The renormalization group and fractional Brownian motion

We find that in generic field theories the combined effect of fluctuations and interactions leads to a probability distribution function which describes fractional Brownian motion (fBM) and “complex behavior”. To show this we use the renormalization group as a tool to improve perturbative calculations, and check that beyond the classical regime of the field theory (i.e., when no fluctuations are present) the non-linearities drive the probability distribution function of the system away from classical Brownian motion and into a regime which to the lowest order is that of fBM. Our results can be applied to systems away from equilibrium and to dynamical critical phenomena. We illustrate our results with two selected examples: a particle in a heat bath, and the KPZ equation.     

Secondary electron emission from highly charged carbon grains

Surfaces in contact with a plasma can influence its characteristics and, on the other hand, the impact of plasma particles can change surface properties of materials immersed in a plasma. Carbon is often present in plasma systems either as a building material or a product of technological processes, thus its behavior is an important factor of these applications. The paper deals with investigations of secondary emission of 1–6 μm spherical grains from amorphous carbon under the electric field of the order of 10⁸ V/m. We have found that the secondary emission yield increases with the electric field at the sample surface nearly linearly and does not depend on the grain diameter. Long-lasting (hours) electron irradiation of the sample surface leads to a significant decrease of the yield that was attributed to the removal of an absorbed layer from the grain surface. This conclusion is supported by the fact that a similar effect was achieved after several minutes of simultaneous electron and ion treatments.     

Correction to: Dynamic Mach–Zehnder interferometer based on a Michelson configuration and a cube beam splitter system

Optical Review - The article Dynamic Mach–Zehnder interferometer based on a Michelson configuration and a cube beam splitter system written by A. Montes...     

一维掺杂光子晶体嵌入负介电常数材料和负磁导率材料的性质

对一维掺杂光子晶体嵌入负介电常数材料和负磁导率材料中缺陷模的透射性质进行了研究.利用转移矩阵方法,分别计算了负介电常数材料和负磁导率材料的反射相位谱和一维掺杂光子晶体的透射相位谱.研究发现,在特定条件下,负介电常数材料和负磁导率材料的反射相位以及一维掺杂光子晶体的往返透射相位之和是0或者2π的整数倍.这样的研究结果表明,在满足一定的条件下,一维掺杂的光子晶体嵌入负介电常数材料和负磁导率材料中后,无论杂质的厚度多大,在光子带隙中仅出现一个缺陷模.而且,由于负介电常数材料和负磁导率材料性质的限制,单个缺陷模的品质因子会大大提高.     

Cryptanalyzing chaotic secure communications using return maps

In chaotic secure communications, message signals are scrambled by chaotic dynamical systems. The interaction between the message signals and the chaotic systems results in changes of different kinds of return maps. In this paper, we use return map based methods to unmask some chaotic secure communication systems; namely, chaotic shift keying (chaotic switching), chaotic parameter modulation and non-autonomous chaotic modulation. These methods are used without knowing the accurate knowledge of chaotic transmitters and without reconstructing the dynamics or identifying the parameters of chaotic transmitters. These methods also provide a criterion of deciding whether a chaotic secure communication scheme is secure or not. The effects of message signals on the changes of different return maps are studied. Fuzzy membership functions are used to characterize different kinds of changes of return maps. Fuzzy logic rules are used to extract message signals from the transmitted signal. The computer experimental results are provided. The results in this paper show that the security of chaotic secure communication not only depends on the complexity of the chaotic system but also depends on the way the message is scrambled. A more complex chaotic system is not necessary to provide a higher degree of security if the transmitted signal has simple and concentrated return maps. We also provide examples to show that a chaotic system with complicated return maps can achieve a higher degree of security to the attacks presented in this paper.     

Application of periodic orbit theory in chaos-based security analysis

Chaos-based encryption schemes have been studied extensively, while the security analysis methods for them are still problems to be resolved. Based on the periodic orbit theory, this paper proposes a novel security analysis method. The periodic orbits theory indicates that the fundamental frequency of the spiraling orbits is the natural frequency of associated linearized system, which is decided by the parameters of the chaotic system. Thus, it is possible to recover the plaintext of secure communication systems based on chaotic shift keying by getting the average time on the spiraling orbits. Analysis and simulation results show that the security analysis method can break chaos shift keying secure communication systems, which use the parameters as keys.     

