、机械设计、控制系统设计等均进行了描述。电子枪的设计发射电流在脉宽为1 ns时大于10 A，重复频率50 Hz。将会采用脉冲电源来为电子枪提供最高200 kV的脉冲高压。在设计阶段，电子枪的几何结构和束流传输过程利用计算机模拟进行了优化。EGUN和DGUN的计算结果表明导流系数为0.22 mA·V^-3/2，电子枪出口的发射度为16 p·mm·mrad。PARMELA的模拟结果表明束流能顺利地传输至第一根加速管末端，捕获效率为67%，出口的均方根发射度为25 mm·mrad。基于EPICS平台的电子枪控制系统设计也已完成，提供了全新的双脉冲运行模式和2.5 μs长脉冲运行模式。     

120 MW束流功率速调管电子枪设计

 速调管电子枪是速调管重要部件之一，它为速调管高频腔提供直流电子注。对国产50 MW速调管电子枪束流光学系统进行了模拟分析，并对电子枪陶瓷筒进行了重新设计和优化。为了在国产30 MW速调管的基础上设计50 MW速调管，采用进口钡钨电子枪阴极来减小蒸发和抑制打火，将电子注电压提高到320 kV,电流和导流系数分别为346 A和1.91 μp,以满足速调管功率提高的需要。设计出低电场强度（22.1 kV/mm）电子枪新结构，即在不影响电子枪内部束流稳定的前提下，将陶瓷筒设计成靠近阴极端半径较大而远离阴极端半径较小的形状，以避免高功率运行致使陶瓷筒的损坏。     

W波段扩展互作用速调管电子光学系统

W波段扩展互作用速调管电子光学系统由皮尔斯电子枪与均匀永磁聚焦系统组成,用于电子注的产生与传输。利用Vaughan迭代综合法及数值模拟优化设计了皮尔斯电子枪,并按照电子注传输特性要求研制了均匀永磁聚焦结构。根据电子光学系统的三维模拟,导流系数0.21μP,注电流大于0.5A,注平均半径小于0.3mm,射程大于11mm。永磁聚焦磁场约0.33T,传输距离大于50mm,电子注通过率达到100%。电子枪与聚焦系统已加工完毕并通过测试,技术指标满足要求。     

用于微波电子枪注入器的α磁铁的设计和制造

本文给出用于北京自由电子激光器的微波电子枪注入器的α磁铁的物理参数和物理设计,并报告了磁场测量的结果:好场区范围13.3cm;场梯度均匀度1.5%.经模拟计算和束流实验证明,这块α铁的设计和制造满足了微波电子枪高亮度注入器的要求.     

用高斯光学和三级像差理论求变焦距物镜的初始解

ZEMAX和CODE V等光学设计软件,虽然有很强的优化功能,但如果想得到好的设计结果,初始解的选择至关重要。求初始解的普遍做法是,将已有的光学系统或其中某一个组元拿来进行缩放。这种办法带有盲目性。另一种方法就是利用高斯光学和三级像差理论求变焦距物镜的初始解。这一方法有助于创新设计,但却很少被应用。本文介绍了作者在运用这一方法过程中产生的观点、理念、经验和成果。本文通过一个十倍变焦距物镜设计实例,详细介绍了求初始解的过程,为了验证该初始解的效果,还用ZEMAX进行了像差优化。为了增加说服力,设计过程的每一步,都给出了具体的数据,包括经ZEMAX优化得到的最后结果。     

The three-phase theory for plasma focus devices

A simplified theory for preliminary design of plasma focus devices that starts at the breakdown phase is proposed. For best focus, it is shown that the model can be used to predict the values of the inner and outer electrode radius, inner electrode length, gas pressure, and charging voltage that give minimum possible pinch radius. The theoretical results agree with experimental observations. The model shows that of these parameters, inner electrode length, inner and outer electrode radii play a significant role. An optimum pinch radius ratio of 0.05 to 0.40 was realized. Test results show that the focus strength is dependent on the breakdown conditions via the initial and final velocities of the current sheath during the radial collapse phase and the axial rundown phase. The final axial velocity determines the initial inward radial velocity. Results for a test design are presented     

Methods of calculating the band structure and low-energy secondary electron spectroscopy of iridium

A theoretical interpretation is put forward for the fine structure of the secondary electron emission spectra of Ir normal to the (111) surface and the total current spectrum of an Ir polycrystal. The calculations took into account the energy dependence of the broadening of the energy band levels, the electron-electron and electron-plasmon contributions to the nonequilibrium electron distribution function, and the isotropic component of the current from the electrons scattered at the surface. It is shown that the fine structure of the secondary electron emission spectrum and the total current spectrum is mainly attributable to the electron structure of the final states into which the electrons enter or from which they are emitted so that the characteristics of the band configuration in the energy band structure can be reconstructed directly from the experimental data. This method can be used to separate bulk effects from surface effects in the secondary electron emission and total current spectra. It is confirmed that the fine structure of the secondary electron emission and total current spectra depends on the geometric structure and the degree of ordering of the crystals. A reduction in the intensity of the fine structure serves as a measure of the defect structure in the surface region of the sample which can be successfully used to monitor the surface state during treatment. Zh. Tekh. Fiz. 69, 94–96 (June 1999)     

