PET与SAN/PAN复合膜界面的 FTIR-ATR研究

应用傅里叶衰减全反射红外光谱(FTIR-ATR)技术对聚对苯二甲酸乙二酯(PET)表面形成不同厚度的超薄苯乙烯-丙烯腈共聚物(SAN)和聚丙烯腈(PAN)的共混物膜及其SAN/PAN共混物膜的厚度、界面层PET亚甲基的构像变化等进行研究,结果表明PET表面共混物膜的厚度随共混物混合液中SAN含量的增加而增加,界面层成膜物质与基材的分子链段间发生了相互渗透和扩散,分子链的极性越相近,越容易成膜.对PET红外光谱吸收峰的A1340/A1410进行定量研究表明,在成膜过程中,PET分子链的亚甲基构像由反式向旁式转变,引起界面层PET的结晶度降低.FTIR-ATR是分析复合膜界面层结构信息的有效方法.     

偶氮苯介晶基元取向方式对其取向稳定性影响

根据取向透射率变化研究了偶氮苯侧链液晶聚合物在不同光照功率条件下的取向,用锥光干涉法表征了侧链介晶基元的取向方向,并研究了升温对取向膜的稳定性影响.实验结果表明介晶基元的取向速度和取向度都随光照时间和光照功率增加而增加;超过一定阈值功率(20 mW/cm2)时,随着光照时间延长薄膜的透射率(取向度)反而降低.高功率光照...     

分离压和表面黏度的协同作用对液膜排液过程的影响

针对含不溶性活性剂的垂直液膜排液过程,在考虑分离压作用的前提下,引入随活性剂浓度变化的表面黏度模型,应用润滑理论建立了液膜厚度、活性剂浓度和液膜表面速度的演化方程组,通过数值计算分析了常表面黏度和变表面黏度情形下的液膜演化特征.结果表明:表面黏度是影响液膜排液过程的重要因素,当不考虑表面黏度时,液膜表面呈"流动"模式,反之呈"刚性"模式,且随表面黏度增加,液膜排液速率明显减缓.分离压对"黑膜"的形成至关重要,分离压单独作用时,其形成的"黑膜"长度较短,而只考虑表面黏度时,则不能形成稳定的"黑膜".而在二者协同作用下,液膜中部形成了向下扩展、厚度很薄但非常稳定的"黑膜",且"黑膜"厚度、出现时间均随表面黏度的增大而增加.当考虑活性剂浓度对表面黏度的影响时,表面速度受此影响显著;在形成"黑膜"长度及出现时间方面与相应常表面黏度的情形基本类似,但其"黑膜"厚度小于相应常表面黏度,故在液膜排液过程中更容易发生失稳.     

紫外光引发阳离子聚丙烯酰胺的红外光谱研究

以丙烯酰胺(AM)、 丙烯酰氧基乙基三甲基氯化铵(DAC)、 丙烯酸丁酯(BA)为单体,采用紫外光引发聚合制备阳离子聚丙烯酰胺P(AM-DAC-BA)。 采用紫外光谱和红外光谱研究其结构特征;分析AM,DAC,BA,P(AM-DAC-BA)的红外光谱中的典型红外振动频率的归属。 通过与单体红外光谱比较得出：由于聚合产物的对称性增加,聚合产物红外光谱更加简单。 P(AM-DAC-BA)的特性粘度随着光强、 BA含量、 光引发剂浓度、 光照时间的增加而增加。 选取AM,DAC,BA中的—CONH₂,—COOCH₂(CO), —COOCH₂—(C—O—C),—CH₂—N+(CH₃)₃基团吸收峰为特征吸收峰,随着光强、 BA含量的增加,特征峰面积增加;随着光引发剂浓度增加特征峰面积却呈现减少趋势;随着光照时间增加,峰面积是先减小后增加。 但不同P(AM-DAC-BA)在红外光谱上对应的特征吸收峰的峰型类似,特征峰位置基本一致。     

稀土配合物-PAA-g-PE膜的荧光光谱

通过紫外光接枝聚合反应 ,将丙烯酸 (AA)接枝于PE膜表面 ,在一定 pH值条件下 ,使接枝膜与Eu3+、α 噻吩甲酰三氟丙酮 (TTA)的乙醇 水溶液或Tb3+、乙酰丙酮 (AcAc)的氯仿 水溶液作用 ,制得红色或绿色荧光膜。与相应的Eu(TTA) 3·(H2 O) 2 或Tb(AcAc) 3·(H2 O) 2 固态配合物相比 ,荧光膜的激发和发射光谱都发生了明显的变化 ,可以推测 ,稀土配合物与高分子材料之间发生了化学键结合。此外 ,还对荧光膜的红外光谱进行了观察。     

