(CuAu3)n和(Cu3Au)n(n=1～15)团簇基态能量和结构的MOnte Carlo模拟研究

本文采用Monte Carlo方法和Gupta势函数对(CuAu3)n和(Cu3Au)n团簇的基态能量和结构进行了模拟研究,通过计算平均结合能、结合能的一阶差分和二阶差分,分析了团簇的稳定性.结果表明:(Cu3Au)n和(CuAu3)n团簇都为立体结构,都是以二十面体为基础形成的;(Cu3Au)n和(CuAu3)n团簇结构中金原子都有位于团簇表面的倾向;这两类团簇结构的区别在于:在(Cu3Au)n团簇中,铜一金原子混合程度高;而(CuAu3)n团簇中,形成金原子位于表层,铜原子位于中心的层状结构;且当n=3、5、7、9时,(Cu3Au)n和(CuAu3)n团簇在各自的序列中相对稳定性较邻近团簇高,特别是n=7的团簇,相对稳定性最高.     

（CuAu3）n和（Cu3Au）n（n=1-15）团簇基态能量和结构的Monte Carlo模拟研究

本文采用Monte Carlo方法和Gupta势函数对（CuAu3）n和（Cu3Au）n团簇的基态能量和结构进行了模拟研究,通过计算平均结合能、结合能的一阶差分和二阶差分,分析了团簇的稳定性。结果表明：(Cu3Au)n 和(CuAu3)n团簇都为立体结构,都是以二十面体为基础形成的; (Cu3Au)n 和(CuAu3)n团簇结构中金原子都有位于团簇表面的倾向;这两类团簇结构的区别在于：在(Cu3Au)n团簇中,铜-金原子混合程度高;而(CuAu3)n团簇中,形成金原子位于表层,铜原子位于中心的层状结构;且当n=3、5、7、9时,(Cu3Au)n 和(CuAu3)n团簇在各自的序列中相对稳定性较邻近团簇高,特别是n=7的团簇,相对稳定性最高。     

低能Pt原子团簇沉积过程的分子动力学模拟

利用分子动力学模拟系统研究了低能Pt38,Pt141和Pt266原子团簇与Pt(001)表面的相互作用过程,详细分析了初始原子平均动能为0.1,1.0和10eV的原子团簇的沉积演化过程及其对基体表面形貌的影响.研究表明,初始原子平均动能是描述低能原子团簇的重要参量.当团簇的平均原子动能较低时,团簇对基体表层原子点阵损伤较小,基本属于沉积团簇;随着入射团簇的原子平均动能的增加,团簇对表层原子点阵结构的破坏能力增强,当团簇的原子平均动能增加到10eV时,团簇已经显现出注入特征.低能原子团簇对基体表面形貌的影响 关键词： 分子动力学模拟 低能原子团簇 载能沉积     

液态金属Al快速凝固过程中团簇结构的形成特性

采用分子动力学方法 ,对含有 10 5个Al原子的液态金属大系统在快凝过程中团簇结构的形成特性进行了模拟研究 ,并采用原子团类型指数法 (CTIM )来描述各种类型的团簇结构组态 .研究结果显示 ,二十面体原子团 (12 0 12 0 )及其组合在微观结构转变中起着最重要的作用 .发现纳米级大团簇 (含有 10 4个原子 )是由一些中等原子团相互结合而成 ,而中等原子团又是由基本原子团结合组成 .这种结构与由热蒸发、离子溅射等方法所获得的以某一个原子为中心、按八面体结构堆积起来的多壳层晶体结构的纳米级大团簇完全不同 .组成这种大团簇结构的基本原子团的中心原子是彼此以单线或扭结的形式相互成键连接的 .这种结构的角隅正好可以成为液态金属凝固过程中形成支晶的起点 .     

Cu吸附(SiO_2)_n(n=1—8)团簇几何结构和电子性质的密度泛函研究

运用密度泛函理论下的广义梯度近似和交换关联函数对Cu吸附(SiO2)n(n=1—8)团簇的几何结构、电荷分布、稳定性和电子性质进行了较详细的研究,结果表明:Cu原子易于和带有悬挂键的Si原子作用并形成"铜岛膜";Cu吸附(SiO2)n团簇后Si原子失去电子能力减弱,O原子得到电子能力增强;Cu(SiO2)n(n=1—8)团簇与(SiO2)n(n=1—8)主体团簇稳定性上具有相似性,吸附Cu后团簇能隙明显降低,并接近近红外区域.     

