太阳同步圆轨道空间相机瞬态外热流计算

为了使空间相机热设计、热分析、热试验具备准确、可靠的热边界条件,对太阳同步圆轨道空间相机的瞬态外热流进行了计算。总结了卫星空间定位的6个轨道根数之间的关系,给出了太阳同步圆轨道空间定位的必要参数。针对某给定太阳同步圆轨道,采用STK软件进行了轨道面与太阳光矢量相对位置关系（β角）的计算,确定了该轨道的高、低温工况位置。归纳了空间外热流的理论计算方法,以外接于卫星平台的空间相机为例,建立了外热流计算模型,采用IDEAS/TMG模块对给定太阳同步圆轨道的高、低温工况轨道周期内瞬态外热流变化进行了分析计算,得出了太阳辐射热流、地球太阳反照热流、地球红外辐射热流在轨道周期内的详细变化曲线,得到的结果可以作为空间相机热设计、热分析及地面热试验外热流模拟的输入条件。     

空间光学遥感器热设计

为了保证空间光学遥感器所需温度条件,本着被动热控为主、主动热控为辅的原则对其进行了热设计.首先,分析了遥感器在轨工作模式,建立了遥感器外热流计算模型,根据遥感器各面外热流变化,确定了3个极端工况.然后,以对日低温工况热设计为主对遥感器进行了热设计.最后,对热设计进行了热仿真分析和热试验验证.结果表明:镜组温度水平可控制...     

空间光学遥感器热试验外热流模拟及程控实现

以某太阳同步轨道空间光学遥感器为例,阐述了空间外热流分析计算、热平衡试验外热流模拟以及外热流程控加载的全过程.首先,总结了空间光学遥感器外热流模拟的完整流程.其次,简要介绍了太阳辐射、地球反照、地球红外辐射三种空间外热流的计算方法.然后,对该空间遥感器进行了空间综合吸收外热流计算,获得了阳照区及阴影区外热流平均值.最后,确定了热平衡试验外热流的模拟方法和策略,利用LabVIEW语言编写了程控电源开环控制程序,实现了热试验外热流的准确加载.试验结果表明,外热流值加载偏差在±2.5%以内,满足热平衡试验要求.     

低轨道低能量空间光学遥感器热设计

为了保证空间光学遥感器所需温度条件,以被动热控为主、主动热控为辅的原则对其进行了热设计.分析了其轨道环境特点,计算了遥感器轨道寿命内原子氧通量,选择了一种玻纤增强聚四氟乙烯复合膜(β布)作为多层隔热组件面膜.根据其工作模式和外热流特点,确定了三个极端工况,以对日低温工况热设计为主要对象.热试验结果表明:热设计满足遥感器...     

基于共线向量与平面单应性的双目相机标定方法

现有双目相机标定的方法是通过矩阵变换求得各个相机间的旋转平移关系,再通过优化求得最终参数。非线性优化步骤多,相机内外参数与镜头畸变存在耦合,时间花费较大。提出一种畸变矫正与平面单应性矩阵结合的双目相机标定方法。根据三维空间直线投影到像平面仍然是直线的法则,对于无畸变的图像,直线上任意两点所构成的向量的方向相同时向量夹角应为零。基于此特征求解双目相机的畸变系数,再通过平面单应矩阵构造测量矩阵,然后通过矩阵分解求得相机内、外参的初值,最终通过非线性优化求得双目相机的各个参数。仿真和实验结果证明,该方法稳定性高,精度与传统标定方法的精度相当,且计算时间短,标定效率优于传统标定方法。     

空间相机接触热阻的计算

为了解决空间相机接触热阻难以确定的问题,从接触面传导和辐射换热的角度考虑,给出了其接触热阻的计算方法。根据空间相机的材料、加工、装配及其特殊运行环境,得到一个合理的接触系数范围。以空间相机的正视相机为例,对其结构进行合理的简化,利用I-DEAS/TMG热分析模块建立有限元模型,仿真计算了低温稳态平衡工况,考查了热阻波动对温度分布的影响。正视相机热分析计算结果和热环境模拟试验数据较为吻合,最大偏差为0.45℃。研究结果表明,该接触热阻计算方法合理,可以预测太空环境中干接触的精密加工表面间的接触热阻。     

高分辨率空间相机精密热控设计及验证

基于波像差分配理论,提出了某高分辨率空间相机的热控指标.在分析相机空间外热流环境的基础上,进行了热控方案设计,并利用热分析软件进行了高低温工况下的瞬态热分析.结合热平衡试验验证了热设计的有效性和正确性.     

金属纳米柱天线的快速电磁分析

基于分段正弦基函数和矩量法,通过求解离散电流节点格林函数的封闭解得到金属纳米柱天线激发表面等离子体的阻抗矩阵.与使用其它基函数矩量法相比,该方法可以减少矩阵方程的维数.仿真结果表明:使用此方法只需求解很小的矩阵方程就可以求解出纳米天线表面极化电流,从而实现对纳米天线的散射特征及谐振模式的快速分析;其结果与时域有限差分仿真结果吻合良好且速度具有显著的优势,尤其在计算斜入射问题时计算优势更加明显.本文的方法对文中计算的模型有效,同样为其他形状纳米柱天线和碳纳米管器件散射特性仿真提供了快速有效的电磁分析方法.     

