利用流-固交界面上的伪瑞利波幅度进行液位检测的实验测量

基于流-固交界面上的伪瑞利波衰减依赖半空间流体性质这一特点,提出了一种利用伪瑞利波幅度测量液位的声学方法,并设计实验对其可行性进行了探讨。首先简要介绍了该方法的理论基础,回顾了前一篇文章的数值模拟工作所得到的重要结论;而后在水槽内进行实验,使用两个源距固定的横波换能器分别激发和接收铝制柱体表面的伪瑞利波,测量了不同液面高度下的脉冲伪瑞利波幅度及其主频偏移,并与数值模拟结果进行了比较。实验结果表明,测量所得的伪瑞利波幅度变化范围略小于数值模拟所得到的结果,但二者在反映变化规律上具有较好的一致性,即:随着液面高度的升高,脉冲伪瑞利波幅度近似呈指数下降,与此同时主频向低频偏移,偏移量近似呈线性规律增大。本文的研究结果从实验上验证了这一检测方法的可行性和有效性。     

液面位置对流-固交界面上伪瑞利波幅度影响的数值模拟

研究了流体半空间中存在气-液交界面并且其位置发生改变时,流-固交界面上伪瑞利波的传播特性和幅度响应特征。借助有限差分的方法,实现了对不同气-液交界面位置时振动方向垂直于流-固交界面的脉冲面源所激发表面波声场的数值模拟,分别讨论了气-液交界面自身的散射作用与伪瑞利波传播过程中的能量泄漏对伪瑞利波幅度的影响。数值模拟结果表明:气-液交界面自身对伪瑞利波的散射作用对伪瑞利波幅度仅有极微小的影响,而能量泄漏才是引起伪瑞利波衰减的决定性因素;随着气-液交界面位置的升高,脉冲伪瑞利波幅度呈指数规律下降,与此同时主频向低频偏移。所得研究结果可以发展为一种利用伪瑞利波幅度进行液位检测的可靠方法。      

水泥密度和套管尺寸对油井套管波的影响

通过数值模拟结合实验测量,研究了第一、第二界面胶结良好情况下套管井内的声场,考察了水泥密度、套管直径及其壁厚对套管波幅度的影响,并将部分数值模拟结果与实验结果进行了对比.结果表明,套管波幅度随固井水泥密度增大而减小,低密度水泥和常规密度水泥固井时所得到的套管波幅度相差较大;因此,进行固井质量评价时对不同密度的水泥应采用不同的评价标准.当套管直径不变而壁厚增大时,套管波到时不变而幅度增大;当套管壁厚不变而直径增大时,套管波到时延后而其绝对幅度减小.对油田中常用的三种套管,在大型号套管中所得到的套管波的相对幅度也较大.另外,数值结果中套管波相对幅度随水泥密度的变化规律与实验测量结果基本一致.     

水表面波矩型谐振器非线性共振曲线的测量

本文是在作者最近发现的非传播型水表面孤波的基础上对有关机制的进一步探讨。实验表明水表面波矩型谐振器非线性共振曲线可向低频端或向高频端偏移,决定这种偏移方向的参数是平衡时液面的高度。作者并系统地测量了在不同液面高度下的共振曲线,确定了共振曲线在非线性响应下不发生偏移的转换液面高度。 关键词：     

利用场关联效应抑制瑞利型非简并四波混频的热背底

瑞利型非简并四波混频是测量物质超快纵向弛豫时间的有效手段,将场关联原理应用于具有热吸收的样品中瑞利型非简并四波混频的热背底抑制，给出了抑制热背底的条件，并通过数值模拟证明了其可行性. 关键词： 四波混频 场关联 超快测量     

圆柱空腔上裂纹的爬波检测方法

通过牛顿迭代法求解了固体内部圆柱空腔上爬波的频散方程,分析了爬波的频散和衰减特性。利用动态光弹法显示了爬波的直观图像和圆柱空腔附近各散射波的空间关系。根据爬波具有的频散、衰减以及辐射横波特征,设计了斜入射脉冲回波实验装置,测量了特定位置处裂纹反射爬波辐射出的横波信号,其与柱面反射波的时差和理论预测一致。进一步实验研究发现,爬波回波幅度与特定位置的裂纹长度具有近似单调的对应关系,在裂纹长度较大时,回波幅度趋于稳定。以上工作为圆柱空腔上裂纹的爬波定量检测提供了物理基础和实现方法。      