基于广义混沌映射切换的混沌同步保密通信

提出了一种基于广义混沌映射切换的混沌同步保密通信方式.这种通信方式首先构建产生多种混沌序列的广义混沌映射模型,然后在不同时段根据切换策略产生不同混沌序列,在发送端,将信号与混沌载波之和取模运算后再嵌入混沌映射的输入端进行迭代运算以实现调制;在接收端,根据切换协议,用同一个相应的广义混沌映射模型从接收信号中提取混沌载波并进而恢复信息信号.研究结果表明:这种基于广义混沌映射切换的混沌同步通信方式比基于单一混沌系统的保密通信方式具有更强的抗干扰能力,保密性能更好,且实现简单. 关键词： 混沌 混沌映射切换 同步 保密通信     

Single tone and multi tone microwave over fiber communication system using direct detection method

In this paper, an analog microwave over fiber link for long haul distance based upon Rate Equation Laser is demonstrated. This system uses the advantage of high potential bandwidth of fiber in transmission of microwave signal. The interface of the two systems needs an up-conversion of microwave band into baseband (at which fiber operates). An Intensity Modulation Direct Detection (IMDD) technique is used to achieve this purpose. The Rate Equation laser is operated in a dynamic state, where its intensity oscillates at a microwave frequency that varies with the input signal fed by wave generator. This system can also use for two modulating tones. The frequency of the first tone is varied from 1 to 20 GHz and second is set at 5 GHz. A data signal of 10 Gbps is transmitted over long haul single mode fiber by single tone system. A very good bit error rate (BER) 10^?40 performances for 100 km and 25 km fiber link is achieved for both single tone and two tones respectively in proposed microwave over fiber communication system.     

Improvement of physical-layer security and reliability in coherent time-spreading OCDMA wiretap channel

Optical code division multiple access (OCDMA) can enhance the physical-layer security performance of optical fiber communication systems. In asynchronous coherent time-spreading OCDMA employing m sequence and Gold code, the reliability, capacity and physical-layer security of the system will degrade due to multiple access interference and beat noise. In order to enhance the physical-layer security and reliability of coherent OCDMA systems, a quasi-synchronous coherent time-spreading OCDMA wiretap channel is proposed in this paper. The influences of the extraction location, the extraction ratio, the number of active users on the physical-layer security are analyzed quantitatively. System performances are characterized by bit error rate, secrecy capacity as well as security leakage factor. The numerical results prove that the proposed scheme can improve the physical-layer security and reliability simultaneously.     

A novel fabrication of superhydrophobic surfaces for universal applicability

The present work reports a novel and facile approach to fabricate stable superhydrophobic surfaces for universal applicability in practice. Poly(furfuryl alcohol)/copper composite coatings were prepared on substrates via a brush-painting method; after being immersed in a stearic acid solution, the superhydrophobic surfaces were obtained due to the formation of copper stearate on the substrates. These products were characterized by field-emission scanning electron microscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectrometry, X-ray powder diffraction and the X-ray photoelectron spectrum. Results demonstrate that the superhydrophobic surfaces formed originally on copper substrates can also be generated on other substrates without the copper element. Furthermore, this work will provide a simple and universal method to create large-scale superhydrophobic surfaces on various substrates.     

Simulative investigation on the impact of laser-spectral width in single-tone radio-over-fiber transmission system using optical single side-band technique

In this paper, we analyzed the impact of laser-spectral width incorporating dual-electrode Mach–Zehnder modulator (DEMZM) in single-tone radio-over-fiber (RoF) transmission system by simulation setup. It is shown that an improvement in the measurement of received radio frequency (RF) power is achieved by reducing the laser line width from 100 MHz to 100 kHz, which further improves the BER rate and optical link by transmitting the information with low power. The results are calculated for 20 and 50 km optical single sideband (OSSB)–RoF transmission system by varying the chirp from 0 to −3 as it requires less bandwidth than optical dual sideband (ODSB)–RoF system and is tolerable for power degradation due to a chromatic fiber-dispersion, through a standard single-mode fiber (SSMF) carried by a continuous wave (CW) laser at 1550 nm of laser-spectral width varying from 100 MHz to 100 kHz with CW power of 10 mW that modulates a single RF channel of 20 GHz. Further, deployment of such lasers with OSSB scheme helps the telecom industry to reduce the designing cost of RoF communication systems.     

Microplasma generated at solid–solid interface and its application to nanostructure formation

The dynamics of the microplasmas created at a transparent solid–solid interface were investigated extensively. Microplasmas were generated at an interface between a carbon (C) or a germanium (Ge) target and a SiO₂ substrate by irradiating a KrF excimer laser beam onto the target, and the dynamics of the plasmas were investigated with the aid of optical emission spectroscopy. Although the emission spectra that contained the characteristic emission lines and the absorption bands originated from C and Ge species were observed from the C and Ge plasmas without the SiO₂ substrate, identical spectra were obtained from both the plasmas created at the C–SiO₂ and Ge–SiO₂ interfaces. Furthermore, the target and the Si substrate surfaces were examined with a scanning electron microscope. The SiO₂ substrate was smoothly etched and a nanostructure of a chain-like morphology was also observed in the deposits on the SiO₂ substrate.     