自组装硫醇分子膜电输运特性的导电原子力显微镜研究

在Au(111)表面自组装制备了不同链长的烷烃硫醇分子膜，并利用导电原子力显微镜研究了 自组装分子膜的输运特性随外加压力的变化.结果发现分子膜的电流随压力的增加而增大， 其变化特征可以较好地用Hertz模型描述.在相同压力和电压下，通过分子膜的电流随分子链 长的增加呈指数衰减，其衰减因子先随压力的增加而减小，后逐渐趋于稳定.此外，长链分 子自组装膜的电流随压力的变化比短链分子膜更为明显.分析表明，自组装硫醇分子膜输运 特征的压力依赖性主要源于电荷在分子膜中的链间隧穿过程. 关键词： 分子自组装 输运特性 原子力显微镜     

GaAs光电阴极在不同强度光照下的稳定性

利用多信息量测试系统分别测试了反射式GaAs光电阴极激活后在0(无光照)，33和100lx白光照射情况下阴极的光电流衰减变化曲线，计算得到其寿命分别为320，160和75min，阴极稳定性随光照强度的增加而降低，测试了只有光照(100lx)而无光电流流过阴极时阴极的寿命为100min. 通过比较发现光照比光电流对阴极稳定性的影响更大. 还测试了阴极在33lx光照下量子效率曲线随时间的衰减，发现阴极低能光子的量子效率下降速度更快，导致量子效率曲线形状不断发生变化. 基于修正后的反射式阴极量子效率公式对这种变化进行了理论分析，发现与光电子的谷间散射和阴极衰减过程中表面势垒形状的变化有关.     

紫外光引发合成阴离子聚丙烯酰胺及其表征

选择了三种单体：丙烯酰胺(AM)、2-丙烯酰胺基-2-甲基丙磺酸(AMPS)和丙烯酸(AA),在复合引发剂的作用下,紫外光照射共聚得到阴离子聚丙烯酰胺(APAM)。研究了单体配比、单体总质量分数以及引发剂浓度等因素对聚合反应的影响,以产物特性粘度为目标进行了制备条件的优化,并对聚合产物的紫外、红外、电镜等结构和热性能进行表征。结果表明,在单体配比为70∶10∶10、单体质量分数为40%、引发剂浓度0.20%、反应体系pH值为9.0以及光照60 min条件下,能够制得特性粘度为1.6×103 mL·g-1的阴离子聚丙烯酰胺。     

Au/SiO2纳米多层薄膜的制备及其性质表征

利用多靶磁控溅射技术制备了Au/SiO2纳米颗粒分散氧化物多层复合薄膜.研究了在保持Au单层颗粒膜沉积时间一定时薄膜厚度一定、变化SiO2的沉积时间及SiO2的沉积时间一定而改变薄膜厚度时,多层薄膜在薄膜厚度方向的微观结构对吸收光谱的影响.研究结果表明:具有纳米层状结构的Au/SiO2多层薄膜在560nm波长附近有明显的表面等离子共振吸收峰,吸收峰的强度随Au颗粒的浓度增加而增强,在Au颗粒浓度相同的情况下,复合薄膜光学吸收强度随薄膜厚度的增加而增强.但当金属颗粒的浓度增加到一定程度时,金属颗粒相互接触,没有观察到纳米层状结构,薄膜不显示共振吸收峰特征.用修正后的M-G(Maxwell-Garnett)理论对吸收光谱进行了模拟,得到了与实验一致的结果.     

NaCl溶液静态闪蒸前后液膜浓度变化的实验研究

论文设计搭建了静态闪蒸实验台,对NaCl溶液静态闪蒸平衡时刻闪蒸腔剩余液膜浓度变化进行了实验研究。实验中,液膜初始浓度为0~0.26,液膜初始厚度为0.1~0.4 m,过热度为2~43℃。结果表明:剩余液膜浓度的变化是蒸发和蒸汽携带二者共同作用的结果;剩余液膜浓度随过热度的增大而增加,当过热度相同时,随液膜初始浓度和液膜初始厚度的增加而提高。浓缩比随过热度的增加而提高,随液膜初始浓度的增加呈现先增加后减小的趋势。     

