扁管管片式散热器中马蹄形涡的数值模拟

本文通过数值模拟的方法对扁管管片式散热器中的流场、涡量场、速度环量、 Nu数、马蹄形涡进行了模拟。在Re=1450时,对马蹄形涡的形成、发展、衰减进行了模拟。对在Re=1050时平均Nu数在流动方向的分布,与横断面上速度环量在流动方向的分布进行了比较分析,得出在扁管管片式散热器中决定换热能力的物理量-速度环量。     

锯齿型通道湍流流动和换热的自维持振荡

采用RNG k-ε湍流模型对锯齿形通道内流动和换热进行了数值模拟。对以时均方程法模拟得到的流场、温度场以及U-V相图、Nu-θ相图进行了分析。研究表明,在本文计算的Re范围内,数值计算结果仍能反映出周期性通道内流动和换热的自维持振荡特性,无量纲速度U,通道平均Nu数随时间作周期性振荡,并且振荡幅度、频率随Re数的增大而增大。     

复合肋套管导热和对流耦合换热的数值模拟

在层流范围内,数值模拟了带均布纵肋同心套管内的三维导热和对流耦合换热。结果表明间壁温度沿管长变化 较大且分布呈非线性变化;在通道人口流体内部温度和速度分布呈现层流附面层特征,换热的入口段比例随Re增大而加 大,入口段换热的Nu也随Re增大而加大;换热的Nu随管长增加趋于不变。     

余热利用H型翅片受波动性影响的机理研究

本文对余热利用中常用安装有H型翅片的管翅式换热器在波动流动条件下的换热性能和流阻特性进行了数值模拟研究。揭示了非稳态波动流动的不同波动时均速度、波动幅度和波动周期对流动和换热的影响机理。结果表明,在不同时均速度下,Nu数随Re数的变化趋势基本一致,而Eu数具有明显的迟滞现象;在不同波动幅度下,Nu数和Eu数的变化都很大,在Re数的极小值附近尤为明显;在不同波动周期下,Nu数和Eu数在所有Re数范围内均基本相同,影响可以忽略。最终获得了波动流动下换热和阻力计算的关联式。     

波纹管管内层流流动和换热规律的实验研究及数值模拟

波纹管是近几年来被广泛采用的一种强化换热元件,对其管内的流动和换热规律进行研究具有十分重要的意义。本文通过实验和数值模拟的方法,对三种不同尺寸(φ=19 mm、25 mm、32 mm)的波纹管层流流动和换热进行了研究,发现存在一个临界的Re数,当Re数小于临界值时波纹管的换热性能不及对应的光管,随着Re数的增加,波纹管换热性能逐渐改善。     

肋片双面带涡产生器的扁管管片式散热器数值研究

采用数值模拟的方法,研究了流道内上下两肋片均布置有涡产生器的扁管管片式散热板芯的传热与阻力特性,并与流道单面布置涡产生器的换热板芯进行了对比.结果表明,采用双面带涡产生器的肋片表面能在提高Nu的同时,降低流动阻力,换热性能得到了明显的提高,在Re=1500时,平均Nu数提高了8.6%,横向平均Nu最大提高了30%,阻力下降了6.5%.     

膜片管束通道传热性能的数值研究

以膜片管束通道为研究对象,通过数值模拟分别对通道的入口段和充分发展段建立非稳态数学模型。在不同Re下的通道入口段中不同几何周期的相应截面上设置无量纲速度和无量纲温度的监测点,分析了入口段的换热特性,并且重点探讨了流动与换热进入周期性充分发展段后,改变管束排列方式对换热Nu的影响。结果表明:Re不同时,流动和换热进入充分发展需要经过的几何周期数也不同;进入充分发展段后,Nu随着管间距的减小而逐渐增加,而且对于大间距排列管束,改变圆管竖直方向间距对Nu的产生的影响更显著。     

