磁控溅射气体团簇源中团簇形成的DSMC研究

利用直接模拟蒙特卡洛方法(DSMC) ,模拟了磁控溅射气体团簇源中Cu+ (Cu-)的含量比例不同的条件下,Cu团簇的尺寸分布。模拟结果表明：随着含量比例的增加,团簇的尺寸分布变窄了,不带电的团簇的比例增加,不带电的铜团簇分布的最大值减小,相应的带正电荷和带负电荷团簇的比例减小;相同的含量比例下,带正电的团簇的尺寸分布与带负电荷的团簇的尺寸分布基本相同;初始Cu- 比Cu+ 的含量比例大时,输出的主要是带负电荷的团簇,带正电荷和不带电的团簇占很小的比例;Cu-含量比例的增加,负Cu团簇的尺寸分布减小。     

磁控溅射气体团簇源中团簇形成的DSMC研究

利用直接模拟蒙特卡洛方法(DSMC) ,模拟了磁控溅射气体团簇源中Cu+ (Cu-)的含量比例不同的条件下,Cu团簇的尺寸分布。模拟结果表明：随着含量比例的增加,团簇的尺寸分布变窄了,不带电的团簇的比例增加,不带电的铜团簇分布的最大值减小,相应的带正电荷和带负电荷团簇的比例减小;相同的含量比例下,带正电的团簇的尺寸分布与带负电荷的团簇的尺寸分布基本相同;初始Cu- 比Cu+ 的含量比例大时,输出的主要是带负电荷的团簇,带正电荷和不带电的团簇占很小的比例;Cu-含量比例的增加,负Cu团簇的尺寸分布减小。     

惠斯通电桥实验的分析

惠斯通电桥的灵敏度是影响电阻测量精度的一个主要因素。本论文探究了惠斯通电桥的灵敏度与电源的电动势、桥臂的电阻、桥臂的比例之间的关系。理论分析显示了，电路的总电流保持恒定的情况下，桥臂的比例越大，惠斯通电桥的灵敏度越低，电阻测量的精度越低。另外，桥臂的比例保持不变且电路总电流不大的情况下，电路的总电流越大，惠斯通电桥的灵敏度越高，电阻测量的精度越高。实验测量得到的数据肯定了理论分析得到的结论。     

GW170817:爱因斯坦对了吗?

来自双中子星并合的引力波事件GW170817和伴随的电磁波段的观测,是天文学研究上的一个重要突破。它不仅带给人类史无前例的关于中子星、伽马暴、千新星的知识,也提供了一个检验强场引力的极端天体实验室。爱因斯坦的广义相对论在不同的方面得到了全新的检验,包括引力的速度、引力子的质量、时空的对称性、引力波的辐射和偏振等。这些检验在更高的精度与更广的视角上肯定了广义相对论的预言。     

物理学──新技术的先导

物理学是研究物质运动的最普遍的形态(力学的、热学的、电磁学的等等)以及它们之间相互转化的一门基础科学.物理学基础研究的目的在于认识物质运动的客观规律和揭示不同层次的物质的内部结构.但历史事实证明,作为基础科学的物理学其研究结果往往能够变成改造世界的强有力的工具     

带有任意自旋粒子衰变产物的角分布

本文研究了具有任意自旋的粒子衰变为一个自旋为零,另一个自旋为1/2的粒子的角分布。给出了球谐函数展开式系数的表式。发现偶次球谐函数项的系数是和引起衰变的相互作用哈密顿量具体形式无关的。但是在球谐函数展开式的奇次项的系数却和一个参变数α有关,而α的值却反映了宇称守恒的相互作用和宇称不守恒的相互作用之间干涉作用的大小。我们给出了这些系数的极大值,发现凡是偶次项系数的极大值是随着衰变粒子自旋的增加而增加的,而奇次项系数的极大值却随着衰变粒子自旋的增加而减小。本文还给出了衰变着的粒子的密度矩阵作为展开式的系数的函数的表式。当这些展开式系数已经知道以后,用这些函数就能决定衰变前的粒子的极化状态,决定宇称守恒相互作用和宇称不守恒相互作用之间的干涉的程度。     

