冷聚变的全原子论

早在1989年我首先就以原子分子物理和晶体物理为基础,提出了一个冷聚变机理的初步理论.按照此理论,在晶体中两个氘核可以实现冷聚变,产生超热和聚变产物~4He.在此理论提出后,我们在实验研究中观测到以Pd或Ti为阴极电解重水过程中产生的明显的超热效应与聚变产物~4He.这表明我们提出的理论预言是正确的.但在过去长时间里,仍有很多学者对冷聚变产生的机理一直很不理解.为了对冷聚变机理有一个更清楚的解释,使其易于被理解和接受,我们在过去的20年中进行了反复深入的理论与实验研究.经过进一步深入分析,我们发现晶体中的冷聚变实际上是两个氘原子以全原子状态相互作用而产生的.因此提出了冷聚变的全原子论,并在本文中详细阐述.按照此理论进行分析,发现我们还可以用冷聚变的办法,得到~3He产物.这是很重要的发现,因为我们可以在地面上人造出核能原料~3He,就不一定要跑到月球上面去开采~3He了.     

常温核聚变研究进展评述

早在1989年芶清泉教授就以原子分子物理和晶体物理为基础提出了冷聚变机理的理论.按照此理论,在晶体中可以实现冷聚变,产生超热和聚变产物4He.在此理论提出后,我们在实验研究中观测到了以Pd或Tin为阴极电解重水过程中产生的明显的超热效应与聚变产物4He.这表明我们提出的理论预言是正确的,在过去的18年中我们进一步进行了反复深入的理论和实验研究,所得结果将在本文中进行系统总结和讨论.     

重氢原子进入钛晶体中引起的晶体结构转变与电解重水过程中“过热”现象的关系

对重氢原子进入钯或钛晶体中可能引起常温核聚变的机理探讨与实验研究结果，已在文献［１］中作了报导。后来又对钛阴极材料，在使用前后进行了Ｘ射线结构分析。发现在电解过程中发生过“过热”现象的钛阴极材料的晶体结构由原来的密排六方结构转变为立方结构，而没有发生“过热”现象的钛阴极材料的晶体仍然保持电解前的密排六方结构     

Thermoelectric power generation in a thermoacoustic refrigerator

Commercially available solid-state thermoelectric devices may be used for their electrical power generation capabilities when coupled to a thermoacoustic refrigerator or heat pump. General performance characteristics as well as bulk thermal conductivity for a selection of thermoelectric elements was first found by using a two-plate apparatus to maintain a constant temperature difference across the element. Further studies of an element’s performance when placed in series with the thermoacoustic refrigerator’s heat exchangers will be presented. Design considerations for using thermoelectric elements in a no-moving parts electrical power generation scheme will be discussed.     

Fundamental optimal relation of a generalized irreversible Carnot heat pump with complex heat transfer law

The fundamental optimal relation between heating load and coefficient of performance (COP) of a generalized irreversible Carnot heat pump is derived based on a new generalized heat transfer law, which includes the generalized convective heat transfer law and generalized radiative heat transfer law, q ∝ (ΔT ⁿ ) ^m . The generalized irreversible Carnot heat pump model incorporates several internal and external irreversibilities, such as heat resistance, bypass heat leakage, friction, turbulence and other undesirable irreversibility factors. The added irreversibilities besides heat resistance are characterized by a constant parameter and a constant coefficient. The effects of heat transfer laws and various loss terms are analysed. The heating load vs. COP characteristic of a generalized irreversible Carnot heat pump is a parabolic-like curve, which is consistent with the experimental result of thermoelectric heat pump. The obtained results include those obtained in many literatures and indicated that the analysis results of the generalized irreversible Carnot heat pump were more suitable for engineering practice than those of the endoreversible Carnot heat pump.     