多孔扁管内单相对流换热特性的实验研究

对水力直径为0.715 mm的方孔及0.86 mm的圆孔多孔扁管内液相流体对流换热特性进行了实验研究,Re数范围为50~2300,入口温度为5~45℃,加热热流密度为3~9 kW/m~2。实验结果表明,对流换热在Re=2000附近发生过渡;入口段效应明显;在Re数较小时,Nu数明显小于充分发展流动的预测值;热流密度越大、入口温度越高,对流换热强度越低。两种管型扁管的实验值变化趋势一致,但圆孔Nu数高于方孔。基于尺度效应的影响及经典层流换热理论对实验结果进行了修正。     

自然对流对横纹管内湍流对流传热的影响

以熔盐为传热工质,对考虑熔盐自然对流情况下横纹管内的流动传热进行了数值模拟。结果表明:同一Re数,横纹管内下侧Nu数大于上侧Nu数,随着Re数的增加,管内下侧Nu数与上侧Nu数的差值逐渐减小。考虑自然对流影响的横纹管内平均Nu数与不考虑自然对流影响的横纹管内平均Nu数基本相等。强制对流的Re数越低,自然对流对横纹管单侧传热影响越明显。横纹管槽宽越小,槽深越深,自然对流对单侧传热影响相对越小。通过非线性拟合,分别得出横纹管内下侧传热Nudown/Nuave-b、上侧传热Nuup/Nuave-b与浮升力参数Bo的关联式。     

椭圆管内层流结冰的数值研究

为预防椭圆管换热器等设备内部结冰甚至堵塞,本文采用流体计算软件fluent建立了三维椭圆管内流动换热模型,研究了一定热边界条件下椭圆管内层流流体的结冰规律.通过对不同工况的模拟分析,得到了流体在管内不同位置的结冰规律以及进口温度、进口Re数、长短轴之比对冰层厚度以及管内换热产生的影响,结果表明:椭圆管截面内,不同径向位置的冰层厚度不同;沿轴向管内冰层厚度逐渐增加,压力损失增大,局部Nu逐渐减小;Re数减小,进口水温降低,都会使管内各处冰层厚度增大,从而增加了管道堵塞的危险.而长短轴比例增大时,长短轴方向冰层变化趋势相反.     

Self-organization of five species in a cyclic competition game

Cyclic competition game models, particularly the “rock–paper–scissors” model, play important roles in exploring the problem of multi-species coexistence in spatially ecological systems. We propose an extended “rock–paper–scissors” game to model cyclic interactions among five species, and find that two of the five can coexistent when biodiversity disappears, which is different from the “rock–paper–scissors” game. As the number of fingers is five, we named the new model the “fingers” game, where the thumb, forefinger, middle finger, ring finger, and little finger cyclically dominate their subsequent species and are dominated by their former species. We investigate the “fingers” model in two ways: direct simulations and nonlinear partial differential equations. An important finding is that the number of species in a cyclic competition game has an influence on the emergence of biodiversity. To be specific, the “rock–paper–scissors” model is in favor of maintaining biodiversity in comparison with the “fingers” model when the variables (population size, reproduction rate, selection rate, and migration rate) are the same. It is also shown that the mobility and reproduction rate can promote or jeopardize biodiversity.     

Contrastive analysis on tone between Putonghua and Taiwan Mandarin

The differences of the pitch and duration of Chinese syllables between Putonghua （PTH） and Taiwan Mandarin （TM） were studied. The speech materials to be used are not only isolated syllables, but also sentences. The results reveal that： For the isolated syllables, T1 and T2 in TM are influenced by Minnan dialect, therefore their pitch are lower than those in PTH. T3 is fall-rise in PTH, while it is fall in TM. Moreover, the syllable duration sequence for different tone is T3〉T2〉T1〉T4 in PTH, while it is T1〉T2〉T3〉T4 in TM. For the syllables in sentences, T2 is mid-rise in PTH, while it is mid-level in TM. And the T3 is longer than T4 but shorter than T1 or T2 in PTH, while it is the shortest in TM. Furthermore the effects of prosodic phrase boundary on duration for different tones are almost the same in PTH, but the lengthening part of T1 or T2 is longer than that of T3 or T4 in TM.     

