直线加速器中双向高斯密度分布电荷束团发射度增长的比率关系

采用直线加速器中的空间电荷束团的有限圆柱模型,并假设该有限圆柱体电荷密度分布在横向r和纵向z都满足高期分布,推导得到了该电荷束团的自场能与发射度增长公式;通过数值模拟计算,给出了束流发射度增长随束团参数和加速器系统参数变化的图表曲线,讨论了该双向高期密度分布电荷束团发射度增长的比率关系.     

直线加速器中双向高斯密度分布电荷束团发射度增长的比率关系

采用直线加速器中的空间电荷束团的有限圆柱模型，并假设该有限圆柱体电荷密度分布在横向ｒ和纵向ｚ都满足高期分布，推导得到了该电荷束团的自场能与发射度增长公式；通过数值模拟计算，给出了束流发射度增长随束团参数和加速器系统参数变化的图表曲线，讨论了该双向高期密度分布电荷束团发射度增长的比率关系．     

切伦科夫辐射“双成像法”测量电子束发射度

利用切伦科夫辐射,OTR或荧光靶等光学诊断方法进行发射度测量,国内外绝大部分实验是用CCD相机观测电子束打靶产生的光斑,变化四极透镜的磁场梯度,应用“三梯度法”计算出发射度.文中提出了一种新的“双成像法”测量方法,使切伦科夫辐射光通过一长焦距的消色差薄透镜,分别在焦平面和像平面获取图像.通过图像处理,前者可分析出电子束散角分布,后者可分析出电子束径向分布,从而直接得到均方根发射度.该方法对束流相空间和电荷密度分布无需假设,无需借助“三梯度法”,较其他常规测量方法具有实验装置更简便、测量精度更高和适用性更广等优点.文中给出了该测量方法对北京大学DC?SC光阴极注入器的发射度测量进行计算机模拟实验的结果和分析.     

电荷束团横向非均匀密度分布引起的发射度增长

直线加速器中电荷束团的非线性效应是导致束流发射度增长的一个重要原因。本文给出了直线加速器中几种常见的横向非均匀电荷密度分布的有限长空间电荷束团所具有的非线性自场能,得到了由束团非均匀电荷密度分布引起的发射度增长。     

基于Hilbert变换的相空间重建方法在HLS逐束团测量系统中的应用

引入基于Hilbert变换的相空间重建手段, 对合肥光源(HLS)逐束团测量系统采集的数据进行了全面的分析, 其中包括单个束流位置监测器(BPM)数据的相空间重建, 逐圈逐束团振荡相位信息、束团振荡模式信息、逐束团横向工作点(tune值)变换. 提出了新的分析束团tune值的手段, 提供传统方法无可比拟的更高的时间和频率分辨率. 还对不同模式的阻尼率进行了计算, 这为衡量逐束团反馈系统的效果提供了确实可靠的方法.     

狭缝法合肥光源高亮度注入器发射度测量系统

为了测量受空间电荷效应支配的发射度,合肥光源高亮度注入器采用了狭缝法进行测量,研究了基于狭缝法发射度测量系统的构成,并以实例比较了单狭缝和多狭缝在发射度测量系统中的应用。两种测量方法的结果表明:单狭缝法测量的结果更接近于模拟计算值,可有效避免子束团之间的重叠,适用范围更广。实验结果表明:在240 pC电荷量情况下,合肥光源高亮度注入器仍然具有较小的归一化发射度,为（1.840.085） mmmrad。     

基于机器学习的束团横向相空间测量

理论上，使用断层扫描技术可以得到真实的横向相空间分布。但是想要更加精确地了解分布的细节，需要解决旋转角度范围受限和投影数目不足的问题。针对这两个问题，提出了在混合域处理的神经网络模型，即组合地在正弦域和断层域分别使用插值和去除伪影神经网络。在简单地测量束线以及投影数目比较少（7个）的情况下，该网络模型也能高质量地重建束团横向相空间分布。并且，由于选择旋转角度的方式和归一化相空间无关，因此，无需测量Twiss参数。采用该方法测量束团横向相空间，一定程度提升了重建质量，简化了测量的方式。     

