神光-Ⅱ装置配套速度干涉仪

介绍了神光-Ⅱ装置配套线成像速度干涉仪光路排布、用于任意反射面的速度干涉仪系统中干涉仪结构的选择及干涉仪的调节。该仪器可以用于测量自由面速度、界面速度和透明材料中冲击波波阵面速度。该仪器的最小时间分辨力可达约20 ps,空间分辨力高于10μm。并在神光-Ⅱ装置上进行了动态打靶实验,实验用靶为Al-CH靶,获得了较好的实验图像,测得了CH中冲击波的平均传播速度为24.67 km/s。     

Shock waves in high-energy materials: the initial chemical events in nitramine RDX

We extend the reactive force field ReaxFF to describe the high energy nitramine RDX and use it with molecular dynamics (MD) to study its shock-induced chemistry. We studied shock propagation via nonequilibrium MD simulations at various collision velocities. We find that for high impact velocities (>6 km/s) the RDX molecules decompose and react to form a variety of small molecules in very short time scales (<3 ps). These products are consistent with those found experimentally at longer times. For lower velocities only NO2 is formed, also in agreement with experiments.     

亚单层InGaAs量子点-量子阱异质结构的时间分辨光致发光谱

测定了亚单层InGaAs/GaAs量子点-量子阱异质结构在5K下的时间分辨光致发光谱.亚单层量 子点的辐射寿命在500 ps 至 800 ps之间，随量子点尺寸的增大而增大，与量子点中激子的 较小的横向限制能以及激子从小量子点向大量子点的隧穿转移有关.光致发光上升时间强烈 依赖于激发强度密度.在弱激发强度密度下，上升时间为 35 ps，纵光学声子发射为主要的 载流子俘获机理.在强激发强度密度下，上升时间随激发强度密度的增加而减小，俄歇过程 为主要的载流子俘获机理.该结果对理解亚单层量子点器件的工作特性非常有用. 关键词： 亚单层 量子点-量子阱 时间分辨光致发光谱     

33 GPa压力以下液氩冲击温度的实验测量

 利用液氮冷靶系统制取液氩样品，以二级氢气炮作为加载工具，驱动飞片对液氩样品进行平面冲击压缩，实验测量了33 GPa冲击压力以下液氩的冲击温度。飞片速度由磁测速系统测量，冲击波速度和冲击温度用光纤耦合高温计系统测量，粒子速度采用阻抗匹配法计算得到。实验测得当冲击压力为33 GPa时，液氩的冲击温度超过10 000 K；而当冲击压力超过30 GPa时，冲击温度的上升趋势与理论计算相比明显变缓，该压力点正好与以前测得的冲击波速度-粒子速度曲线的拐点一致。     

Measuring implosion dynamics through rhoR evolution in inertial-confinement fusion experiments

The areal density (rhoR) of D3He filled plastic capsules imploded at OMEGA has been measured at shock coalescence (1.7 ns) and, 400 ps later, during compressive burn, through the energy downshift of 14.7-MeV D3He protons. In this time interval, the azimuthally averaged rhoR changes from 13+/-2.5 to 70+/-8 mg/cm(2). The experiments demonstrate that fuel-shell mix is absent in the central regions at shock coalescence, and that the shell has no holes during compressive burn. We conjecture that rhoR asymmetries measured during compressive burn may be seeded by the time of shock coalescence.     

冲击压缩下氩气辐射特性初步研究

 用二级轻气炮加载方法把平面钨飞片加速到1.78 km/s、2.00 km/s和2.76 km/s,对封装有氩气的铝材料靶盒进行碰撞,由此产生的平面冲击波加热氩气样品。通过光纤传输、六通道瞬态光学高温计和示波器系统记录冲击氩气的高温辐射历史,从而测量出气体中的冲击波速度,并观察出随冲击强度的逐渐增大时氩气发光特性的变化规律：冲击压缩下波后氩气的光辐射强度随时间变化,信号曲线从直线变为指数曲线。在一维冲击波和局域热动平衡假设下,通过简单的理论计算和分析解释了实验现象和相关的辐射机制。     

Reshock Response of 2A12 Aluminum Alloy at High Pressures

By means of mounting the specimen on a low-impedance buffer, reshock experiments were carried out on a 2A12 almninum alloy up to shock stresses＇ of 67.6 GPa. Reshock wave profiles from the initial shock stresses of 60.9-67.6 GPa were measured with a velocity interferometer, and it shows that the 2A12 aluminum alloy characterizes as quasi-elastic response during recompression process. The Lagrange longitudinal velocities along the reloading path from initial shock state were obtained from two shots of experiments, while the bulk velocities at corresponding shock stresses were determined via extrapolating from the public reported unloading plastic sound velocities. Combining the reshock and the release experimental results, the yield strength of 2A12 aluminum alloy at shock stress of 60.9 GPa was estimated to be about 1.7GPa.     

