金箔靶背侧X光辐射的实验研究

利用星光Ⅱ激光装置钕玻璃三倍频激光辐照金箔靶，实验研究了金箔靶背侧发射的Ｘ光能谱，时间过程和秀过激光能量。结果表明：金箔背侧发的Ｘ光可以作为一种较干净的强Ｘ光射源。     

改进型双盘靶实验与分析

 采用改进型双盘靶结构,初级改用为斜柱腔结构,激光加热初级薄箔,后向出射的X光烧蚀次级,这样降低初级等离子体喷射的影响,使烧蚀次级的X光更纯净。采用X光条纹相机测量双盘靶等离子体喷射的时空扫描图象,采用两台软X光谱仪分别对初级和次级辐射的X光进行测量,研究次级盘对初级发射的X光谱的改造。测量结果表明：这种结构的双盘靶基本上能避免初级盘喷射等离子体的影响,初级盘后向辐射的X光谱具有明显 的N和O带谱结构,而次级辐射的X光谱主要以O带为主。     

The Study of α Emission Induced by 46.7MeV/u 12C on 58Ni、115In and 197Au

The energy spectra and angular distribution of α particles emitted from ¹²C induced reactions with ⁵⁸Ni,¹¹⁵In and ¹⁹⁷Au have been measured.Three moving sources of emitting α particle are clearly seen from invariant cross section distribution in velocity coordinates.The experimental data were analyzed by using three moving sources.Extracted parameters of the source with half-beam velocity are in agreement with the systematic values from Fermi Gas Model.The energy spectra and the extracted parameters for various targets are discussed.The low energy peak in energy spectra is possibly from the emitted α particle from equilibrium system after pre-equilibrium emission of target-like products.The energetic α particles are mainly from projectile fragmentation and projectile-like fragmentation.     

Experimental study of the efficiency of a SDD X‐ray detector by means of PIXE spectra

The efficiency of a silicon drift detector with ultrathin window was studied for energies between 0.27 and 25 keV. Experimental values of the X‐ray yields from samples of known stoichiometry were obtained by impact of 2 MeV protons. By using theoretical calculations of these yields the relative efficiency of the detector was evaluated. The results are compared with efficiency values obtained from the window transmission and the detector quantum efficiency. A quantitative analysis of a particle induced X‐ray emission spectrum for a reference sample was performed in order to evaluate the consistency of the data presented in this work. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Properties study of ZnO:Ga crystal on pulsed radiation detections

In this paper, properties on pulsed radiation detections of ZnO:Ga crystal grew by a magnetron sputtering method were studied. The time response to pulsed laser,pulsed hard X rays and single α particles, the energy response to pulsed hard X ray, the scintillation efficiency to γ rays, the response to pulsed proton, and the relations of the light intensity varied with the proton energy were measured and analyzed in detail. Results show that the ZnO:Ga crystal has potential applications in the regime of pulse radiation detection .     

High-resolution nuclear track mapping in detailed cellular histology using CR-39 with the contact microscopy technique

In radiation cancer therapies using energetic charged particles such as proton/heavy-ion therapy and boron neutron capture therapy (BNCT), studies on radiation-induced biological response at cellular level are important because the radiation damage from energetic charged particles is highly localized along their paths and the radiation sensitivity is quite different in each cellular organelle. In such studies the information on the position of charged particle impact in biological cells is necessary. A novel method for high-resolution nuclear track mapping in detailed cellular histology has been developed. In this technique, biological specimens mounted on CR-39 plates are exposed to energetic charged particles. The irradiated samples are exposed to UV, and then etched for a short time. Both etch pits of nuclear tracks and relief for transmission UV image of the specimen can be observed on the CR-39 surface with an atomic force microscope (AFM) at about 100 nm resolution.     

