通用硬件脉冲序列发生器的研制

为了满足任意核磁共振脉冲序列的需要,提高脉冲序列发生器的性能和稳定性,本文提出了一种基于现场可编程逻辑器件（FPGA）和大容量高位宽静态存储器（SRAM）的硬件脉冲序列发生器,详细讨论了这种设计方案的特点,并通过一系列实验验证了其性能和可行性.     

基于PC机的脉冲序列发生器

为了降低谱仪的复杂性和成本，文中提出了基于PC机的脉冲序列发生器设计方案. 详细讨论了在Windows 98和Windows XP下通过关中断的方法来保证脉冲序列时序的精度和稳定性，通过实验给出了基于PC机的脉冲序列发生器的短期稳定度和长期稳定度，最后通过自旋回波实验直接验证了该方案的可行性.     

量子算法核磁共振实现脉冲序列设计程序问题研究

从两量子位核磁共振量子处理器物理模型出发,利用Raedt小组提出的自旋-1/2代数理论,根据量子控制非门的定义及Grover量子算法原理,介绍了量子控制非门的4种不同脉冲序列及两量子位Grover量子算法的两种不同脉冲序列的设计过程,通过数值求解含时薛定谔方程模拟量子控制非门和两量子位Grover量子算法,等价于执行量子控制非门和两量子位Grover量子算法运算,演示和分析量子控制非门及两量子位Grover量子算法核磁共振脉冲序列设计呈现的量子程序问题.     

具有独立延时功能的脉冲序列发生器

在磁共振成像（Magnetic Resonance Imaging,MRI）系统中,谱仪是中心控制单元,其脉冲序列发生器输出的多通道指令分别控制各硬件部件协调工作,从而采集数据并重建图像,各硬件部件之间的相对延时会影响磁共振图像的质量或导致系统无法采集到图像.为了解决这一问题,本文设计了每个输出通道均具有可调延时功能的脉冲序列发生器,每一路通道的最大延时值为819 μs,延时步进值为50 ns,可实现对相对延时的精确补偿.由于延时功能是通过在脉冲序列发生器每个输出通道上添加独立延时电路实现的,因此具有结构简单,灵活性高的优点.     

基于Bloch方程的核磁共振数值求解

核磁共振已成为分子科学、材料科学和生命科学等领域研究物质结构、动态过程及物理特性最有效的工具之一.本文将基于Bloch方程研究核磁共振现象及相关实验参数如共振频率和弛豫时间,同时对实验中常用的脉冲序列如Single Pulse,Inversion Recovery,Spin Echo,CPMG等进行系统模拟,揭示出不同脉冲序列的物理意义.     

基于Eclipse图形建模框架的图形化脉冲序列设计软件的实现

采用Eclipse图形建模框架（Graphical Modeling Framework,GMF）技术构建了一个图形化磁共振脉冲序列设计软件．软件具备所见即所得的特点,用户使用拖放方式所画出的脉冲序列与教科书和参考文献上的脉冲序列几乎一样．软件支持核磁共振（Nuclear Magnetic Resonance,NMR）波谱和磁共振成像（Magnetic Resonance Imaging,MRI）的脉冲序列设计,同时提供实验参数管理模块,实现脉冲序列基础上的NMR实验设计和执行预览．得益于GMF完善的模型-视图-控制器模式和强大的代码生成能力,软件开发周期大幅度缩短、扩展能力大幅度提高．     

脉冲动态核极化增强的NMR 和MRI 系统研究

该文介绍了一种自行设计和构建的可扩展脉冲动态核极化谱仪,可以实现核磁共振波谱与磁共振成像的功能．该仪器的新颖设计主要有：1) 采用基于PCIe 的分布式总线结构,能够极大地提高数据传输效率和通信可靠性,实现精确控制脉冲序列;2) 采用外部高速的DDR 芯片存储脉冲序列元素和FID 数据,可以极大的提高脉冲序列的执行速度,减少快速成像序列的TR 时间间隔;3) 采用时钟移相技术,可以精确产生分辨率为纳秒级别的数字脉冲．最后对该仪器的动态核极化-磁共振波谱与核磁共振成像功能进行了实验验证．     

一种具有自触发功能的高精度梯度波形发生器

提出一种具有自触发功能的高精度梯度波形发生器,其主要特点在于其采用了高精度（24 位）DAC,并具有自触发功能,使梯度波形发生器能独立于脉冲序列发生器工作,从而解决了高精度DAC群延时的问题.     