Femtosecond transient reflection from polymer surfaces during femtosecond UV photoablation

A subpicosecond KrF laser system (248 nm, 0.5 ps) was used as a light source for ablation of PMMA Mylar and Kapton. The time-dependent reflectivity of the light-induced plasma mirror as measured by 496 nm, 0.5 ps long probe pulses showed an increase of up to 94% with 0.4–1 ps rise time and 10–15 ps fall time. The highdensity plasma mirror shows perfect optical quality, and seems to be a promising light-controlled ultrafast switch for UV and visible light. The spectrum of the UV light reflected from the ablated spot is blue shifted by 0.5 nm and shows 1 nm broadening.     

ZnO:Ga晶体对硬X射线的时间及能量响应

 介绍了ZnO:Ga晶体对重复频率快脉冲硬X 射线的时间响应,利用X射线荧光分析仪测量了ZnO:Ga晶体对10～100 keV硬X射线的能量响应。结果表明:ZnO:Ga晶体对硬X射线响应的上升时间为316 ps,半高宽为440 ps;对40 keV以上的X射线的能量响应很平坦。该晶体可以作为一种新颖的硬X射线探测元件。     

亚纳秒脉冲高电压测量探头

为测量紧凑型快前沿高电压脉冲源的输出电压,设计了D-dot电压探头。分别进行了刻度因素标定和频响标定,采用前沿约50 ns的高压脉冲信号对探头进行在线标定确定探头的刻度因素。将探头安装在阻抗为50 的传输线上,用亚纳秒脉冲源进行频响标定,表明该探头的响应约为150 ps。高压实验结果表明该探头能够正确获取高电压快脉冲信号,工作稳定可靠。     

重水的冲击压缩性

 用二级轻气炮作为加载装置，测量了重水（D₂O）的冲击压缩线，压力范围为10~43 GPa。用轴对称式电磁感应探头测量冲击波速度，测量精度约1.2%~1.5%。用电探针测量飞片速度，其精度约0.5%。用对比法原理进行测量，标准样品材料为无氧铜。实验发现，重水的冲击波速度随粒子速度变化呈斜率不同的两段直线关系，两线连结处出现拐折。分析认为，这一现象可能由液体D₂O分子在冲击波作用下的离解过程引起。     

亚纳秒前沿有界波模拟器传输线设计的理论分析与实验

 介绍了亚纳秒前沿有界波模拟器的组成、主要技术指标和传输线结构。用时域有限差分法对模拟器的场传播和场分布进行了数值模拟,并实测了工作区域的电场分布。测量结果表明:不同位置处场的上升时间基本不变,约为800 ps,1 m×1 m×1 m工作区域内的电场两侧不均匀性约为10%,前后位置约为±50%,满足技术指标要求,场的分布与数值模拟结果相一致。     

Picosecond X-ray plasma radiation measurements

Direct picosecond measurements of X-ray laser plasma radiation were performed with a high-speed X-ray image-converter camera (ICC). This camera operates in the single-frame mode with an exposure time ranging from 5 ns to 0.5 μs and in the streak mode with 5 × 10⁹ to 5 × 10⁷ cm/s streak velocities. Its temporal resolution in the streak mode was calculated to be about 7 ps. A plasma was created by focussing 10 ps 1 to 2 joule laser pulses onto a titanium target placed in a vacuum chamber. The halfwidth of the recorded X-ray pulses varied from 30 to 60 ps.     

High-frequency response and acoustic phonon contribution of the linear electro-optic effect in DAST

We present a simple method to measure the contribution from acoustic phonons to the linear electro-optic effect. A step voltage with a short rise time (600 ps) is applied to the sample, and the electro-optic response is measured in the time domain. For the organic salt 4-N, N-dimethylamino-4(?)-N(?)-methyl-stilbazolium tosylate (DAST), we obtained a negative contribution of r(a)(111) = -1.0 +/- 0.1 pm/V to the overall electro-optic coefficient of r(111) = 48 +/- 5 pm/V (lambda = 1535 nm). The electro-optic response was limited only by the rise time of the applied voltage, which corresponds to a frequency of 1 GHz.     