Graft copolymerization of acrylic acid onto polyamide fibers

The grafting of acrylic acid (AA) monomer (CH₂CHCOOH) on polyamide 6.6 monofilaments (PA 6.6) using benzoyl peroxide (BPO) as initiator was carried out in order to enhance the hydrophilic nature of fibers. The grafting rate depends on the AA concentration, the BPO concentration, the time and the temperature of reaction.The best conditions for optimum rate of grafting were obtained with a AA concentration of 0.5 M, a BPO concentration of 0.03 M, a reaction temperature of T = 85 °C and a reaction time of 120 mn.The fiber surface has been investigated by many experimental techniques of characterization such as Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), calorimetric analysis (DSC), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and contact angle measurements.The effect of grafting of acrylic acid onto PA 6.6 fibers on their moisture and mechanical resistances was analyzed from water sorption and elongation at break measurements.The analysis of the experimental data shows clearly the efficiency of the grafting reaction used, leading to a significant increase of the hydrophilic character of the PA 6.6 surface.     

Swelling assisted photografting of itaconic acid onto sodium alginate membranes

Grafting of itaconic acid (IA) was achieved onto sodium alginate (NaAlg) membranes by using UV-radiation. Process was performed under nitrogen atmosphere and benzophenone (BP) was used as a photoinitiator. Membranes were preswelled before the polymerization process and ethanol was determined as the best swelling agent among the studied solvents. The effect of polymerization time, initiator and monomer concentrations on the grafting efficiency were investigated. The best conditions for optimum grafting were obtained with IA concentration of 1.0 M, a BP concentration of 0.1 M and a reaction time of 4 h at 25 °C. Under these conditions grafting efficiency for NaAlg-g-IA membranes was found to be 14% (w/w). To obtain further increase in grafting efficiency membranes were also preswelled in IA and BP solutions and polymerization was carried out at different temperatures after UV polymerization. Grafted membranes were characterized by using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Effect of grafting on membrane properties such as intrinsic viscosity and swelling percentage were also determined.     

Combined ultrasonic and gamma-irradiation to prepare TiO2@PET-g-PAAc fabric composite for self-cleaning application

The grafting of polyacrylic acid (PAAc) onto the fabric of Poly(ethyleneterephthalate) (PET) was loaded with TiO₂ by a mixture sonication of TiO₂ dispersed in AAc dissolved in acetone solvent. Ultrasonic irradiation was utilized as a tool for a good dispersion of TiO₂ onto the PET fabric. The grafted PET fabrics with acrylic acid AAc monomer were successfully obtained using gamma-ray induced graft polymerization, the degree of grafting PET-g-PAAc fiber was 105%. The chemical compositions and crystal structure of grafted TiO₂@PET-g-PAAc fabrics were characterized by ATR-FTIR and XRD. It was found that loading of PET fiber with in TiO₂ particles showing the formation of anatase and rutile as performed by XRD. The thermal property of TiO₂@PET-g-PAAc was investigated by differential thermal analysis (DTA). The obtained result indicated the thermal property of the grafted TiO₂@PET-g-PAAc was increased. Image of scanning electron microscope (SEM) indicated the good adherent and good distribution of PAAc and TiO₂ with PET fabric. The self-cleaning property of TiO₂@PET-g-PAAc has been evaluated by using three kinds of dyes as models.     

Improving the hydrophilicity of poly(vinylidene fluoride) porous membranes by electron beam initiated surface grafting of AA/SSS binary monomers

Poly(vinylidene fluoride) (PVDF) membranes were pre-irradiated by electron beam in vacuum, and then the hydrophilic sulfonate groups were introduced by the single step grafting method with binary monomer solution of acrylic acid (AA) and sodium 4-styrenesulfonate (SSS). The effect of binary monomer ratio and pH of reaction solution on the degree of grafting was investigated. The surface chemical change was characterized by Fourier transform infrared attenuated total reflection spectroscopy (FT-IR-ATR) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). Morphological changes on the membrane surface were characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and atomic force microscopy (AFM). The surface hydrophilicity of the modified membrane was characterized through water contact angle measurement. It was found that the water contact angle of the membrane surface decreased significantly when compared with the original one, indicating the improvement of the surface hydrophilicity.     

Surface modification of poly(styrene-b-(ethylene-co-butylene)-b-styrene) elastomer via photo-initiated graft polymerization of poly(ethylene glycol)

Poly(styrene-b-(ethylene-co-butylene)-b-styrene) (SEBS) copolymer biomedical elastomer was covalently grafted with poly(ethylene glycol) methyl ether methacrylate (PEGMA) via a photo-initiated graft polymerization technique. The surface graft polymerization of SEBS with PEGMA was verified by ATR-FTIR and XPS. Effect of graft polymerization parameters, i.e., monomer concentration, UV irradiation time and initiator concentration on the grafting density was investigated. Comparing with the virgin SEBS film, the PEGMA-modified SEBS film presented an enhanced wettability and a larger surface energy. Besides, the surface grafting of PEGMA imparted excellent anti-platelet adhesion and anti-protein adsorption to the SEBS surface.     