中高温热泵工质及试台研究

本文介绍了作者自行搭建的中高温水源热泵机组试验台,以及在此装置上对新的中高温环保工质HTR01的试验 研究。试验台的特点是利用自然平衡压力点,设计了冷热混水系统,达到即节能又易于控制的目的。通过对新工质HTR01 的大量热工性能试验,以及对试验结果的误差和性能分析,为中高温水源热泵大型样机的设计提供了基础。     

半导体冰箱冷热端散热条件实验研究

半导体制冷器件是一种高热流密度元件,在红外测量、低温超导、生物医学、空间技术等领域有重要的应用,还可开发成专用制冷装置,适用于野外施工、勘探,考古以及郊游等户外活动食品饮料的保鲜,也可用于食品、饮料及医用疫苗等的冷藏。在给定工况下,通过改善半导体器件的冷热端散热条件,可使系统制冷量和制冷性能系数大幅提高。本文设计了实验装置,特别设计了8种实验工况对采用强迫对流换热和热端采用热管换热器散热的实际半导体制冷装置进行了实验分析,提出了改善半导体制冷元件散热条件的具体措施。     

半导体温差发电过程的模型分析与数值仿真

本文提出一种新型的半导体温差发电模型,在温差发电过程的数值模拟中考虑了热电单元之间封闭腔体内空气传热的影响.同时进一步运用有限元的数值计算方法对不同电臂对数和不同型号温差发电模型的温度场、电压场进行了数值仿真计算,并对仿真结果进行分析.结果表明:采用127对热电单元模型计算的能量转换效率随冷热端温差增大而迅速提高,与采用1对热电单元模型计算的能量转换效率之差从冷热端温差为20℃的0.39%提高到冷热端温差为220℃时的5.16%,能量转换效率比1对热电单元平均高出3.02%.冷端温度恒定在30℃时,温差发电芯片的输出电压、功率以及能量转换效率均随着电偶臂的横截面积的增大而提高,且电偶臂冷热两端的温差越大提高幅度也越大,而温差发电芯片内阻则与电偶臂横截面积成反比关系,当温差为220℃时对应的输出功率最高达28.9 W.     

Performance of thermoelectric generator with graphene nanofluid cooling

Improvement of the heat transfer of the cold side is one of the approaches to enhance the performance of TEG systems.As a new type of heat transfer media, nanofluids can enhance the heat transfer performance of working liquid significantly.Based on a three-dimensional and steady-state numerical model,the heat transfer and thermoelectric conversion properties of TEG systems were studied. Graphene anoplatelet aqueous nanofluids were used as the coolants for the cold side of the TEG system to improve the heat transfer capacity of the cold side. The results showed that the heat absorbed by the hot side, voltage, output power, and conversion efficiency of the TEG system were increased greatly by the nanofluid coolants.The output power and the conversion efficiency using 0.1-wt% graphene nanoplatelet aqueous nanofluid as the coolant are enhanced by 26.39% and 14.74%, respectively.     

Recent advances on thermoelectric materials

By converting waste heat into electricity through the thermoelectric power of solids without producing greenhouse gas emissions, thermoelectric generators could be an important part of the solution to today’s energy challenge. There has been a resurgence in the search for new materials for advanced thermoelectric energy conversion applications. In this paper, we will review recent efforts on improving thermoelectric efficiency. Particularly, several novel proof-of-principle approaches such as phonon disorder in phonon-glass-electron crystals, low dimensionality in nanostructured materials and charge-spin-orbital degeneracy in strongly correlated systems on thermoelectric performance will be discussed.      

双热源空调-热水器一体机冬季制热的实验研究

冬季室外温度低时,空气源热泵系统的蒸发器会结霜,使系统COP降低。所设计的空调-热水器一体机可以制冷、制热、一年四季提供生活用热水。冬季室外温度低时,用太阳能加热后的水作为热泵的低温热源,可以提高热泵的效率。分别用空气源蒸发器和水源蒸发器独立工作使系统给房间制热,实验结果发现水源蒸发器工作时系统的COP平均值为3.56,空气源蒸发器工作时的COP平均值为2.51。     