Electrooptic prepulse suppression for fusion laser systems

We report on an effective electrooptic prepulse suppression technique with particular applicability to fusion laser systems. Three optically timed Pockels cells in series have a contrast of 10⁹. They are driven by a laser activated Si high voltage switch of 5 ps jitter and < 100 ps rise time. The resulting overall rise time of the three Pockels cells is 600 ps over the first 6 decades and 1.5 to 2 ns over 9 decades.     

亚纳秒气体开关工作特性

 设计了3种结构的同轴Peaking-Chopping组合型亚纳秒气体开关,以半导体开路开关脉冲源为实验平台,分别对它们的击穿特性进行了实验研究。结果表明：亚纳秒气体开关采用环形组合电极Ⅱ时,可以在1～500 Hz稳定工作,输出前沿400 ps、后沿320 ps、脉冲宽度460 ps和电压129.2 kV的脉冲。开关输出脉冲的前后沿、脉冲宽度和电压幅度与开关间隙、气压和重复频率等因素有关,亚纳秒气体开关在小间隙（1～2 mm）、高气压（约10 MPa）时具有良好的重频特性。在开关气压和输入脉冲幅度不变时,输入脉冲上升沿越快,开关的击穿时延越小,击穿电压越高。     

快脉冲下有机玻璃击穿特性实验

基于CKP1000脉冲源建立了实验平台,实验获得了单次脉冲、不同脉宽、均匀电场下有机玻璃的击穿场强和击穿时延,对有机玻璃的击穿过程进行了分析。实验脉冲的幅值约为230 kV,前沿760~960 ps,脉宽2.3~4.0 ns（FWHM）,试样的平均厚度为1.1 mm。实验结果表明,随着脉冲宽度从2.3 ns增加至4.0 ns,有机玻璃的平均击穿场强从301 kV/mm降至276 kV/mm,平均击穿时延则基本保持不变,其中前沿760 ps,脉宽约2.3 ns时对应击穿时延的分散性增大。     

Time correlated single photon mie scattering from a sonoluminescing bubble

Application of time correlated single photon counting to pulsed Mie scattering enables one to resolve changes in light scattering to better than 50 ps. This technique is applied to the highly nonlinear motion of a sonoluminescing bubble. Physical processes, such as outgoing shock wave emission, that limit the interpretation of the data are measured with a streak camera and microscopy. Shock speeds about 6 km/s have been observed.     

Preheat effects on shock propagation in indirect-drive inertial confinement fusion ablator materials

The velocities and temperatures of shock waves generated by laser-driven hohlraum radiation fields have been measured for several indirect-drive inertial confinement fusion capsule ablator materials. For the first time, a time-resolved measurement of the preheat temperature ahead of the shock front has been performed and included in the analysis. It is found that preheat ahead of the shock front can cause significant shock propagation variations in the ignition capsule ablator materials being considered for the National Ignition Facility (NIF). If unaccounted for, these preheat effects could potentially preclude ignition at the NIF.     

纳秒激光冲击加载的全过程诊断

 与传统的冲击加载方式相比,激光驱动试样具有微尺寸（直径小于1 mm,厚度约10 μm）、超短作用过程（纳秒量级）等特点,但其速度变化历史的实时诊断颇为困难,因此发展适用于激光驱动的高时空分辨率的实时测试技术是十分重要和有价值的。采用桌面式脉冲Nd:YAG激光器作为加载平台,发展了激光加载下的小焦点多普勒光纤探针测量系统（焦斑直径约200 μm,时间分辨力约50 ps）,成功实现了从激光脉冲驱动微尺寸飞片飞行直至撞击Z-切石英试样的全过程实时诊断。实验结果显示,将6 μm 厚Al箔飞片驱动至2.48 km/s时,撞击Z-切石英试样的粒子速度为1.27 km/s,与Hugoniot理论计算结果相符,表明该测试技术是可靠、有效的;多层薄膜靶结构设计（基底/烧蚀层/硅油/Al箔）可提升激光与靶物质的能量耦合效率,使飞片保持更好的宏观完整性。为开展超短脉冲激光加载下材料动态特性研究提供了一种有效的技术途径。