时空的对称性

 时空的对称性是大自然的奇妙特性之一,这种特性几乎是无处不在。例如,从宏观的角度看,人和动物的形体结构是左右对称的,植物的结构也是左右对称的,飘落的雪花的结构也是对称的。从微观的角度看,所有晶体都是对称排列的,水分子的排列也是具有严格的对称性。对称性无论在人们的日常生活中,还是在科学研究和应用技术领域,都具有非常重要的作用和地位;它潜移默化地影响着人类的观念和思维,这点可以从人类建筑的对称结构和人的对称审美观来说明;尤其在物理科学的研究中,例如基本粒子的研究、半导体物理的研究等等,时空对称性都是处于核心地位的重要概念。     

纯相对的运动观必须批判──试评相对性原理

一、从牛顿的纯绝对运动观到 爱因斯坦的纯相对运动观 在经典力学中,牛顿把物体的运动机械地割裂为“绝对的和相对的,真正的和表现的,数学的和通常的”.在他看来,相对运动“不过是整体的和绝对的运动的一部分”,“是真正运动之差”.他认为自己的“水桶实验”找到了“直接与相对运动相反的水的真正绝对的旋转运动”。当物理学的发展深入到电磁现象的新领域时,光的传播定律就与体现这种形而上学的纯绝对运动观的经典相对性原理发生了严重的抵触. 爱因斯坦抓住电磁观象对于惯性运动也具有相对性的事实,把经典相对性原理推广为狭义相对性原理.他…     

在QCD中核子的静态性质

基于参数化的完全穿衣服的夸克传播子,　利用量子色动力学（QCD）研究了核子的磁矩和电荷半径平方的平均值与夸克动量的依赖关系。预言的核子磁矩和电荷半径的数值与文献中广泛应用的经验值和其他许多具有QCD特征的理论模型所预言的值一致。结果说明了核子的磁矩和电荷半径不是人们通常所理解的一个不变的常数,　而是依赖于核子中夸克动量的一个跑动量,　对于不同动量它们的值是不同的。计算结果也清楚地表明了所采用的参数化的夸克传播子的适用性和可靠性。     

世界范围发光研究的现状

当今的发光研究涉及到一些新奇的和有结构的材料,涉及到尖端的实验技术和高深的理论方法。材料在成分和结构上是多种多样的,并且包括:纯的半导体,例如杂质浓度低于10~9杂质/cm~3的锗;同位素掺杂的有机晶体,例如在质子化的蒽基质中的氘化的蒽;大原胞的化学配比材料,其激活剂是有序排列的,不象在通常的发光体中那样位于无规的格位上;结构性很强的材料,包括用分子束外延制备的异质结、在组分上有单调梯度变化的材料     

Cooling induced by parametric resonance in a magnetic quadrupole trap

It is demonstrated experimentally that the anharmonic property of the quadrupole trap can be exploited to cool trapped atoms by modulating the trap potential anisotropically.This cooling effect arises from the energy-selective removal of the most energetic trapped atoms and the thermal equilibrium of the remaining atoms.The frequency dependences of the temperature and the fraction of the atoms left in the trap after the modulation are explored.It is also demonstrated that the cooling induced by parametric resonance can also increase the phase space density of the trapped atoms.     