Mon(n=2~10)团簇结构和性质的密度泛函理论研究

采用密度泛函理论下的广义梯度近似(Generalized Gradient Approximation, GGA)方法对Mon (n=2~10) 团簇的直线结构、平面结构和立体结构分别进行优化和分析. 结果表明仅直线结构具有双原子对结合趋势, 且偶数团簇比相邻奇数团簇稳定; 平面结构中奇数原子团簇锯齿状较稳定, 偶数原子团簇以多边形较稳定; 立体结构在所有维度中最稳定. 对团簇总磁矩的分析表明直线结构偶数团簇磁矩淬灭, 奇数团簇具有较大的反磁矩; 基态结构中仅Mo3和Mo8有2μB的磁矩. 基态结构的二阶能量差分、垂直电离势和能隙均表明Mo5为幻数团簇, 并分析了其热力学性质.     

InSi_n(n=2-15)团簇结构、稳定性与电子性质的理论研究

使用卡里普索(CALYPSO)结构预测程序并结合密度泛函理论,在B3LYP/GENECP基组水平上,对InSi_n(n=2-15)团簇的几何结构进行优化与计算.结构优化表明:InSi_n团簇的最低能量构型趋于立体结构(n2),且形成In原子戴帽InSi_(n-1)团簇结构.稳定性分析发现InSi_(12)团簇为幻数结构,In原子的掺杂降低了Si_(n+1)团簇的稳定性.团簇中的电荷总是由In原子向Si原子转移.最后讨论了团簇的电子局域密度函数、红外与拉曼光谱.     

(CuSe)_n(n=1-10)团簇结构稳定性与磁性的理论研究

本文采用包含广义梯度近似的密度泛函理论对铜、硒二元团簇(CuSe)_n(n=1-10)的结构稳定性与磁性质进行系统的研究,发现:(CuSe)_n(n=1-10)二元团簇的原子总数为8时几何结构出现由平面向立体的转变行为,且Cu3Se3为"幻数"构型.同时,(CuSe)_n(n=1-10)团簇的平均结合能比同尺寸单质铜团簇的大,因此混合团簇(CuSe)_n(n=1-10)具有比单质铜团簇更强的稳定性;另外,根据(CuSe)_n(n=1-10)团簇的二阶差分能和HOMO-LUMO能隙随尺寸增加的演化趋势可获知,Cu8Se8的结构极其稳定.最后,对团簇磁性的研究发现,铜硒团簇展现出比较特别的磁性,其中,Cu3Se3的总磁矩为3μB,且磁性主要来源于硒原子,而当n=4,6,8和10时,(CuSe)_n(n=1-10)团簇磁性出现淬灭现象.     

Cu_n、Ag_n和Au_n(n≤9)团簇的静电极化率(英文 )

采用B3LYP密度泛函的方法计算了Cun,Agn和Aun(n≤9)团簇的静电极化率和极化率的各向异性, 并与Na原子团簇进行比较,结果表明,Cun和Agn团簇的极化率与团簇大小的关系与Na原子团簇类似,而Aun团 簇的极化率有所不同;Au原子的极化率较小,而从Au2至Au7,Aun团簇极化率变化趋势与Cun和Agn团簇相似。 重金属元素团簇的极化率小于Na原子团簇的极化率,具有更加紧致结构。     

大尺寸贵金属纳米团簇热力学性质的分子动力学模拟研究

采用分子动力学方法和原子嵌入势模拟了大尺寸金(n=1136～1556)、银(n=1088～1724)、铜(n=1000～1600)、铂(n=1004～1800)原子纳米团簇的熔化过程,得出了相应纳米团簇的势能随温度的变化曲线以及热容量随温度的变化曲线,研究了各种原子纳米团簇熔点与其团簇尺寸的关系.模拟结果表明团簇的熔点随团簇尺寸增大而升高,并逐渐向大块晶体靠拢.所有纳米团簇在熔化过程中在熔点附近都出现负热容现象,通过对团簇熔化前后结构的比较,分析了导致这种现象的原因.     