非对称空间光学遥感器主动热控系统多目标优化设计

针对大口径、离轴、非对称结构的空间光学遥感器主动热控功率最小分配的难题,提出一种基于多目标遗传算法的功率优化方法。首先根据空间相机结构建立有限元模型。然后,凭借设计者的经验,根据相机结构特点及大致热分布规律,初步划分热控区域,规划设计变量和目标变量。之后,将设计变量和目标变量代入多目标遗传算法求出Pareto最优解集。最后,在最优解集中选出合适的功率分配代入到仿真模型中进行计算,得到优化后的功率分配及温度场。对某离轴三反空间相机进行了功率优化和地面热平衡试验。经TMG仿真计算,优化后整机波动范围在低温工况和高温工况分别降低了4.76%和35.7%,并且总功耗降低了6.85%。经地面热平衡试验表明,整机温度场温差控制在±0.5℃以内,满足±2℃的指标要求。     

一种空间超紫外望远镜在轨指向标定方法

介绍了一种不同波段的超紫外望远镜在轨指向的标定方法。此方法利用四个波段(13.0,17.1,19.5,30.4nm)的超紫外望远镜均有较高的光谱响应和能够对较强的太阳辐射光谱成像的特点,根据由不同的望远镜所获得的太阳的四个图像的变化,计算出了四个望远镜间的指向偏差。根据四个不同波段的超紫外望远镜的光学性能和太阳紫外辐射谱线的亮度优化出了具体的太阳辐射谱线,并对所选用的标定谱线的可行性进行了分析。该方法的在轨标定精度为0.1″。     

Heat transfer and force balance approaches in bubble dynamic study during subcooled flow boiling of water–ethanol mixture

In this paper, the subcooled flow boiling heat transfer coefficient of pure water, water–ethanol mixture and pure ethanol is determined experimentally in horizontal rectangular channels for various parameters like heat flux, mass flux and channel inlet temperatures. Flow visualization is carried out using high speed camera. The bubble departure diameter, growth period and waiting period of bubbles are determined. Correlations are developed for subcooled flow boiling Nusselt number of water–ethanol mixture based on force balance approach and heat transfer approach. The parameters considered for correlation are grouped as dimensionless numbers by Buckingham π-theorem. The significance of each dimensionless number on heat transfer coefficient is discussed. The correlations developed for subcooled flow boiling heat transfer coefficient are validated with the experimental data. They are found to be in good agreement with the experimental data. It is found that the correlation based on force balance approach predicts the subcooled flow boiling Nusselt number well when compared with that of heat transfer approach correlation.     

BUBBLE BEHAVIOR AND HEAT TRANSFER MECHANISM IN FC-72 POOL BOILING

A transparent heater made of a thin synthetic diamond substrate along with a high-speed camera was used to investigate bubble behavior during pool boiling. The heater design, combined with the selected FC-72 liquid, overcame the difficulty of previous thin-film heater experiments where transparency and adequate heat flux could not be simultaneously achieved. It also resulted in an essentially uniform temperature field over the heater surface. The growth and merging of bubbles were visualized and quantitatively documented. The relative contribution from phase change to the overall heat flux was determined at several heat flux levels. At a heat flux level half of the critical heat flux (CHF), surface bubble nucleation was found to contribute to more than 70% of the heat transfer from the heater surface. At a similar heat flux level, the ratio of dry to wetted area was determined to exceed 1/3, significantly higher than that predicted by a recent hydrodynamic model for CHF (approximately 1/16). This result suggests that modifications are needed for the hydrodynamic model when applied to highly wetting fluid on nearly isothermal surfaces. The merging of bubbles to form vapor blankets over the heater surface was observed, as has been assumed in recent hydrodynamic models.     

竖直矩形微槽内的特殊干涸与换热行为

利用宽视场体视显微镜、高速摄影仪以及CCD摄像系统对纯蒸发和沸腾换热情形下竖直矩形毛细微槽内液体的特殊干涸行为进行了观察,对液体沿微槽槽道方向的润湿高度进行了观察测量,并对液体沿微槽槽道方向的相变换热特性进行了实验研究.实验结果表明:竖直矩形毛细微槽群是一种高性能的相变换热强化表面,微槽中液体的蒸发与沸腾对干涸点高度的变化有着复杂的影响,热流密度和相变换热系数沿槽道方向的分布不均匀.     

Interaction between coherent structures and surface temperature and its effect on ground heat flux in an unstably stratified boundary layer

Surface layer plumes, thermals, downdrafts and roll vortices are the most prominent coherent structures in an unstably stratified boundary layer. They contribute most of the temperature and vertical velocity variance, and their time scales increase with height. The effects of these multi-scale structures (surface layer plumes scale with surface layer depth, thermals scale with boundary layer height and the resulting roll vortices scale with convective time scale) on the surface temperature and ground heat flux were studied using turbulence measurements throughout the atmospheric boundary layer and the surface temperature measurements from an infrared camera. Plumes and thermals imprint on the surface temperature as warm structures and downdrafts imprint as cold structures. The air temperature trace shows a ramp-like pattern, with small ramps overlaid on a large ramp very close to the surface; on the other hand, surface temperature gradually increases and decreases. Turbulent heat flux and ground heat flux show similar patterns, with the former lagging the latter. The maximum values of turbulent heat flux and ground heat flux are 4 and 1.2 times the respective mean values during the ejection event. Surface temperature fluctuations follow a similar power-law exponent relationship with stability as suggested by surface layer similarity theory.     

