Single-Longitudinal-Mode Pulsed Dye Laser with Coaxial End-Pumping and Self-Seeding

We report a single-longitudinal-mode pulsed dye laser scheme in grazing incidence geometry. The points are to incorporate coaxial end-pumping and self-seeding into the conventional grazing incidence geometry termed the Littman scheme (Appl. Opt. ²³ (1984) 4465). It is shown that the present scheme can considerably reduce the pump threshold and realize higher output power with better stability than the conventional Littman scheme.     

Design of Highly Directive Ni-Like Ag X-Ray Laser at 13.9nm

We theoretically investigate a 13.9nm Ni-like Ag x-ray laser using a one-dimensional hydrodynamic code coupled with an atomic physics data package. The population inversion is transiently pumped by a grazing incident 0.5ps main pulse irradiating into an optimized plasma, which is generated by a normal incidence 300ps pulse and a subsequent grazing incidence 300ps pulse. The effect of the grazing-incidence angle on the source position of the output x-ray laser is investigated. Near zero deflecting angle is found for the peak output intensity of the Ni-like Ag x-ray lasers, with a small FWHM divergence of 5mrad. It is predicted that saturation can be achieved with a total pump energy of 165mJ.     

Analytical model for the grazing reflection of a narrow beam

We propose an analytical model for the grazing reflection of a narrow beam. For the special incidence condition, the output field is the superposition of the incidence and reflected fields, so the incidence cutoff frequency is defined in the angular spectrum. With the definition, we deduce the effective plane-wave-reflection coefficient, together with angular spectrum of the output field. The model is verified by numerical simulation. Calculation in ordinary linear, nonabsorbing media with this model reveals some remarkable characteristics of the output fields, such as negative lateral shift and a beam-width compression effect.     

新型结构声光调Q激光器研究

为了提高声光调Q输出脉冲的重复率;通过分析影响脉冲输出特性的因素,提出了采用新颖的掠入射方式、线泵浦源侧面泵浦的特殊谐振腔结构,在泵浦功率50 W时,实现了重复频率500 kHz、脉冲宽度76.82 ns的高重复频率激光脉冲输出.结果表明,缩短脉冲建立时间,提高泵浦功率,可以有效地提高声光调Q激光器的重复频率.     

Modification of Classical SPM for Slightly Rough Surface Scattering with Low Grazing Angle Incidence

Based on the impedance/admittance rough boundaries, the reflection coefficients and the scattering cross section with low grazing angle incidence are obtained for both VV and HH polarizations. The error of the classical perturbation method at grazing angle is overcome for the vertical polarization at a rough Neumann boundary of infinite extent. The derivation of the formulae and the numerical results show that the backscattering cross section depends on the grazing angle to the fourth power for both Neumann and Dirichlet boundary conditions with low grazing angle incidence. Our results can reduce to that of the classical small perturbation method by neglecting the Neumann and Dirichlet boundary conditions.     

Modification of Classical SPM for Slightly Rough Surface Scattering with Low Grazing Angle Incidence

Based on the impedance/admittance rough boundaries, the reflection coefficients and the scattering cross section with low grazing angle incidence are obtained for both VV and HH polarizations. The error of the classical perturbation method at grazing angle is overcome for the vertical polarization at a rough Neumann boundary of infinite extent. The derivation of the formulae and the numerical results show that the backscattering cross section depends on the grazing angle to the fourth power for both Neumann and Dirichlet boundary conditions with low grazing angle incidence. Our results can reduce to that of the classical small perturbation method by neglecting the Neumann and Dirichlet boundary conditions.     

Tunable narrow-band moderate-power laser system pumped by copper-vapor lasers

The construction of a narrow-band tunable dye laser system having a moderate power and pumped by copper-vapor lasers is proposed. The system consists of a master oscillator with a grating operating at grazing incidence, and a two-stage amplifier. The system is designed for laser isotope separation.     

Saturated X-ray lasing in Ni-like Sn at 11.9 nm using the GRIP scheme

We report on gain-saturated operation of the 11.9 nm X-ray lasing line in Ni-like Sn using the grazing-incidence pumping scheme (GRIP). The experiments were done with 2-ps duration pump pulses and energies up to 5 J. Strong gain saturation with multi-microjoule output was measured for the Sn laser at a grazing angle of 30° and a pump pulse energy of 3 J. This was achieved with a 4.5%, 2-ps duration prepulse 2.4 ns ahead of the main pulse and also incident at grazing incidence. Increasing laser output was observed at GRIP angles up to 45°. At this angle, the minimum energy required for saturated lasing was determined as ∼2 J.     