聚酯材料在脉冲电子束辐照下的动力学效应与材料参数

对聚酯材料在电子束辐照下的动力学效应进行了研究。采用Monte Carlo方法,计算了脉冲电子束在聚酯材料中的能量沉积;采用流体动力学方法,对聚酯材料在电子束辐照下的热击波和喷射冲量进行了数值模拟;采用将喷射冲量和热击波压力的数值结果与实验测量结果进行逼近的方法,得到了聚酯材料的升华能约为1.1 kJ/g,Grüneisen系数的常态值约为0.2。     

激光脉冲时域整形及其对发射度的改善效果

 利用脉冲堆积法对驱动激光脉冲进行了时域整形,并利用条纹相机测量到了理想的整形结果。在脉冲堆积法的基础上,给出了近似椭球体整形的方案。模拟结果表明：利用脉冲堆积法整形后得到激光脉冲驱动光阴极可以获得更小的发射度;对于测量到的半高全宽（FWHM）为3.82 ps的脉冲,8个子脉冲堆积比4个子脉冲堆积更为有利;此外,对激光脉冲作近似椭球体整形可以进一步降低束流发射度。     

一种过套管双源反激声波测井方法

套管井胶结差时,地层声速的测量是一个很重要的测井难题。为解决这一难题,提出了一种过套管双源反激声波测井方法,从数据采集上压制套管波,增强地层波的信噪比。模拟计算了这种情况下双源反激的测井声波波形,并在实验室制作了1:10的套管模型井,进行了物理模拟实验。计算结果表明利用该方法可以有效压制套管波,并能清晰地识别出地层纵波。对实测波形的分析表明,实验条件下采用双源反激方法套管波幅度能够被压制到单源激励时的0.12倍,有效提高了地层波的信噪比,并能有效提取地层波的速度。理论和物理模拟结果验证了该方法的可行性,为其工程应用奠定了基础。     

一种过套管双源反激声波测井方法

套管井胶结差时,地层声速的测量是一个很重要的测井难题。为解决这一难题,提出了一种过套管双源反激声波测井方法,从数据采集上压制套管波,增强地层波的信噪比。模拟计算了这种情况下双源反激的测井声波波形,并在实验室制作了1:10的套管模型井,进行了物理模拟实验。计算结果表明利用该方法可以有效压制套管波,并能清晰地识别出地层纵波。对实测波形的分析表明,实验条件下采用双源反激方法套管波幅度能够被压制到单源激励时的0.12倍,有效提高了地层波的信噪比,并能有效提取地层波的速度。理论和物理模拟结果验证了该方法的可行性,为其工程应用奠定了基础。      

一维非线性声波传播特性

针对一维非线性声波的传播问题进行了有限元仿真和实验研究. 首先推导了一维非线性声波方程的有限元形式, 含有高阶矩阵的非线性项导致声波具有波形畸变、谐波滋生、基频信号能量向高次谐波传递等非线性特性. 编制有限元程序对一维非线性声波进行了计算并对仿真得到的畸变非线性声波信号进行处理, 分析其传播性质和物理意义. 为验证有限元计算结果, 开展了水中的非线性声波传播的实验研究, 得到了不同输入信号幅度激励下和不同传播距离的畸变非线性声波信号. 然后对基波和二次谐波的传播性质进行详细讨论, 分析了二次谐波幅度与传播距离和输入信号幅度的变化关系及其意义, 拟合出二次谐波幅度随传播距离变化的方程并阐述了拟合方程的物理意义. 结果表明, 数值仿真信号及其频谱均与实验结果有较好的一致性, 证实计算方法和结果的正确性, 并提出了具有一定物理意义的二次谐波随传播距离变化的简单数学关系. 最后还对固体中的非线性声波传播性质进行了初步探讨. 本研究工作可为流体介质中的非线性声传播问题提供理论和实验依据.     