Influence of dielectric microcavity on the spontaneous emission rate of atom: a perspective on the closed-orbit theory of photons

The formulas of the quantum electrodynamics have been applied to calculate the spontaneous emission rate of excited atom in dielectric microcavity.The results exhibit damping oscillating Patterns which depend sensitively on the scaling parameter and geometrical structure.Compared with the case that the emitting atom is immersed in dielectric,the spontaneous emission rate is depressed obviously and the center or the mean value of the oscillations is intimately related to the real refractive index of the local position where the atom is.In order to explain this phenomenon,we utilize the closed-orbit theory to deal with the classical trajectories of the emitted photon.and extract the corresponding frequencies of the oscillations by Fourier transform.It is found that the oscillations can be represented in terms of the closed-orbits of the photon motion constrained in dielectric microcavity,thus providing another perspective on the spontaneous emission of atom sandwiched by dielectric slabs.     

Recovery of the free field in noisy environment by using the spherical wave superposition method

To remove the scattering effect of the disturbing sound on the target source when implementing nearfield acoustic holography in a non-free field, a free field recovery technique based on the spherical wave superposition method is proposed. In the method, the sound field separation technique based on the spherical wave superposition method is first used to separate the incoming and outgoing fields, and a further step for separating the radiated and scattered fields is performed by utilizing the surface admittance of the target source as the boundary condition. The technique makes it possible to correctly identify noise sources in a non-free sound field. The basic principle of the technique is described firstly, a method for choosing the optimal number of spherical wave expansion terms is given, and two numerical simulations are used to demonstrate the validity of this technique. It is shown that, for the lower frequency, the scattering effect can be neglected, and the radiated field of the target source can be obtained by the sound field separation technique, however, as the increasing of the frequency, the scattering effect cannot be neglected, and the free field recovery technique has to be used to obtain the radiated field of the target source.     

A subspace fitting algorithm of acoustic vector sensor array and corresponding matrix pre-filter design

In order to ease the pass-band response distortion of the matrix pre-filter,a simple approach for designing matrix spatial filter is proposed,which minimizes the sum of the k maximal distortion norm（k is the number of the constraint points）within the pass-band,while constraining the filter response within the stop-band.Considering the costly amount of calculation of the high-resolution methods,an algorithm with small amount of calculation based on matrix pre-filtering and subspace fitting using acoustic vector array（MF-VSSF）is proposed.Through joint processing of signal subspace of both pressure and particle velocity,the pre-filtering matrix and the signal subspace is decreased to M-dimensional（M is the number of array-element）,hence reduces the time-consumption of the matrix pre-filter design and DOA searching.Simulation results show that,the method offers the same performance as MUSIC with pre-filtering,but has much lesser amount of calculation.Moreover,the designed prefilter can efficiently suppress the interference in the stop-band and improve the estimation and resolution performance of successive DOA estimators.     

Sound scattering from partially water-filled elastic spherical shell with an internal elastic plate

According to the equation of motion in the elastic medium and integral equation of target scattering, the sound scattering from the partially water-filled elastic spherical shells with and without an inner plate is studied using the finite element and boundary element method, and the scattering normalized form functions of the shell filled with different volume of water are computed and the mechanism of resonance scattering is analyzed. The results show that the resonance of the shell with partially water-filled and without the plate is mainly related to the volume of water, and the resonance is produced by inner water and the spherical shell. The resonance characteristics of partially water-filled elastic shell with the plate are similar to that of empty structured elastic spherical shell, and the sound field in inner water is weaker which indicates the main resonance characteristics are decided by spherical shell and the plate. In addition, the scattering characteristics of spherical shell with plate and one side full water-filled are greatly different from the partially water-filled ones.     

A study on the best irradiation dose of X-ray for Hep-2 cells by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy

Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) was employed to study the human epidermis larynx carcinoma cell lines (Hep-2) which were irradiated by different doses of X-ray.The results show that (1) the irradiation of X-ray damages the structure of the CH3 groups of the thymine in DNA,which restrains the reproduction of Hep-2 cells effectively,(2) the 8 Gy dose of X-ray irradiation changes the framework and the relative contents of some proteins,lipids and the nucleic acid molecules intercellular in the greatest degree,and (3) the 8 Gy dose of X-ray irradiation is the best irradiation dose for lowering the degree of the cancerization of Hep-2 cells according to the criteria for the degree of the cancerization reported recently.Meanwhile,the apoptosis of these cells were detected by using flow cytometry (FCM) primarily.It shows that the apoptotic ratio of the Hep-2 cells depends on the irradiation dose to some extent,but is not linearly.And the apoptotic ratio of the 12 Gy dose group is the maximum (20.36%),but the apoptotic ratios of the 2 to 8 Gy dose groups change little.     