Characterization of plasma current quench during disruption in EAST tokamak

A preliminary analysis of plasma current quenching is presented in this paper based on the disruption database.It demonstrates that 26.8%of discharges have been disrupted in the last 2012 campaign,in addition,the plasma disruptive rate grows with the increase of plasma current.The best-fit linear and instantaneous plasma current quench rate is extracted from the recent EAST disruptions,showing that an 80%-30%interval of the maximum plasma current is well fit for the EAST device.The lowest area-normalized current quench time is 3.33 ms/m~2 with the estimated plasma electron temperature being 7.3 eV~ 9.5 eV.In the disruption case the maximum eddy current goes up to 400 kA,and a fraction of currents are respectively driven on the upper and lower outer plate with nearly 100 MPa-200 MPa stress in the leg.     

毫米波行波管电子光学系统的设计

 利用基于虚边界元法的VBGUN程序和基于边界元法的MOM程序，对一折叠波导毫米波行波管的电子光学系统进行了设计。设计过程中使用计算相关性系数的方法调节参数，通过计算敏感性系数以考察加工误差带来的影响。设计过程显示：低导流系数、小束腰、高压缩比的毫米波电子枪的层流性与电极尺寸相关性很大，易受到加工误差的影响；聚束系统的设计难点在于轴上峰值磁感应强度要受到漂移管半径的限制，这一点可以通过提高工作电压和降低电流来平衡，因此它的设计必须与慢波结构的设计同时进行。     

Constructions and Preliminary HV Conditioning of a Photocathode Direct-Current Electron Gun at IHEP

As one of the most important key technologies for future advanced light source based on the energy recovery linac, a photocathode dc electron gun is supported by Institute of High Energy Physics(IHEP) to address the technical challenges of producing very low emittance beams at high average current. Construction of the dc gun is completed and a preliminary high voltage conditioning is carried out up to 440 kV. The design,construction and preliminary HV conditioning results for the dc gun are described.     

医用质子直线加速器的设计研究

讨论用于治癌的低束流高能量质子直线加速器的初步物理设计.采用短脉冲和高重复频率的S波段的加速结构,类似于医用电子直线加速器.总长26m,由离子源、RFQ、DTL、SCDTL及SCL组成,能量经70—200MeV有八档可调,平均束流强度10—40nA.     

Separation of image-distortion sources and magnetic-field measurement in scanning electron microscope (SEM)

The electron-microscope image distortion generated by electromagnetic interference (EMI) is an important problem for accurate imaging in scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Available commercial solutions to this problem utilize sophisticated hardware for EMI detection and compensation. Their efficiency depends on the complexity of distortions influence on SEM system. Selection of a proper method for reduction of the distortions is crucial. The current investigations allowed for a separation of the distortions impact on several components of SEM system. A sum of signals from distortion sources causes wavy deformations of specimen shapes in SEM images. The separation of various reasons of the distortion is based on measurements of the periodic deformations of the images for different electron beam energies and working distances between the microscope final aperture and the specimen. Using the SEM images, a direct influence of alternating magnetic field on the electron beam was distinguished. Distortions of electric signals in the scanning block of SEM were also separated. The presented method separates the direct magnetic field influence on the electron beam below the SEM final aperture (in the chamber) from its influence above this aperture (in the electron column). It also allows for the measurement of magnetic field present inside the SEM chamber. The current investigations gave practical guidelines for selecting the most efficient solution for reduction of the distortions.     

A new approach for evaluating the current and charge density distributions in electron guns and beams

Current and space-charge density distribution calculation is of great significance for numerical analysis and design of high-current electron guns and beams. When the electrons’ thermal initial velocities are taken into account, though there have been some numerical methods published, the calculation is very complicated. By introducing equivalent meridional potential and projection trajectory theory, the curvilinear axis trajectory equation for electrons neighboring to a central curved trajectory in rotationally symmetric electro-magnetic fields is derived in first- and second-order approximations. The evolution equation of the current density distribution of toroidal electron sub-beams is derived and it can be used to calculate the current and charge density distribution in electron beams and guns in iteration calculation. A compact numerical algorithm for calculating round high-current electron guns and beams was developed and related program was written as well. As examples, the evolution of the current density distribution of a Pierce gun and a periodic magnetic focusing high-current electron beam is simulated. This proves that this method is effective and practical.