探索氘/固体系统中的异常核现象

本文介绍了世界有关研究机构在冷聚变这一有重大争议领域的研究动态.许多实验室相继报导了在处于非平衡态的氘/固体系统中,观察到超常热、质子、氚和中子等异常核现象.在金属氢化物的性能、电解过程中的尖端效应和聚能过程、随机中子和低产率中子的测量技术、集团束冲击核聚变等方面的探索取得了许多令人瞩目的成果.提出了热等离子体模型、多体屏蔽效应、量子玻色等离子体理论、相干核反应机制、钯核的中子俘获效应、表面定域理论等许多理论模型. A brief introduction of recent investigation about the cold nuclear fusion by numerouslaboratories throughout the world has been given experimentally and theoretically in this paper.Undernon—equilibrium conditions of deuterium/solid system,the production of excess heat,protons,tritium,neutrons,and gamma rays have been reported.Scientists have gained the quite salutary effects to learnthe behavior of metal hydrides in this brief span of time than in the past 100 years,to improve ...     

低维纳米材料热电性能测试方法研究

通过近几十年的研究,人们对于块体及薄膜材料的热电性能已经有了较全面的认识,热电优值ZT的提高取得了飞速的进展,比如碲化铋相关材料、硒化亚铜相关材料、硒化锡相关材料的最大ZT值都突破了2.但是,这些体材料的热电优值距离大规模实用仍然有较大的差距.通过理论计算得知,当块体热电材料被制作成低维纳米结构材料时,比如二维纳米薄膜、一维纳米线,热电性能会得到显著的改善,具有微纳米结构材料的热电性能研究引起了科研人员的极大兴趣.当块体硅被制作成硅纳米线时,热电优值改善了将近100倍.然而,微纳米材料的热电参数测量极具挑战,因为块体材料的热电参数测量方法和测试平台已经不再适用于低维材料,需要开发出新的测量方法和测试平台用来研究低维材料的热导率、电导率和塞贝克系数.本文综述了几种用于精确测量微纳米材料热电参数的微机电结构,包括双悬空岛、单悬空岛、悬空四探针结构,详细介绍了每一种微机电结构的制备方法、测量原理以及对微纳米材料热电性能测试表征的实例.     

New device architecture of a thermoelectric energy conversion for recovering low-quality heat

Low-quality heat is generally discarded for economic reasons; a low-cost energy conversion device considering price per watt, $/W, is required to recover this waste heat. Thin-film based thermoelectric devices could be a superior alternative for this purpose, based on their low material consumption; however, power generated in conventional thermoelectric device architecture is negligible due to the small temperature drop across the thin film. To overcome this challenge, we propose new device architecture, and demonstrate approximately 60 Kelvin temperature differences using a thick polymer nanocomposite. The temperature differences were achieved by separating the thermal path from the electrical path; whereas in conventional device architecture, both electrical charges and thermal energy share same path. We also applied this device to harvest body heat and confirmed its usability as an energy conversion device for recovering low-quality heat.     

硒化亚铜薄膜热电性能研究进展

热电材料可以实现热能和电能的相互转换,它是一种环境友好的功能性材料.当前,热电材料的热电转换效率低,这严重制约了热电器件的大规模应用,因此寻找更加优异热电性能的新材料或提高传统热电材料的热电性能成为热电研究的主题.与块状材料相比,薄膜具有二维的宏观性质和一维的纳米结构特性,方便研究材料的物理机制与性能的关系,还适用于制备可穿戴电子设备.本文总结了Cu₂Se薄膜5种不同的制备方法,包括电化学沉积、热蒸发、旋涂、溅射以及脉冲激光沉积.另外,结合典型事例,总结了薄膜的表征手段,并从Cu₂Se的电导率、塞贝克系数和热导率等参数出发,讨论了各个参数对热电性能的影响机制.最后介绍了Cu₂Se薄膜热电的热门应用方向.     