深度高斯过程辅助的光阴极注入器优化设计

环形正负电子对撞机（CEPC）对注入器出口处的束团的电荷量、横向发射度、纵向长度等指标提出了严格的要求，设计开发高性能的电子枪及注入器成为了重要挑战。为了得到满足指标的束流，必须同时考虑众多非线性且相互耦合的变量。基于光阴极微波电子枪，提出了一种用多目标遗传算法在高维参数空间进行搜索的方法，对束团的横向归一化发射度和纵向长度进行优化，以期将电子枪的性能发挥至极限。由于考虑空间电荷效应后的束团传输过程模拟计算非常耗时，我们构建了一个3层的深度高斯过程作为替代模型，以解决目标值计算开销大的问题。通过对影响束流横、纵向相空间演化的关键因素分析，共确定了16个几何参数和10个束流元件参数。最后，展示了对由一个L-band的常温微波电子枪、一对螺线管和一个行波加速管组成的注入器，在初始电荷量为10 nC的优化结果。在计算了8 000个有效解后，观察到在两个优化目标上均表现良好的解，其对应的横向归一化发射度为19.8π·mm·mrad，束团长度（RMS）为1.0 mm，与当前的设计结果比较，横向归一化发射度压低了约70%。     

计算机断层扫描在“双成像法”测量束流二维相空间中的应用

文中分析了利用计算机断层扫描(CT)测量束流二维相空间的物理原理,并从数学上证明了现有方法(CT+四极铁磁场扫描)存在Radon变换角度空档,需要假设某一束流模型进行插值,图像重建的精度不高甚至失真;而结合Cerenkov辐射“双成像法”,可以同时得到束流横向剖面和散角分布的Radon投影,从而将Radon变换角的范围扩展到完整的0—π.文中以一个不对称的束流二维相空间分布为例,给出了计算机模拟实验结果,检验了该新方法进行束流二维相空间图像重建的高精度性和可行性.     

HLSⅡ干涉法测量储存环横向尺寸与发射度

为了满足合肥光源升级改造后测量小束流尺寸的需求,设计了干涉法测量束团尺寸与发射度系统。简要介绍了在可见光波段利用干涉法测量束团横向尺寸的原理,详细介绍了该系统的光路与软硬件系统和图像处理算法。为了消除CCD的本底噪声对测量的影响,建立了本底噪声图像与束流流强的查找表,最终得到了多束团模式下的在线实验结果。测量得到的水平尺寸为265μm,测量误差为5.78μm;垂直尺寸为114μm,测量误差为4.89μm。     

Time-resolved phase-space distributions for light backscattered from a disordered medium

We demonstrate time-resolved measurement of optical phase-space distributions as a new probe for investigating the propagation of light in disordered media. Phase-space techniques measure the joint transverse position and momentum distribution of the scattered light, and are sensitive to the spatially varying phase and amplitude of the field. Using this method we investigate light backscattered from a random medium. The measurements indicate that the weakly localized component is a phase conjugate of the incident light field. A new model of backscatter, based on Wigner phase-space distributions, elucidates the spatial and angular behavior of the localized and unlocalized components.     

Hadron production ine +e− annihilation and μ-p collisions under the assumption of longitudinal phase space dominance

Rapidity and multiplicity distributions are calculated for the hadrons produced ine ⁺e^? annihilation and deep inelastic muon-proton collisions for c.m. energies of 10 to 40 GeV. The hypothesis of longitudinal phase space dominance leads to a probability distribution which is identical to that of a grand canonical ensemble of non-interacting particles. We successfully describe experimental rapidity distributions, domains of Feynman-x scaling and scaling violations and the rapidity dependence of the mean transverse momentum. Multiplicity distributions are derived to be close to negative binomial distributions even for finite rapidity intervals. The plateau in the rapidity distribution is the origin for the negative binomial distribution in multiplicity. The mean number of hadrons of each species and the mean overall transverse momentum are the main input parameters in our calculation and are taken from experiment.     

高能多粒子产生反常标度性研究中的相空间变量选择

讨论高能多粒子产生反常标度性研究中的各种相空间变量选择.为了克服几种常用的横向相空间变量的缺点,引入了一组新的横向变量.这组变量在讨论高能多粒子产生中的反常标度性时有优越性.给出了这组新变量的统计分布及数值特征,讨论了它们之间的独立性,给出了相应的累积变量.     