核态沸腾中汽泡动力学及传热机理分析

汽泡的传热及生长特性研究对于揭示核态沸腾的机理具有重要作用。本文介绍了利用高速摄像技术对核态沸腾中汽泡生长及运动现象进行实验观测,并用高速数据采集系统记录汽泡一个生长周期不同阶段的热流密度的方法。在不同的过冷度及壁面温度条件下,观测了汽泡的生长、周期性滑移、颈化和脱离现象。计算并绘制出不同条件下一个汽泡生长周期内的热流密度曲线,与汽泡图片相对应,分析并讨论了造成这些现象的机理。     

通孔金属泡沫表面的池沸腾实验研究

本文对烧结有厚度为30 mm的高孔隙率通孔铜泡沫的水平表面的池沸腾进行实验研究.并采用高速摄像仪对泡沫表面的汽泡生长形貌进行了可视化研究,研究了壁面过热度对热流密度、汽泡脱离直径、汽泡生长周期的影响关系.结果表明由于本文所研究的通孔泡沫厚度较大,限制了汽泡的脱离,使传热性能低于光表面,但是使沸腾起始点降低至3℃.     

A conduction model for deep penetration laser welding based on an actual keyhole

Using a specially designed experimental setup and properly choosing the sample material and the process parameters, we obtained a clear stable keyhole with a high-speed camera. On the basis of the actual keyhole profile, a conduction model with a cylindrical surface heat source has been developed under the assumption of the keyhole per thin layer being cylindrical. The model is numerically solved by the finite-difference method, the temperature field around the keyhole and the heat flux lost on the keyhole wall can be obtained. The effects of such factors as the shape and the size of the keyhole, the welding speed on the shape of the melt pool are studied. By comparing the laser intensity absorbed on the keyhole walls with the heat flux lost there, the mechanism of energy balance on the keyhole walls was investigated.     

石墨膜表面临界热流密度实验研究

本文以光滑石墨膜作为加热表面,在标准大气压下以去离子水为工质进行了饱和池式沸腾实验。实验研究表明,在热流密度达到1.83 MW/m^2时,石墨膜发生膨胀并使其表面局部破裂,随着热流密度的进一步升高,破裂的面积逐渐扩大,石墨膜的电阻呈现阶跃式升高。在2.40 MW/m^2的热流密度下,石墨膜表面全部破裂,此后随着热流密度增加,电阻上升幅度变小,最终,在热流密度达到3.17 MW/m^2时,石墨膜发生烧毁。可见,石墨膜通过膨胀破裂的方式能自适应地强化沸腾传热临界热流密度,强化比例达到73%。同时,通过高速摄像机的观察发现,在相同热流密度条件下,与光滑表面相比,膨胀表面的气化核心数增多,气泡脱离直径变小,气泡脱离频率变大。     

Non-Uniform Onset of Nucleate Flow Boiling of R-134a Inside a Glass Minichannel

The present work is an experimental investigation of the incipient boiling of R134a inside a circular glass minichannel mounted horizontally and equipped with a series of transparent indium tin oxide heaters. The effects of heat flux input levels and refrigerant mass fluxes on the onset nucleate boiling process and on the saturated boiling heat transfer rate are quantitatively explored. The flow pattern visualizations, carried on by means of a high-speed camera, show that the nucleation process is oddly non-uniform: the first vapor bubbles are always generated on the upper side of the tube and lead to a first wall temperature drop. A further increase in the heat flux values results in an increased wall superheat until bubble nucleation also originates on the lower side of the tube, causing a second wall temperature drop. Finally, at higher heat input levels, the boiling process becomes uniformly distributed on the inner tube surface. This phenomenon occurred also after a 180° rotation of the glass tube, and, after a critical analysis of the potential origins, it remains presently unexplained. An evaluation of heat transfer coefficients for low vapor quality regimes is finally presented.     

FC-72在竖直壁面上及微小三角型通道内的沸腾传热

本文对浸在FC-72液池中的竖直壁面及两个微小三角形通道进行了沸腾实验研究,考虑了管道尺寸对沸腾传热特性的影响。两个微小三角形通道的边长分别为1.5和2.5 mm,水力直径分别为0.87和1.44 mm,长度50 mm,采用铜块上开V型沟槽,再覆盖上透明的玻璃片构成。热流密度由贴在铜块背后的膜状加热器提供。实验得到了沸腾曲线和传热系数,并用DV摄影机拍摄到了沸腾状况。实验结果显示,管道尺寸对沸腾传热特性有显著的影响,CHF值随通道尺寸的减小而减小,小通道在低热流密度时传热系数较大。