Evaluating the efficiency of thermo-electric conversion of heat from gas combustion in a small-scale system with counterflow heat exchange

The efficiency of thermoelectric conversion of heat from gas combustion was evaluated in a small-scale system consisting of two channels with opposing gas flows and thermocouples located in the separating wall. Combustion occurred in the chamber fed with fresh mixture heated by combustion products through heat-conducting walls of the channel. In the channel walls, there were thermoelectric converters. It has been shown that in this system, the maximum conversion efficiency of heat from gas combustion may be close to the maximum efficiency of thermoelectric conversion calculated by the maximum acceptable working temperature of the hot side of the converter. This conclusion is valid in the case when the adiabatic combustion temperature of the gas mixture is below the maximum allowable operating temperature of the hot side of the thermoelectric converter. The considered system is promising for the burning of low-calorific gas mixtures and does not require additional energy for cooling the cold side of the thermoelectric converter.     

非共沸混合工质自复叠热泵循环试验研究

单级压缩式热泵冷凝温度与蒸发温度之差一般为40~50℃,非共沸混合工质自复叠循环具有工作温差大的优点,将其应用于热泵循环,则可产生较大的供热温差。该文通过搭建一个空气源自复叠热泵实验台,利用NIST公司的制冷剂物性数据库Refprop7,绘制出了混合工质的温度-浓度图。经过实验,分析了自复叠热泵循环工作温差的影响因素,得出了自复叠热泵气液分离器简单分离对增大工作温差的作用有限,增加工质的相对挥发度也不能显著改善热泵的运行性能等结论。并进一步得出了增设分凝设施可显著增大工作温差的结论。     

Natural thermoelectric heat pump in social wasps

Photographs of wasps or hornets, taken with different temperature sensitive infrared cameras, reveal body temperatures that are sometimes significantly lower than the ambient temperature. This suggests that the hornets possess an intrinsic biological heat pump mechanism which can be used to achieve such cooling. Evidence is presented to substantiate this novel suggestion and to argue that the heat pump is most likely implemented by exploiting a thermoelectric effect in the hornet cuticle. Such a natural heat pump can conceivably also serve to cool the active hornet, engaged in daytime activities outside the nest at ambient temperatures exceeding 40 degrees C, to a body temperature that is low enough to allow its survival in extreme thermal conditions. It might also function as a means of raising the body temperature up to a level that enables the hornet to remain active even when the ambient temperature is as low as 10 degrees C.     

Performance analysis of a thermosize micro/nano heat engine

In a recent paper [A. Sisman, I. Muller, Phys. Lett. A 320 (2004) 360] the thermodynamic properties of ideal gases confined in a narrow box were examined theoretically. The so-called “thermosize effects” similar to thermoelectric effects, such as Seebeck-like thermosize effect, Peltier-like thermosize effect and Thomson-like thermosize effect, were analyzed. Like the thermoelectric generator, based on the thermosize effects we have established a model of micro/nano scaled ideal gas heat engine cycle which includes two isothermal and two isobaric processes. The expressions of power output and efficiency of this cycle in the two cases of reversible and irreversible heat exchange are derived and the optimal performance characteristics of the heat engine is discussed by some numerical example. The results obtained here will provide theoretical guidance for the design of micro/nano scaled device.     

Influences of pump beam distribution on thermal lensing spherical aberration in an LD end-pumped Nd:YAG laser

A numerical investigation is made on the thermal lensing and spherical aberration effect in an LD end-pumped Nd:YAG laser. Based on the finite element method (FEM), the laser rod temperature distribution is calculated and the focal length of the thermal lens is deduced, the influences of pump beam on the thermal lensing spherical aberration are mainly studied. The results show the thermal lens which focal length varied with the radial coordinate r is not an ideal lens. Given the heat dissipation boundary conditions, the radial dependent focal length will be shortened when the pump power raised or the waist radius of the pump beam reduced, meanwhile the radial differences of the focal length will decrease when the pump power increased. For a Super-Gaussian profile pump beam, the higher the exponent number, the more similar to flat top the pump beam is, and the less the radial differences of the focal length are.