Electromagnetic Scattering from One-Dimensional Time-Varying Sea Surface with Gaussian-Like Beam Incidence

A widely used iterative technique named the Method of Ordered Multiple Interactions is given for calculating the Gaussian-like beam scattering from a time-varying sea surface with the Pierson-Moskowitz (P-M) spectrum. This is done by solving the magnetic field integral equation for the current induced on an infinite rough surface. Following the discretization of the integral equation, the unknown currents can be determined more rapidly with the LU decomposition. Numerical results are presented with emphasis on the electromagnetic backscattering at low grazing angle incidence. It is shown that the backscattering cross section is proportional to the nearly fourth power of the grazing angle for the plane and beam incidence. This is consistent with the result given in some references. The angular distributions of the backscattering cross section with a different beam waist, surface length, and velocity of the wind are discussed.     

A pulsed dye laser with grazing incidence and folded cavity

A novel design of a transversally pumped pulsed dye laser resonator using grazing incidence in a folded astigmatic cavity is described. The stability conditions, beam waist and output divergence of the oscillating mode are derived from the ray transfer matrix for this cavity. A diffraction limited gaussian beam is obtained. The linewidth can be adjusted down to 610 MHz without using any intracavity etalon.     

线聚焦——实现实用X射线激光饱和输出的关键技术

自从X射线激光问世以来，在产生机制从准稳态到瞬态，抽运方式从横向抽运到纵向抽运，再到全新的掠入射抽运方式的过程中，大增益的饱和输出一直是研究的根本目标．线聚焦问题是实现辐照均匀化进而达到饱和输出的关键．伴随着抽运方式的发展，先后出现了一系列对应的线聚焦器件，取得了不错的线聚焦效果．文章对X射线激光发展历史上出现的主要线聚焦器件进行了总结。     

Narrow-bandwidth operation of a XeCl laser with SFUR

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Electromagnetic Scattering from One-Dimensional Time-Varying Sea Surface with Gaussian-Like Beam Incidence

A widely used iterative technique named the Method of Ordered Multiple Interactions is given for calculat-ing the Gaussian-like beam scattering from a time-varying sea surface with the Pierson-Moskowitz (P-M) spectrum. Thisis done by solving the magnetic field integral equation for the current induced on an infinite rough surface. Following thediscretization of the integral equation, the unknown currents can be determined more rapidly with the LU decomposition.Numerical results are presented with emphasis on the electromagnetic backscattering at low grazing angle incidence. Itis shown that the backscattering cross section is proportional to the nearly fourth power of the grazing angle for thebackscattering cross section with a different beam waist, surface length, and velocity of the wind are discussed     

Two-wavelength self-seeded pulsed tunable laser

A compact self-seeded pulsed tunable laser is described. Its optical cavity comprises a diffraction grating, operating at a grazing angle of incidence as a spectral selector and narrow-band spectral gate. The grating couples two partially overlapping laser channels: a highly selective master laser and a nonselective slave laser. Due to the implemented efficient intracavity self-seeding the laser emits spectrally pure single-longitudinal-mode radiation at two independently tunable wavelengths, with an efficiency and output energy that are typical for nonselective lasers. Results of the experimental investigation of the laser’s output characteristics are presented. Received: 12 March 2001 / Revised version: 10 December 2001 / Published online: 7 February 2002     

一种宽波段掠入射平场谱仪的概念设计

等离子体辐射的谱线中包含着等离子体状态的大量信息。因此,探测等离子体状态参数的最有效手段之一就是等离子体辐射的谱线测量。现有的软X射线掠入射平场谱仪由于受到已有掠入射变间距凹面反射光栅的限制,在保持平焦场的情况下,可测量波段范围只有5~40 nm。为了扩展掠入射XUV平场谱仪的测谱范围,首先编制了掠入射变间距凹面反射光栅的光路追踪程序。然后与文献[6]同样条件下的结果进行了数值比较,结果表明我们的程序计算结果与Harada等的结果符合的非常好,从而验证了所编制光路追踪程序的可信性。最后利用所编程序对不同掠入射条件下变间距凹面反射光栅的平焦场变化情况进行了详细的数值研究。通过计算和分析表明,在保持软X射线波段范围5~40 nm为平场不变的情况下,在45~80 nm的超紫外线波段范围内找到了一个满足平焦场条件的平场面直线方程为y=-2.50x+661.11的平场面,从而利用一块掠入射凹面光栅就可以将掠入射平场谱仪的波长范围从5~40 nm扩展到5~80 nm。这个结果即从理论上论证了将传统的掠入射平场谱仪从软X射线波段扩展到超紫外线(XUV)波段的可行性,也为提高了掠入射平场凹面光栅的使用性提出了新的设计思路。     