铜团簇嵌入原子势模型的参数修正及应用

利用蒙特卡罗方法和嵌入原子势方法模型, 模拟了铜团簇的结构和结合能。 发现在n=2时, 理论值和实验值间偏差较大。 根据Cu₂的实验值, 对嵌入原子势方法模型中的参数进行了修正。 在此基础上重新计算了Cu_n(n=2—21, 35和55)的结构和结合能, 发现修正后的参数适合于n=2—20的较小铜团簇。 The Monte Carlo (MC) and embedded atoms method (EAM) potential were employed to simulatethe structures and binding energies of copper clusters. When n=2, the simulative value did not accord with the experimental result. Therefore, we corrected the parameters of EAM potential based on the experimental value of Cu₂. Then the structures and binding energies of Cun(n=2—21, 35 and 55) were simulated. The results show that the values simulated by corrected parameters accorded with the well known ones for n<21; but in contrast the uncorrected parameters could represent copper clusters better for n≥21. So we conclude that corrected parameters were only fit for smaller copper clusters.     

Energy and structure of copper clusters （n=70-150） studied by the Monte Carlo computer simulation

The structure and binding energy of copper clusters of the size range 70 to 150 were studied by using the embeddedatom method. The stability of the structure of the clusters was studied by calculating the average binding energy per atom, first difference energy and second difference energy of copper cluster. Most of the copper clusters of the size n=70-150 adopt an icosahedral structure. The results show that the trends are in agreement with theoretic prediction for copper clusters. The most stable structures for copper clusters are found at n=77, 90, 95, 131, 139.     

中性及其带电Cun(n=2-12)团簇体系的第一性原理计算研究

结合半经验原子间势及遗传算法,采用密度泛函理论,系统计算研究了Cun(n=2-12)及Cun±(n=2-12)的基态与低激发态的几何结构与电子结构.结果表明：对中性团簇在n=3-6时基态为平面结构,而对于带电体系n=3-5时基态为低维结构,其中平面结构都以三角形为基本单元;对含更多原子的立体结构,基态主要以五角双锥为基本结构单元,传统的高对称性结构在小铜团簇基态中不占优势;计算所得Cun(n=2-12)中性体系结合能与实验结果完全一致,而结合带电体系计算所得团簇电离能与亲和势也与实验相符合;团簇电子结构的相关曲线（电离能、亲和势、二阶差分能）均呈现明显的奇偶振荡现象,这与含偶数电子Cu团簇的相对高稳定性密切相关。     

中性及其带电Cun(n=2-12)团簇体系的第一性原理计算研究

结合半经验原子间势及遗传算法，采用密度泛函理论，系统计算研究了Cun(n=2-12)及Cun±(n=2-12)的基态与低激发态的几何结构与电子结构.结果表明：对中性团簇在n=3-6时基态为平面结构，而对于带电体系n=3-5时基态为低维结构，其中平面结构都以三角形为基本单元；对含更多原子的立体结构，基态主要以五角双锥为基本结构单元，传统的高对称性结构在小铜团簇基态中不占优势；计算所得Cun(n=2-12)中性体系结合能与实验结果完全一致，而结合带电体系计算所得团簇电离能与亲和势也与实验相符合；团簇电子结构的相关曲线（电离能、亲和势、二阶差分能）均呈现明显的奇偶振荡现象，这与含偶数电子Cu团簇的相对高稳定性密切相关。     

Structures and Electronic Properties ofCuN (N≤ 13) Clusters

A systematic study on the structures and electronic properties of copper clusters has been performed using the density functional theory. In the calculation, there are many isomers near the ground state for small copper clusters. Our results show that the three-dimensional isomers of copper clusters start from Cu₇ cluster and then show a tendency to form more compact structures. The results of the formation energy and the second derivative of binding energy with cluster size show that besides N = 8, N=11is also a magic number. Furthermore, it is the first time to find that the ground state of 11-atom clusters is a biplanar structure as same as the 13-atom cluster. The clear odd-even alternation as cluster size for the formation energy indicates the stability of electronic close shell existed in the range studied.     

中等尺寸硫化锌团簇结构和稳定性

通过第一性原理方法研究中等尺寸硫化锌团簇(ZnS)_n(n=24,28,36,和48)的结构和稳定性.团簇初始结构主要通过手工搭建和从体材料中切割得来.研究表明:对于中等尺寸的团簇,空心的笼状和管状结构能量最低;随着团簇尺寸的增大,洋葱结构能量越来越低.此外,对中等尺寸硫化锌团簇,纤锌矿结构比闪锌矿结构更稳定.说明在小尺寸下,纤锌矿硫化锌结构更稳定.     