Self-organized model of cascade spreading

We study simultaneous price drops of real stocks and show that for high drop thresholds they follow a power-law distribution. To reproduce these collective downturns, we propose a minimal self-organized model of cascade spreading based on a probabilistic response of the system elements to stress conditions. This model is solvable using the theory of branching processes and the mean-field approximation. For a wide range of parameters, the system is in a critical state and displays a power-law cascade-size distribution similar to the empirically observed one. We further generalize the model to reproduce volatility clustering and other observed properties of real stocks.     

A Quantum-Like Description of the Planetary Systems

The Titius–Bode law for planetary distances is reviewed. A model describing the basic features of this rule in the “quantum-like” language of a wave equation is proposed. Some considerations about the ’t Hooft idea on the quantum behavior of deterministic systems with dissipation are discussed.     

Born–Infeld–Chern–Simons theory: Hamiltonian embedding,duality and bosonization

In this paper we study in detail the equivalence of the recently introduced Born–Infeld self-dual model to the Abelian Born–Infeld–Chern–Simons model in 2+1 dimensions. We first apply the improved Batalin, Fradkin and Tyutin scheme, to embed the Born–Infeld self-dual model to a gauge system and show that the embedded model is equivalent to Abelian Born–Infeld–Chern–Simons theory. Next, using Buscher's duality procedure, we demonstrate this equivalence in a covariant Lagrangian formulation and also derive the mapping between the n-point correlators of the (dual) field strength in Born–Infeld–Chern–Simons theory and of basic field in Born–Infeld self-dual model. Using this equivalence, the bosonization of a massive Dirac theory with a non-polynomial Thirring type current–current coupling, to leading order in (inverse) fermion mass is also discussed. We also rederive it using a master Lagrangian. Finally, the operator equivalence between the fermionic current and (dual) field strength of Born–Infeld–Chern–Simons theory is deduced at the level of correlators and using this the current–current commutators are obtained.     

Enhanced machining of steel using femtosecond pulse pairs

We report the use of a mode-locked fiber laser in pulsed laser deposition (PLD) of yttria-stabilized zirconium oxide. The fiber laser produces picosecond pulses with megahertz repetition rates at the wavelength of 1060 nm. We have investigated the effects of the time delay and the physical overlapping of the consecutive pulses on the ablation thresholds and the properties of the deposited films. Our results show existence of two distinct evaporation modes: (1) a single pulse evaporation mode observed for low overlapping and long time delays between the pulses and (2) a high repetition rate evaporation mode for high overlapping with short delays. The first mode is characterized by evaporation of nanoparticles and clusters and yields structured films with high surface area. The second mode yields smooth films, with evaporation characteristics closer to those of thermal evaporation than traditional PLD.     

基于AUTOSAR的点到点安全通信的实现

功能安全的概念在汽车嵌入式系统领域越发到关注,汽车开放系统架构AUTOSAR(Automotive Open System Architecture)是目前国际流行的标准软件架构,它在AUTOSAR4.1的版本中针对功能安全首次提出了点到点（End-to-End,E2E）的安全通信机制。为保证汽车各组件间的通信安全,对在AUTOSAR架构下的E2E安全通信机制进行了研究,采用E2E Profile 2的方法来实现E2E安全通信,旨在解决如何保证电子控制单元(Electronic Control Unit,ECU)之间以及ECU内部不同核之间,不同SWC（software component）之间数据的安全通信的问题。基于AUTOSAR架构,通过在电子控制单元核内通信采用E2E Protection Wrapper的通信方式,跨电子控制单元核外通信采用COM E2E Callout的通信方式实现了通信机制的搭建。通过对ECU内部及跨ECU的通信测试,表明该方法能有效的检测通信过程中的重复发送错误、CRC(Cyclic Redundancy Check)校验和错误及发送序列错误等问题。     

参数不确定时延超混沌系统的脉冲同步方法研究

针对一类参数不确定的异构时延超混沌系统,采用响应系统与驱动系统状态变量误差的线性反馈作为脉冲控制信号,基于Lyapunov稳定性理论实现了超混沌系统的脉冲同步,给出了渐近稳定条件,并构造了一个具有时延的数字保密通信系统.该方案保密性高,鲁棒性强.数值仿真表明系统能快速达到同步,应用混沌密码序列对数字信号进行加密后,信息信号可以在接收端有效地恢复出来. 关键词： 时延 脉冲同步 数字保密通信     

Jumping nanodroplets: a new route towards metallic nano-particles

The dewetting process, which appears upon laser-induced melting of flat nanostructures and leads to a jumping of the droplets off the surface, is used for deposition of nano-particles onto a second substrate. Limitations in materials and particle sizes are discussed and experimentally verified. The experiments show that a variety of metals can be deposited in a size ranging from tens up to several hundreds of nanometers.