Transverse momentum in semi-inclusive deep inelastic scattering

Within the framework of perturbative quantum chromodynamics we derive the evolution equations for transverse momentum dependent distributions and apply them to the case of semi-inclusive deep inelastic scattering. The evolution equations encode the perturbative component of transverse momentum generated by collinear parton branchings. The current fragmentation is described via transverse momentum dependent parton densities and fragmentation functions. Target fragmentation instead is described via fracture functions. We present, to leading logarithmic accuracy, the corresponding semi-inclusive deep inelastic scattering cross-section, which applies to the entire phase space of the detected hadron. Some phenomenological implications and further developments are briefly outlined.     

Charge distributions in transverse coordinate space and in impact parameter space

We study the charge distributions of the valence quarks inside nucleon in the transverse coordinate space, which is conjugate to the transverse momentum space. We compare the results with the charge distributions in the impact parameter space.     

Wigner Distributions in Light-Front Quark Models

We discuss the quark Wigner distributions which represent the quantum-mechanical analogues of the classical phase-space distributions. These functions can be obtained through a Fourier transform in the transverse space of the generalized transverse momentum dependent parton distributions, which encode the most general one-body information of partons in momentum space. In particular, we present a study within light-front quark models. The quark orbital angular momentum is also obtained from the phase-space average of the orbital angular momentum operator weighted with the Wigner distribution of unpolarized quark in a longitudinally polarized nucleon. The corresponding results calculated within different light-front quark models are compared with alternative definitions of the quark orbital angular momentum as given in terms of generalized parton distributions and transverse momentum dependent parton distributions.     

Strongly interacting low-viscosity matter created in relativistic nuclear collisions

Substantial collective flow is observed in collisions between large nuclei at BNL RHIC (Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider) as evidenced by single-particle transverse momentum distributions and by azimuthal correlations among the produced particles. The data are well reproduced by perfect fluid dynamics. A calculation of the dimensionless ratio of shear viscosity eta to entropy density s by Kovtun, Son, and Starinets within anti-de Sitter space/conformal field theory yields eta/s=variant Planck's over 2pi/4pikB, which has been conjectured to be a lower bound for any physical system. Motivated by these results, we show that the transition from hadrons to quarks and gluons has behavior similar to helium, nitrogen, and water at and near their phase transitions in the ratio eta/s. We suggest that experimental measurements can pinpoint the location of this transition or rapid crossover in QCD.     

Horizontal phase-space distortions arising from magnetic pulse compression of an intense,relativistic electron beam

We report detailed measurements of the transverse phase space distortions induced by magnetic chicane compression of a high brightness, relativistic electron beam to subpicosecond length. A strong bifurcation in the phase space is observed when the beam is strongly compressed. This effect is analyzed using several computational models and is correlated to the folding of longitudinal phase space. The impact of these results on current research in collective beam effects in bending systems and implications for future short wavelength free-electron lasers and linear colliders are discussed.     

Geometric phase associated with mode transformations of optical beams bearing orbital angular momentum

We present direct measurements of a new geometric phase acquired by optical beams carrying orbital angular momentum. This phase arises when the transverse mode of a beam is transformed following a closed path in the space of modes. The measurements were done via the interference of two copropagating optical beams that pass through the same interferometer parts but acquire different geometric phases. The method is insensitive to dynamical phases. The magnitude and sign of the measured phases are in excellent agreement with theoretical predictions.     

Power spectra and spatial pattern dynamics of a ring laser

Experimental measurements of power spectra of a single longitudinal and transverse mode ring dye laser are presented that reveal the critical slowing down of the laser near threshold. External pump noise serves as a probe of the frequency response of the dye laser. Detailed comparisons of the spectral characteristics with computer simulations and an approximate analytic theory are given. The dynamics of spatial pattern formation in a multimode dye laser is examined through measurements of first-passage-time distributions. A comparison of the experiments with computer simulations based on a simple theoretical model of the two-mode laser shows qualitative agreement. These measurements indicate that there are a variety of complex phenomena associated with the transverse mode pattern formation dynamics that need to be addressed theoretically and studied further experimentally.