Deposition of Ni<Subscript> 13</Subscript> and Cu<Subscript> 13</Subscript> clusters on Ni(111) and Cu(111) surfaces

The soft deposition of Ni₁₃ and Cu₁₃ clusters on Ni(111) and Cu(111) surfaces is studied by means of constant-energy molecular-dynamics simulations. The atomic interactions are described by the Embedded Atom Method. It is shown that the shape of the nickel clusters deposited on Cu(111) surfaces remains rather intact, while the copper clusters impacting on Ni(111) surfaces collapse forming double and triple layered products. Furthermore, it is found that for an impact energy of 0.5 eV/atom the structures of all investigated clusters show the lowest similarity to the original structures, except for the case of nickel clusters deposited on a Cu(111) surface. Finally, it is demonstrated that when cluster and substrate are of different materials, it is possible to control whether the deposition results in largely intact clusters on the substrate or in a spreading of the clusters. This separation into hard and soft clusters can be related to the relative cohesive energy of the crystalline materials.     

Nanoporous silicon doped by Cu for gas-sensing applications

The effect of hydrogen sulphide on the current–voltage characteristics of metal–insulator–semiconductor (MIS) structures based on nanoporous silicon (Si_nanopor) under copper doping has been investigated. Scanning electron (SEM), atomic force (AFM) and optic microscopes and/or secondary ion mass spectroscopy (SIMS) were used to obtain detailed characterisation of copper cluster distribution present at the surface and pores, respectively. SIMS spectra reveal that finite gradient in copper distribution along the pores and oxidation of nanoporous silicon simultaneously can be obtained successfully under electroless deposition process. It was also shown that the doping of nanoporous silicon by Cu leads to enhanced hydrogen sulphide sensitivity of MIS structures even without catalytic active top electrodes (for example, Pd) at room temperature. Furthermore, for different types of familiar MIS structures based on nanoporous silicon, e.g., MIS structures doped or undoped by copper and by using Pd metal electrodes, the hydrogen sulphide detection at room temperature mainly depends on the modification in the height of barrier of hetero- (Al–Cu–Si_nanopor–c-Si) or Schottky-like (Pd–Cu–Si_nanopor–c-Si) structures resulting the chemical interaction of molecular H₂S gas with copper clusters at the surface and in the pores. It is demonstrated that MIS structures based on the nanoporous silicon with copper doping are more sensitive to H₂S action at room temperature. In addition, the physical mechanism explaining the observed phenomena is also discussed.     

Molecular engineered silica surfaces with an assembled anthracene monolayer as a fluorescent sensor for organic copper(II) salts

A novel fluorescence film has been fabricated by covalently coupling anthracene on a glass plate surface via a long flexible “Y” type spacer. Fluorescence measurement demonstrated that the emission of the film is dominated by anthracene monomer emission, and the emission can be selectively quenched by organic copper(II) salts including copper acetate, copper citrate, copper tartrate, etc. Addition of inorganic copper(II) salts like Cu(NO₃)₂, CuSO₄, CuCl₂, etc., however, has little effect upon the emission of the film. This observation was explained by considering the screening effect of the spacer layer, or spacer clusters, or even spacers adopting compact coiled conformation. Different from the reported fluorescence films with similar structures, immobilization of anthracene via a “Y” type spacer on a glass plate surface makes the fluorophore moieties exist in two different states, that is some of them were embedded within the spacer structures, and some of them might stay out of the structures. This hypothesis has been confirmed by model system, solvent effect and quenching mechanism studies. The emission of the film is sensitive to the presence of organic copper(II) salts like copper acetate. The response of the film to copper acetate is fully reversible. Presence of other inorganic salts, including Pb(Ac)₂, Cd(Ac)₂, Zn(Ac)₂, and inorganic copper(II) salts has little effect upon the sensing performance of the film to copper acetate.     

Evolution of small copper clusters and dissociative chemisorption of hydrogen

The structural evolution of small copper clusters of up to 15 atoms and the dissociative chemisorption of H2 on the minimum energy clusters are studied systematically using density functional theory. The preferred copper sites for chemisorption are identified and the transition state structures and activation barriers for clusters four to nine atoms are determined and found to be inconsistent with the empirical Bronsted-Evans-Polanyi relationship. The physicochemical properties of the clusters are computed and compared with the bulk and surface values. The results indicate that a phase transition must occur in the going from cluster to bulk.