脉冲动态核极化增强的NMR和MRI系统研究（英文）

该文介绍了一种自行设计和构建的可扩展脉冲动态核极化谱仪,可以实现核磁共振波谱与磁共振成像的功能.该仪器的新颖设计主要有:1)采用基于PCIe的分布式总线结构,能够极大地提高数据传输效率和通信可靠性,实现精确控制脉冲序列;2)采用外部高速的DDR芯片存储脉冲序列元素和FID数据,可以极大的提高脉冲序列的执行速度,减少快速成像序列的TR时间间隔;3)采用时钟移相技术,可以精确产生分辨率为纳秒级别的数字脉冲.最后对该仪器的动态核极化-磁共振波谱与核磁共振成像功能进行了实验验证.     

一种改进的核磁共振测井测量脉冲序列

提出了一种可以提高核磁共振测井测量速度的新型测量脉冲序列,它基于对原有CPMG测量脉冲序列的改进.在原有的测量序列中,在一个CPMG脉冲序列结束之后,直接进行等待(T₁延时),以使磁化强度矢量能够完全恢复到平衡位置,然后再进行下一个CPMG脉冲序列的测量.由于测井仪器的连续运动,在测量含有长T₁成分的地层时,等待时间需要取得较长,使得测井速度很低.但在实际地层中,恰恰又是油气的T₁较长,这无疑给核磁共振测井带来了麻烦.作者发现,如果在一个CPMG脉冲序列结束之后在-x方向先施加一个90°脉冲(或在x方向施加一个270°脉冲),再进行等待,就能更好地使长T₁成分得到极化,从而缩短等待时间、提高测量速度.文中对这种改进后的脉冲序列进行了计算和分析,证明它确实具有一定的优越性.     

基于FPGA的低场核磁共振谱仪脉冲编程器设计与实现

脉冲编程器在核磁共振(NMR) 谱仪中非常重要,具有产生脉冲序列所需的射频脉冲,控制回波信号的同步接收等功能. 基于FPGA的同步性能和时序控制功能,设计了低场NMR谱仪的脉冲编程器,可产生任意脉冲序列,实现脉冲频率、相位、幅度的灵活调节. 利用设计的脉冲编程器在0.540 Tesla均匀磁场下进行了CuSO₄溶液的T₁和T₂测量,得到高信噪比的NMR回波串.     

软件化脉冲序列程序器

在核磁共振谱仪中, 射频发射通道、接收机以及数据采集等的实时控制是由“脉冲序列器 ”来完成的. 本文提出了一套可设计任意脉冲序列、由全软件构成的“脉冲序列程序器”,该软件用Delphi 5 实现,用户界面简洁直观. 由其产生的脉冲的最小脉宽为1.3 μs,分辨率为12 ns（CPU工作在333 MHz）.     

A programmable digital pulse generator for pulsednmr spectroscopy

The pulse programmer generates highly stable pulses and is capable of producing various scheme of pulses (i.e. a given specific number of pulses with independently variable widths and separations) employed in pulsednmr spectroscopy. The construction and working of the programmer is described with reference to the two most commonly used schemes, namely, a two-pulse sequence and the Carr-Purcell sequence.     

基于模块计算机的千兆网磁共振谱仪控制接口

提出了一个基于模块计算机的磁共振谱仪的控制接口,它建立了核磁共振成像谱仪与上位计算机之间的通信,实现了控制谱仪、上传和下载、数据处理等功能,具备较高的传输速度,以及较好的实时性. 该接口以硬件模块的方式集成到谱仪上,通过千兆和百兆以太网连接上位机,接收下传至谱仪的序列;用中断机制和直接内存存取(DMA)方式实现与谱仪的数据传输,并将处理采集到的回波数据并上传到上位机. 控制接口的设计采用模块计算机Computer-On-Module(COM)的设计思路,以高性能的处理器为嵌入式平台,在Linux操作系统下开发驱动程序和应用程序. 实验证明,该模块具有数据处理速度快、传输速率高,成本低,体积紧凑,扩展性强等特点,是实现磁共振谱仪高性能的控制接口的理想方案.     