Direct nano‐scale patterning of Ag films using hard X‐ray induced oxidation

The morphological change of silver nano‐particles (AgNPs) exposed to an intense synchrotron X‐ray beam was investigated for the purpose of direct nano‐scale patterning of metal thin films. AgNPs irradiated by hard X‐rays in oxygen ambient were oxidized and migrated out of the illuminated region. The observed X‐ray induced oxidation was utilized to fabricate nano‐scale metal line patterns using sectioned WSi₂/Si multilayers as masks. Lines with a width as small as 21 nm were successfully fabricated on Ag films on silicon nitride. Au/Ag nano‐lines were also fabricated using the proposed method.     

X射线激光器——新兴的短波长相干光源

Ｘ射线激光器是运行在电磁辐射波谱中Ｘ射线波段的短波长相干光源，通常，Ｘ射线激光器都采用高功率激光器作为泵浦源，强激光与靶相互使用形成的高温等离子体作为工作介质，并采用单程（或双程）行波放大的运行方式，近１０年来，Ｘ射线激光器的研制工作取得了重大进展，并开始了Ｘ射线激光应用的初步研究，现在正朝着提供高亮度，有较好相干性并且价格便宜的小型短波长Ｘ光光源的目标努力。     

Physical and chemical modifications of PET surface using a laser-plasma EUV source

Extreme ultraviolet (EUV) radiation is the electromagnetic radiation ranging from vacuum ultraviolet to soft X-rays. A single EUV photon carries enough energy to ionize any atom or molecule. The penetration depth of the radiation in any material is very short, ranging from tens to hundreds nanometers. Intense EUV pulses can remove material from the surface or modify its morphology or/and chemical structure. In this work, the radiation from a laser-plasma EUV source based on a double-stream gas-puff target was used for surface modification of polyethylene terephthalate (PET). The PET samples were irradiated with the EUV pulses emitted from krypton plasma and focused with a gold-plated ellipsoidal collector. The spectrum of the focused radiation covered the wavelength range from 9 to 70 nm. The PET samples were irradiated for 1 s–2 min at a 10-Hz repetition rate. Surface morphology of polymer samples after irradiation was investigated using a scanning electron microscope. Changes in chemical surface structure of the irradiated samples were investigated using an X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. Different kinds of surface microstructures were obtained depending on the EUV fluence in a single pulse and the total EUV fluence. XPS measurements also revealed a modification of the chemical structure.     

Search for the two-photon decay of a light penetrating particle from a 590 MeV proton beam dump

A search was performed for the two-photon decay of a light penetrating particle (e.g. an axion) produced in the dump of the 590 MeV proton beam of the Swiss Institute for Nuclear Research (SIN). The apparatus was situated behind the beam dump and 8 m of iron-concrete shielding. The detector consisted of two counter triggered optical spark chambers placed 2m apart. Photons were converted in a lead foil at the entrance of either spark chamber. From connecting the conversion points in the two modules the primary particle direction is determined to 1 degree (rms). The apparatus was exposed to 518 coulomb of protons. No two-photon decay signal was found in excess of the background, which was measured during almost 1000 h with beam off, and which was well reproduced by Monte Carlo simulations of cosmic ray gamma radiation. This null result places restrictive limits on the production and the decay of axions and similar particles.     

The simulation of GCRs at near earth interplanetary locations for radioprotection

The interplanetary radiation environment is detrimental to space missions,giving rise to cumulative damage to both astronauts and payloads and enhanced background levels in detectors.Therefore,there is a pressing need for a reliable simulation of these harmful effects for risk assessment and shielding optimization in manned space missions.We have modeled the interaction processes of the two most abundant galactic cosmic ray particle fluxes(protons and helium nuclei) using the Geant4 toolkit for a given space vehicle model.The total energy deposited due to protons and helium nuclei is calculated in this work,and the energy deposited due to the secondary particles generated by this radiation is also estimated.     