Chemically induced graft copolymerization of 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate onto polyurethane surface for improving blood compatibility

To improve hydrophilicity and blood compatibility properties of polyurethane (PU) film, we chemically induced graft copolymerization of 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate (HEMA) onto the surface of polyurethane film using benzoyl peroxide as an initiator. The effects of grafting temperature, grafting time, monomer and initiator concentrations on the grafting yields were studied. The maximum grafting yield value was obtained 0.0275 g/cm² for HEMA. Characterization of the films was carried out by attenuated total reflection Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR), water contact angle measurements. ATR-FTIR data showed that HEMA was successfully grafted onto the PU films surface. Water contact angle measurement demonstrated the grafted films possessed a relatively hydrophilic surface. The blood compatibility of the grafted films was preliminarily evaluated by a platelet-rich plasma adhesion test and hemolysis test. The results of platelet adhesion experiment showed that polyurethane grafted polymerization with monomer of 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate had good blood compatibility featured by the low platelet adhesion. Hemolysis rate of the PU-g-PHEMA films was dramatically decreased than the ungrafted PU films. This kind of new biomaterials grafted with HEMA monomers might have a potential usage for biomedical applications.     

Preparation and Properties of Chlorinated Polyethylene-Chlorinating/Grafting-Poly (Acrylic acid) and its Sodium-Salt Ionomer

Acrylic acid (AA) was grafted onto high-density polyethylene (HDPE) by in-situ chlorination graft copolymerization (ISCGC), yielding a graft copolymer composed of chlorinated polyethylene (CPE) as backbone and poly (acrylic acid) (PAA) as branch chains. The reaction process and the preparation of its carboxylated ionomers were studied. The structure of the graft copolymer and the ionomer were characterized by FTIR, gel permeation chromatography (GPC), and degree of grafting (GD). The influence of factors related to the main and side reactions, including the monomer concentration, chlorine contents of the product, and reaction temperature were investigated. Additionally, the effects of these factors on the reaction are described. The aim of the research was to investigate how chlorinated polyethylene grafted with poly (acrylic acid) (CPE-cg-PAA) and its sodium-salt ionomer could be prepared and their relative effect on thermal and mechanical properties.     

Studies on surface modification of UHMWPE fibers via UV initiated grafting

In this research, the surface of ultra high molecular weight polyethylene (UHMWPE) fiber was modified by high energy ultraviolet (UV) initiated grafting reactions and acrylamide groups were grafted onto UHMWPE chains. The initiating and grafting mechanism of the reactions was studied. Some important factors influencing the grafting effect, e.g. crystallinity of UHMWPE fiber, concentration of the initiating reagent, grafting time and the concentration of grafting monomer (acrylamide) were discussed. Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) was used to manifest the mechanism of the grafting reaction. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was used to show the morphology changing of the fiber surface. Single fiber pull-out strength and ILSS tests of the composite showed that acrylamide grafted onto the surface of the fiber could improve the interfacial adhesion between treated fibers and matrices.     

Modification of Low Density Polyethylene with 2-Hydroxyethyl Acrylate by a Swollen-Phase Grafting Method

Low-density polyethylene (LDPE) was modified with 2-hydroxyethyl acrylate (HEA) by a swollen phase grafting method with azobisiso-butyronitrile (AIBN) as initiator and xylene as a swelling agent. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and ¹H-nuclear magnetic resonance (¹H-NMR) showed that the HEA was grafted onto the PE molecular chains and the copolymer (LDPE-g-PHEA) was formed. The rheological data illustrated that the content of long chain branches (LCB) in LDPE-g-PHEA was higher than in LDPE. Melt flow index (MFI) measurements indicated that the LDPE backbone was degraded slightly when the HEA content was small in the process of grafting. X-ray diffraction (XRD) and water contact angle measurements demo-nstrated that the grafting degree had an influence on the crystallinity and polarity of the graft polymer. A staining analysis indicated that the dyeing of the product was improved continuously with increasing of the grafting degree. Polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP), NaCl, and ultrasound were shown to contribute to the staining, with ultrasound being the most productive. The probable grafting reaction mechanism is pro-posed. The results of the influence of monomer concentration on the grafting reaction revealed that the grafting ratio and gel content of the product increased with increasing of HEA amount.