A Homebuilt ESE Spectrometer on the Basis of a High-Power Q-Band Microwave Bridge

We present a Q-band spectrometer which was built recently at the Institute of Physical Chemistry of the University of Stuttgart. It allows us to perform the field-sweep electron spin echo (ESE), pulsed electron–nuclear double resonance (ENDOR), relaxation and electron spin echo envelope modulation experiments both at room and low (down to 1.5 K) temperatures. The spectrometer consists of an electromagnet, digital field controller, pulsed microwave bridge, probehead, cryostat, radio frequency unit, pulse programmer and data acquisition electronics. The Q-band microwave bridge with 10.8 W output power is based on a two-stage IMPATT-diode pulse amplifier. The commercial Varian electromagnet system is controlled by a 24-bit home-built digital controller. The external devices are interfaced to the two PCs via GPIB and LAN. The spectrometer control software was developed in Visual C++. It consists of two programs running synchronously on the control PCs. The spectrometer is equipped with a cylindrical TE₀₁₁ cavity constructed both for ESE and for pulsed ENDOR. The cavity fits into a liquid He cryostat thus allowing low-temperature experiments. An 8-bit data acquisition digitizer is used to collect the echo signals, and the PBESR-PRO-400 digital word generator orchestrates the pulse experiments and sets pulse sequences of the microwave bridge. The spectrometer performance is demonstrated on nitrogen impurities in a polycrystalline synthetic diamond, on silver clusters supported on NaA zeolite and electron-irradiated tooth enamel. Authors' address: Igor Tkach, Institute of Physical Chemistry, University of Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 55, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany     

A solid state pulsed NMR spectrometer

A 10 MHz pulsed NMR spectrometer, built using mostly solid state devices, is described. The pulse programmer provides 2-pulse, 3-pulse, saturation burst and Carr-Purcell sequences both in repetitive and manual modes of operation. The transmitter has a maximum power output of ～ 2 kW with a 75 Ω output impedance termination. The total gain of the receiver system is around 120 dB with a minimum band width of 2 MHz. The recovery time of the receiver is ～ 7 µsec. A two-channel boxcar integrator capable of working in the single channel, differential and double boxcar modes provides signal to noise ratio improvement. The sensitivity and the linearity of the boxcar integrator are ～ 2 mV and ～ 0.1% respectively.     

ODIN-object-oriented development interface for NMR

A cross-platform development environment for nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) experiments is presented. It allows rapid prototyping of new pulse sequences and provides a common programming interface for different system types. With this object-oriented interface implemented in C++, the programmer is capable of writing applications to control an experiment that can be executed on different measurement devices, even from different manufacturers, without the need to modify the source code. Due to the clear design of the software, new pulse sequences can be created, tested, and executed within a short time. To post-process the acquired data, an interface to well-known numerical libraries is part of the framework. This allows a transparent integration of the data processing instructions into the measurement module. The software focuses mainly on NMR imaging, but can also be used with limitations for spectroscopic experiments. To demonstrate the capabilities of the framework, results of the same experiment, carried out on two NMR imaging systems from different manufacturers are shown and compared with the results of a simulation.     

The bruker high-frequency-EPR system

The design and performance of the first commercial 94 GHz continuous-wave (CW-)/Fourier transform (FT-) EPR and ENDOR spectrometer are described. The spectrometer design is based on a heterodyne microwave bridge using an X-band intermediate frequency (IF), a hybrid magnet system, a variable-temperature, top-loading TeraFlex probehead with a TE₀₁₁ cavity as well as the ELEXSYS-line digital electronics and the Xepr software package. The W-band bridge can be driven by a CW- or pulse-IF unit and delivers a microwave power of 5 mW at 94 GHz. In pulse mode the power is sufficient for a π/2 pulse of 100 ns at a resonatorQ-value of 3000. The magnet system consists of a 6 T split-coil superconducting magnet and a water-cooled room-temperature coil. The main coil can be swept over the full range from 0 to 6 T. The room-temperature coil has a 800 G sweep range around the persistent field of the main magnet. The ENDOR probe features a tuned circuit for¹H nuclei allowing an RF π-pulse of 8 μs with a 200 W amplifier. A broad-band setup is used for other nuclei. The E680 FT-EPR system utilizes the PatternJet pulse programmer and the SpecJet high-speed transient signal averager. The concerted action of these two devices results in a pulse EPR sensitivity equal or higher than in CW-EPR. Selected examples indicating the performance of the 94 GHz CW/FT-EPR and ENDOR systems are shown.     

基于相位恢复的光学元件面形检测技术研究

利用标量衍射的角谱理论,研究了基于两幅光强分布的相位恢复算法,并将此算法应用到光波的波前及光学元件面形的检测中。实验研究了球面光波波前的相位恢复及面形检测,给出了恢复波前与理想波前之间的偏差,采用求Zernike系数的广义逆矩阵的方法,用程序实现了光学元件面形的Zernike拟合。