Experimental study on downstep in Chinese intonation

Downstep in pitch contour of Chinese Putonghua is examined using subtly designed sentences by controlling tone combinations. The results show both automatic and nonautomatic downstep phenomena exist in Chinese. In non-automatic downstep, low tones compress downwards the pitch range of the following syllables. and the main influence of downstep is on topline. Low tone not only lower the topline behind it, but also raise the high tones before it, the effects are compatible with each other. In automatic downstep, the topline of pitch contour in intonational phrase is presented as a linear downtrend, but it differs among speakers due to the effect of personal stress practice. In comparison with downstep phenomenon in other tone or non-tone languages, the downstep ratio in Chinese is not constant, and the domain of downstep is not limited within the adjacent tones.     

Abelian-Higgs phase of SU(2) QCD and glueball energy

It is shown that SU(2) QCD admits an dual Abelian-Higgs phase, with a Higgs vacuum of a type-Ⅱ superconductor. This is done by using a connection decomposition for the gluon field and the random-direction approximation. Using a bag picture with soft wall, we presented a calculational procedure for the glueball energy based on the recent proof for wall-vortices [Nucl. Phys. B 741(2006)1].     

Theoretical analysis and simulation of conjugate heights for dual-conjugate AO system in lidar

A multi-conjugate adaptive optics （MCAO） can offer a possibility of widening field of view （FOV） characterized by the isoplanatic angle, and the choose of conjugate height becomes a basic problem for MCAO, which influences the size of iosplanatic angle. Considering the application of lidar, the isoplanatic angle＇s expressions of two deformable mirrors （DMs） MCAO for uplink and downlink are deduced. The effects of conjugate heights for dual-conjugate AO are thoughtfully discussed, and the isoplanatic angles are further analyzed. The results show that the isopanatic angle varies with the conjugate height and reaches the maximum as the conjugate height is at the optimal altitude. Moreover, the optimal conjugate height changes with the propagation distance.     

Quick single-photon detector with many avalanche photo diodes working on the time division

Due to the limit of response speed of the present single-photon detector, the code rate is still too low to come into practical use for the present quantum key distribution (QKD) system.A new idea is put up to design a quick single-photon detector.This quick single-photon detector is composed of a multi-port optic-fiber splitter and many avalanche photo diodes (APDs).Au of the ports with APDs work on the time division and cooperate with a logic discriminating and deciding unit driven by the clock signal.The operation frequency lies on the number N of ports, and can reach N times of the conventional single-photon detector.The single-photon prompt detection can come true for high repetition-rate pulses.The applying of this detector will largely raise the code rate of the QKD, and boost the commercial use.     

Signal generation in an isotropic medium in scanning electron acoustic microscope

Based on the research in Ref. [5][Materials Science and Engineering, 1989; A122： 57 63], an improved model of heat source is set up, the different modes of Lamb wave in an isotropic sample generated by a chopped electron beam at frequency f are obtained with integral transform and normal function expansion method, and the output signal of PZT coupled at the back surface of the sample is found out. The generation mechanism of SEAM （Scanning Electron Acoustic Microscopy） signal is discussed. It shows that the SEAM is a near field imaging technique with high spatial resolution and its best lateral spatial resolution is about 2√2α （α is the radius of the focused electron beam）. Some of experimental results of SEAM images are presented in the paper and it shows that the spatial resolution of SEAM is better than 0.5 μm and smaller than the thermal diffusion length of the sample. Therefore the character of near field imaging in SEAM is also proved experimentally.     

High efficiency filtering using two-dimensional photonic crystal coupled cavity structures

Transmission spectra of coupled cavity structures (CCSs) in two-dimensional (2D) photonic crystals (PCs) are investigated using a coupled mode theory, and an optical filter based on CCS is proposed. The performance of the filter is investigated using finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) method, and the results show that within a very short coupling distance of about 3λ, where λ is the wavelength of signal in vacuum, the incident signals with different frequencies are separated into different channels with a contrast ratio of 20 dB. The advantages of this kind of filter are small size and easily tunable operation frequencies.