High-resolution observation of basal-plane C-core edge dislocations in 4H–SiC crystal by transmission electron microscopy

High-resolution transmission electron microscopy was used to analyze basal-plane dislocations, which display very characteristic contrasts in grazing incidence monochromatic X-ray topographic images, on the Si-face of 4H–SiC. Grazing incidence monochromatic synchrotron X-ray topography, which is a lattice defect observational technique, has been used in power devices made from 4H–SiC. This technique is useful in analyzing lattice defects near the surface but without the contrast of high-density lattice defects inside the wafer. Basal-plane dislocations exhibit several distinct types of contrast: dark, bright, asymmetric dark/bright and intermediate contrast. Dark and bright contrast areas have been reported to be the edge dislocation regions of basal-plane dislocations. Nevertheless, it remains unclear whether the dark contrast regions are edge dislocations with extra half-planes on the surface side, i.e. Si-core edge dislocations, or those with extra half planes on the deeper crystal side, namely C-core edge dislocations on the Si-face. In this paper, basal-plane dislocations with dark contrast edge dislocations in grazing incidence X-ray topographic images around the (0001) surface were observed via high-resolution transmission electron microscopy, and it was determined that the extra half planes are located on the deeper side against the Si-face. This indicates that the dark contrast edge dislocations are those with a C-core structure on the Si-face. This conclusion is important in establishing the analytical procedure for dislocation contrast in grazing incidence monochromatic X-ray topography on Si face images.     

A practical cross-section for scattering from rough surfaces at very low grazing angles in both the forward and backward directions

In this paper we develop an extension of the small slope approximation (SSA) for scattering from randomly rough Dirichlet surfaces, which includes some multiple scattering. This extension is designated by SSA+. We focus on scattering at very low grazing angles where multiple scattering of both the incident and scattered fields is of importance. Numerical results for the SSA+ bistatic scattering cross-section for very low forward grazing angles are presented using the Gaussian roughness spectrum and for both very low forward and very low backward grazing angles using the Pierson–Moskowitz and modified power law spectra. The results are restricted to an angle of incidence of 80°. It is shown that when the lowest-order SSA gives reasonably accurate results, the SSA+ increases the accuracy up to at least the final 0.2° of grazing in the forward direction. In the backward direction, the SSA+ gives good results for the Pierson–Moskowitz spectrum, but the results are less dramatic.     

Flashlamp pumped color center lasers

Flashlamp pumped tunable operation of F_A(II) and F_B(II) center lasers is reported. Threshold pump energies as low as 400 mJ, output energies of nearly 70 mJ and an efficiency of 0.1% have been achieved. The width of the emission spectrum of initially 70 GHz with a Littrow grating tuner was reduced to 1.5 GHz using a grazing incidence grating configuration. The scalability of the system is discussed.     

窄光束在掠反射条件下的特性

在掠入射条件下,由于部分平面波分量无法直接入射到反射面,从而不能按照常规方式被反射和透射. 而反射透射模式的逆过程被用来描述非直接入射的这部分平面波分量与反射区的相互作用. 基于这两个模式,采用平面波展开法导出了窄光束掠入射条件下出射光的场分布,理论计算结果与采用BPM方法的模拟值完全一致. 关键词： 掠反射 平面波展开法 导波模式 光波导开关     

CVL-pumped dye laser for spectroscopic application

A spectroscopic dye laser system-pumped by a Copper Vapor Laser (CVL)-has been built and optimized for different dye solutions operating in the spectral range from 530 to 890 nm. Conversion efficiencies up to 40% were reached in broad band operation, 24% with a prism expander grating cavity, and 20% in grazing incidence configuration, which operated at typical band widths of 3 GHz. Second harmonic generation (SHG) of the dye laser output produced tunable uv-radiation between 260 and 408 nm at conversion efficiencies 5%. Fundamental and SHG output were used for resonant ionization experiments in molecular beams.