低能离子诱导拟南芥基因组不稳定性的研究

体细胞同源重组产生的DNA重排、 缺失和复制等是基因组不稳定的重要指标, 以拟南芥菜GUS基因重组报告系R2L100和R3L66为实验材料, 以体细胞同源重组频率（每个植株上的GUS斑点数目）作为评估标准, 研究低能Ar+离子和α粒子辐射对植物基因组稳定性的影响。 结果表明: 30 keV的Ar+离子辐照拟南芥干种子, 在500×1013—3 000×1013 ions/cm2剂量范围内, 同源重组频率与对照相比明显升高, 最大值是对照的2.4倍; 3.3 MeV的α粒子辐照萌发4 d后的幼苗, 同源重组频率随着剂量的增加呈先增后降的变化趋势, 最大值是对照的1.9倍, 对应的辐照剂量是10 Gy。 以上实验结果表明, 低穿透能力的辐射能有效增加植物基因组的不稳定性。 α粒子辐照拟南芥菜幼苗的根, 未受到辐照的地上部分的同源重组频率较对照增加2.5倍, 表明低能离子诱导的基因组不稳定信号在植物个体水平是可以长程输运的。 以上结果从另一个侧面解释了低能离子的诱变机制。 The somatic homologous recombination was frequently used to evaluate genome stability because it can result in DNA changes, such as rearrangement, deletion and duplication. In this paper, we used Arabidopsis thaliana transgenic for GUS recombination substrate (R2L100 and R3L66) to study the genomic instability induced by low energy ion and α particle characteristic of short penetrating properties. The dry seeds of R3L66 line were irradiated by 30 keV Argon ion, the Homologous Recombination Frequency (HRF) had a significant increase at dose range of 500×1013—3 000×1013 ions/cm2. The highest level of HRF was 2.42 fold over the control. The 3.3 MeV α particles were used to radiate 4 day old seedlings of R2L100 line. The HRFs had a dose dependent increase at dose of 1—10 Gy, and a dose dependent decrease at 10—100 Gy. The highest level of HRF induced by α particle was 1.9 fold over control at the dose of 10 Gy. These results indicate that short penetrating irradiation can effectively trigger the plant genomic instability at the level of plant. The local irradiation on the roots of R2L100 by α particle resulted in a 2.5 fold increase of HRF in non irradiated aerial plant,which indicates that a signal of genomic instability generated by α particle radiation can systemically travel in whole plant. It is possible that the genome instability induced by low energy ion is a major part of its mutagenic mechanism.     

质子辐照电荷耦合器件诱导电荷转移效率退化的实验分析

开展了电荷耦合器件（CCD）质子辐照损伤的实验研究. 分析了质子辐照CCD后电荷转移效率的退化规律,阐述了质子辐照诱导电荷转移效率退化的损伤机理,比较了不同能量质子对电荷转移效率的损伤程度. 通过开展辐射粒子输运理论计算,分析了不同能量质子对电荷转移效率损伤差异的原因. 关键词： 电荷耦合器件 质子 辐照效应 电荷转移效率     

Radiation damage to protein specimens from electron beam imaging and diffraction: a mini‐review of anti‐damage approaches,with special reference to synchrotron X‐ray crystallography

Recent research progress using X‐ray cryo‐crystallography with the photon beams from third‐generation synchrotron sources has resulted in recognition that this intense radiation commonly damages protein samples even when they are held at 100 K. Other structural biologists examining thin protein crystals or single particle specimens encounter similar radiation damage problems during electron diffraction and imaging, but have developed some effective countermeasures. The aim of this concise review is to examine whether analogous approaches can be utilized to alleviate the X‐ray radiation damage problem in synchrotron macromolecular crystallography. The critical discussion of this question is preceded by presentation of background material on modern technical procedures with electron beam instruments using 300–400 kV accelerating voltage, low‐dose exposures for data recording, and protection of protein specimens by cryogenic cooling; these practical approaches to dealing with electron radiation damage currently permit best resolution levels of 6 Å (0.6 nm) for single particle specimens, and of 1.9 Å for two‐dimensional membrane protein crystals. Final determination of the potential effectiveness and practical value of using such new or unconventional ideas will necessitate showing, by experimental testing, that these produce significantly improved protection of three‐dimensional protein crystals during synchrotron X‐ray diffraction.     