激光激发水中产生超声波的实验研究

采用压电陶瓷水听器研究了Nd：YAG脉冲激光激发水中产生瞬态超声波的特性,给出了声压信号随距离的变化关系。研究结果表明：用激光产生水下声波是完全可行的。当观测点与光击穿区的距离r远大于柱体长度时,垂直于光传播方向的激光瞬态超声波幅值与r成反比;当观测点与光击穿区的距离r很小时,垂直于光传播方向的声压幅值与产成反比。此外,当激光入射角度发生变化,超声脉冲的幅值也随之发生变化,其幅值在激光束垂直入射的时候最大。     

随时间变化的非平整壁面对液膜表面波演化特性的影响

本文对非平整壁面上的液膜表面波演化过程进行了研究. 针对非平整壁面随时间变化的特性, 采用小参数摄动法对控制方程和边界条件进行求解, 推导出波动壁面上液膜表面波的扰动方程, 采用导数展开法对其进行求解, 并选取简谐波形状的壁面进行数值研究. 对波动壁面下不同参数的影响规律研究可得, 当壁面频率较小时, 静态波与行进波的波长比较相近, 促进表面波之间的合并, 且壁面频率、壁面振幅及Re数的增加, 均会使表面波的振幅明显增大; 对比波动壁面与非平整壁面可得, 在相同位置处, 随着时间的演化, 非平整壁面上表面波呈周期变化, 而波动壁面上表面波呈波长更大的近周期变化; 壁面振幅和壁面频率的降低, 均会使两种壁面结构下的表面波振幅减小, 但所形成的表面波形有所不同, 即波动壁面引起的表面波可看作波动壁面结构与非平整壁面引起的表面波叠加而成.     

固体板中SH板波非线性效应的实验观察

采用微扰近似和导波的模式展开分析方法,从理论上简要分析了SH板波的二次谐波发生效应;尽管在无限大固体介质中单个切变波的二次谐波发生效应非常微弱,但在一定条件下由两个切变波构成的SH板波可具有强烈的非线性效应;本文的主要工作就是对此结论加以实验验证。试制了激发SH板波的切变波斜劈换能器和接收二次谐波信号的液体斜劈换能器,建立了非线性SH板波的实验研究系统;通过详细的理论分析和对比实验研究,阐明了在一定条件下实验观察到的显著二次谐波信号来源于SH板波传播过程中的强烈非线性效应。此外,针对不同的SH板波传播距离,在远场条件下分别测量了相应的二次谐波幅频曲线;在基频SH板波与二倍频对称兰姆波相速度相等所对应的频率值附近,分析了二次谐波的振幅随传播距离的变化关系,结果证明在一定条件下SH板波的二次谐波振幅可随传播距离积累增长,即SH板波可具有强烈的非线性效应。      

The influence of progressive light diffraction in Debye-Sears phenomena

Two previous theories of Debye-Sears diffraction of light by plane ultrasonic waves are summarized. The theories assume that significant modulation of the light wave occurs in both phase and amplitude. In our own approach account is taken of both curvature of the light rays inside the ultrasonic beam and diffraction of the system alone at the exit plane, neglecting any diffraction effect in the liquid itself. In the Hargrove's method progressive diffraction in the medium is considered. Results from these theories are compared with experimental data obtained at a frequency of 5 MHz with ultrasonic waves having large amplitude and beamwidth (50 mm).     