Influence of substrate process tolerances on transmission characteristics of frequency-selective surface

Frequency-selective surface （FSS） is a two-dimensional periodic structure consisting of a dielectric substrate and the metal units （or apertures） arranged periodically on it. When manufacturing the substrate, its thickness and dielectric constant suffer process tolerances. This may induce the center frequency of the FSS to shift, and consequently influence its characteristics. In this paper, a bandpass FSS structure is designed. The units are the Jerusalem crosses arranged squarely. The mode-matching technique is used for simulation. The influence of the tolerances of the substrate＇s thickness and dielectric constant on the center frequency is analyzed. Results show that the tolerances of thickness and dielectric constant have different influences on the center frequency of the FSS. It is necessary to ensure the process tolerance of the dielectric constant in the design and manufacturing of the substrate in order to stabilize the center frequency.     

Modification to first-order Born approximation for improved prediction of scattered sound from weakly scattering objects

When deriving the Fourier diffraction theorem based on the first-order Born approximation,the difference between wave number of the scattering object and that of the surrounding medium is ignored,causing substantial errors in sound scattering prediction.This paper modifies the Born approximation by taking into account the amplitude and phase changes between the scattering object and the water due to the wave number difference.By changing the radius and center position of the sampling circle in the Fourier domain,accuracy of the predicted sound scattering is improved.With the modified Born approximation,the computed far-field directional pattern of the scattered sound from a circular cylinder is in good agreement with the rigorous solution.Numerical calculations for several objects with different shapes are used to show applicability and effectiveness of the proposed method.     

Study on the radiation problem caused by electron beam loss in accelerator tubes

The beam dynamic code PARMELA was used to simulate the transportation process of accelerating electrons in S-band SW linacs with different energies of 2.5, 6 and 20 MeV. The results indicated that in the ideal condition, the percentage of electron beam loss was 50% in accelerator tubes. Also we calculated the spectrum, the location and angular distribution of the lost electrons. Calculation performed by Monte Carlo code MCNP demonstrated that the radiation distribution of lost electrons was nearly uniform along the tube axis, the angular distributions of the radiation dose rates of the three tubes were similar, and the highest leaking dose was at the angle of 160° with respect to the axis. The lower the energy of the accelerator, the higher the radiation relative leakage. For the 2.5 MeV accelerator, the maximum dose rate reached 5% of the main dose and the one on the head of the electron gun was 1%, both of which did not meet the eligible protection requirement for accelerators. We adopted different shielding designs for different accelerators. The simulated result showed that the shielded radiation leaking dose rates fulfilled the requirement.     

Numerical analysis of the 2D acoustic field with fuzzy-random parameters

Regard for the fuzziness and the randomness in some acoustic fields,a method for the numerical analysis of the 2D acoustic field with Fuzzy-Random parameters was proposed based on the equivalent conversion of information entropy.In the proposed method,a fuzzyrandom acoustic field was treated as a pure fuzzy acoustic field or a pure random acoustic field by transforming all the variables into fuzzy variables or random variables.Perturbation finite element methods for analyzing the two-dimensional acoustic fuzzy and random field are deduced.The sound pressure response of a 2D acoustic tube and the 2D acoustic cavity of a car with fuzzy-random parameters were analyzed by the proposed method and the Monte Carlo method,the results show that the proposed method can be well applied to the numerical analysis of the 2D acoustic field with fuzzy-random parameters,and has good prospect of engineering application.