Acceleration of ultra-high energy cosmic rays by galaxy cluster accretion shocks

Acceleration of protons and nuclei by shock waves arising during accretion on galaxy clusters is considered. The generation of magnetohydrodynamic turbulence by streaming instability of accelerated particles in a shock precursor, cluster mass distribution, and particle energy loss upon interaction with cosmic microwave background and IR background radiation are taken into account. The contribution of these sources to the cosmic ray intensity observed at energies of 10¹⁷–10²⁰ eV is calculated.     

Correlations of neutral and charged particles in 40Ar- 58Ni reaction at 77 MeV/u

The measurement of the two-particle correlation function for different particle species allows to obtain information about the development of the particle emission process: the space-time properties of emitting sources and the emission time sequence of different particles. The single-particle characteristics and two-particle correlation functions for neutral and charged particles registered in forward direction are used to determine that the heavy fragments (deuterons and tritons) are emitted in the first stage of the reaction (pre-equilibrium source) while the majority of neutrons and protons originates from the long-lived quasi-projectile. The emission time sequence of protons, neutrons and deuterons has been obtained from the analysis of non-identical particle correlation functions.     

DEPENDENCE OF THE MECHANISM AND CROSS SECTION OF THE α PARTICLES EMITTED FROM 12C+64Ni REACTION ON INCIDENT ENERGY

Energy spectra and angular distributions of the particles emitted from ¹²C+⁶⁴Ni reaction at eight energies in the region of 36.5MeV—69.4MeV are measured. The angular distributions of α particles change from forward peaked one to that peaked near by the grazing angle with decreasing incident energy. This result show that the emission mechanism of non-evaporation α particle is different in different energy regions.     

X射线辐射在双孔柱腔靶中传输实验研究

在“星光Ⅱ”装置上,采用双孔柱腔靶研究辐射在空腔中轴向传输变化特性.提出“漏水管”辐射输运的简化模型,用来分析X射线在空腔中的传输的实验结果。分析结果表明,简化模型与实验结果基本相符.X射线输运的结果是输运末端的X射线减弱,辐射持续的时间增大,等离子体弛豫时间增大 关键词： 双孔柱腔靶 辐射传输 “漏水管”模型     

1.06μm激光等离子体X光转换实验研究

Ｘ光转换是激光—等离子体相互作用中的一个重要研究课题。文中介绍了在“神光”装置上利用亚千Ｘ光能谱仪测量Ｘ光能谱、辐射温度与Ｘ光转换效率；并给出了转换Ｘ光总量、辐射温度与激光能量、脉冲宽度及腔面积的定标关系。     

Effects of soft X‐ray radiation damage on paraffin‐embedded rat tissues supported on ultralene: a chemical perspective

Radiation damage is an important aspect to be considered when analysing biological samples with X‐ray techniques as it can induce chemical and structural changes in the specimens. This work aims to provide new insights into the soft X‐ray induced radiation damage of the complete sample, including not only the biological tissue itself but also the substrate and embedding medium, and the tissue fixation procedure. Sample preparation and handling involves an unavoidable interaction with the sample matrix and could play an important role in the radiation‐damage mechanism. To understand the influence of sample preparation and handling on radiation damage, the effects of soft X‐ray exposure at different doses on ultralene, paraffin and on paraffin‐embedded rat tissues were studied using Fourier‐transform infrared (FTIR) microspectroscopy and X‐ray microscopy. Tissues were preserved with three different commonly used fixatives: formalin, glutaraldehyde and Karnovsky. FTIR results showed that ultralene and paraffin undergo a dose‐dependent degradation of their vibrational profiles, consistent with radiation‐induced oxidative damage. In addition, formalin fixative has been shown to improve the preservation of the secondary structure of proteins in tissues compared with both glutaraldehyde and Karnovsky fixation. However, conclusive considerations cannot be drawn on the optimal fixation protocol because of the interference introduced by both substrate and embedding medium in the spectral regions specific to tissue lipids, nucleic acids and carbohydrates. Notably, despite the detected alterations affecting the chemical architecture of the sample as a whole, composed of tissue, substrate and embedding medium, the structural morphology of the tissues at the micrometre scale is essentially preserved even at the highest exposure dose.