Excitation of the acoustic and leaky waves in the atmosphere by a sub-surface seismic source

We study excitation of acoustic, leaky, and surface waves by a time-harmonic force source located in a homogeneous isotropic elastic half-space contacting a homogeneous gas. The force acts in the normal direction to the interface between the media. We consider the case where the sound velocity in the gas is less than the velocity of the Rayleigh wave propagating along the surface of the solid. An expression is derived for the period-averaged radiation power of the surface Stoneley wave. The total radiation power is calculated for the acoustic wave in the gas and for the leaky pseudo-Rayleigh wave. Variations in the radiation powers of the surface and leaky waves are analyzed as functions of the source depth. If the velocities of compressional and shear waves in the elastic medium significantly exceed the sound velocity in the gas, then the radiation power of the Stoneley wave turns out to be a factor of 10⁶–10⁸ smaller than the radiation powers of other waves. The radiation power of the Stoneley wave decreases monotonically with increasing source depth, and the decrease becomes more pronounced with the increase in the difference between the acoustic impedances of the contacting media. If the shear-wave velocity in the solid is close to the sound velocity in the gas, then the radiation power of the Stoneley wave is comparable with the radiation powers of other waves and exhibits maximum at a certain source depth. For some parameters of the gas and the solid, and for certain source depths, the Stoneley wave carries away more than a half of the total radiation power. It is shown that, for certain relations between the parameters of the media, the radiation power of the Stoneley wave increases due to redistribution of the radiated power from the pseudo-Rayleigh leaky wave. The total power of these waves remains approximatly constant and, with accuracy of the order of 10⁻³, is equal to the radiation power of the Rayleigh wave at the vacuum-solid interface. It is shown that the acoustic-wave power which can be transmitted to the upper layers of the atmosphere during an earthquake does not exceed 0.01% of the total power radiated at a given frequency. __________ Translated from Izvestiya Vysshikh Uchebnykh Zavedenii, Radiofizika, Vol. 49, No. 7, pp. 577–592, July 2006.     

Pattern transition of two-dimensional Faraday waves at an extremely shallow depth

In this paper, we experimentally investigate the pattern transition of two-dimensional Faraday waves at an extremely shallow depth in a Hele-Shaw cell. Several patterns of Faraday waves are observed, which have some significant differences in wave profile, wave height and wave length. It is found that, in a wide range of the forcing frequency f, there always exists a region of the acceleration amplitude A, in which there exist the so-called hysteretic jumps between different patterns of Faraday waves. All of these experimental observations could enrich our knowledges about the Faraday waves and would be helpful to the further theoretical studies on the related topic in future.     

Rivulet flow on the outer surface of an inclined cylinder

A study of the three-dimensional flow of a liquid film (rivulet) over the external part of an inclined cylinder was conducted for liquids with various physical properties. Patterns of the flow regimes were constructed. Good agreement is observed between the experimental data on the thickness and wall friction with the calculation with an asymptotic model in the case of a waveless rivulet. A comparison of the evolution of natural waves on rivulets with the theory of waves of maximal growth shows good agreement for small Re numbers. During the experiments, the wave characteristics of excited waves on a rivulet were investigated. The thickness, amplitude, frequency, and phase velocity of the waves over a wide range of variable parameters are given. Phase velocity integrated functions of the amplitude are constructed for various liquids. The friction on the cylinder wall is measured in the presence of natural and excited waves. The effects of wave regimes on the average values and RMS (root-mean-square) friction pulsations are studied.     

Physical investigation of acoustic waves induced by the oscillation and collapse of the single bubble

The objective of this paper is to apply both experimental and numerical methods to investigate acoustic waves induced by the oscillation and collapse of a single bubble. In the experiments, the schlieren technique is used to capture the temporal evolution of the bubble shapes, and the corresponding acoustic waves. The results are presented for the single bubble generated by a low-voltage bubble generator in the free field of water. During the numerical simulations, a three-dimensional (3D) weakly compressible model is introduced to investigate the single bubble dynamics, including the generation and propagation of acoustic waves. The results show that (1) Compression wave, rarefaction wave and shock wave are generated during expansion stage, collapse stage and rebound stage of the bubble respectively. (2) Compression waves are induced by the rapid expansion of the bubble and eventually steepen into one shock wave propagating outward in the liquid, then another strong shock wave is emitted at the final collapse stage. The velocity and pressure of the liquid field increases after the shock wave. (3) Rarefaction waves are generated during the collapse stage due to the contraction of the bubble. The rarefaction wave reduces the liquid pressure and its spatial distribution is dispersive. The pressure of these acoustic waves and their effect on the liquid velocity attenuate with the increase of propagation distance.