基于泊松分布单光子源的量子误码率的分析

在自由空间量子密钥分配中,单光子源采用具有泊松分布的高度衰减激光脉冲,量子密码术协议采用BB84和B92协议。通过引入量子信道传输率、单光子捕获概率、测量因子和数据筛选因子,建立了量子误码率理论模型,给出了量子误码率的表达式。对于自由空间量子信道,引起量子误码率的主要因素是光学元件、探测器暗噪声和空间光学环境,并对这些因素进行了分析。针对低轨卫星_地面站间链路,进行了量子误码率的数值仿真研究。结果表明,在低轨卫星_地面站间进行量子密钥分配是可行的,限制自由空间量子密钥分配链路距离的主要因素是探测器暗噪声和空间光学环境。     

基于厄米-高斯光束的单光子捕获理论研究

从光波电磁场方程的TEM10和TEM01模厄米-高斯光束出发,推导了自由空间量子密钥分配的单光子捕获概率表达式.针对低轨卫星-地面站间激光链路,进行了单光子捕获分析.理论研究表明,对于低轨卫星-地面站间量子密钥分配,采用TEM10和TEM01模厄米-高斯型高度衰减激光脉冲作为单光子源是可行的.     

基于拉盖尔-高斯光束的单光子捕获理论研究

基于TEM₁₀模拉盖尔-高斯光束,推导自由空间量子密钥分配中单光子捕获概率表达式。针对低轨卫星-地面站间激光链路进行单光子捕获分析。结果表明：采用可高度衰减激光脉冲的TEM₁₀模拉盖尔-高斯光束作为单光子源,单光子捕获采用前驱波参考脉冲设置时间窗口的方法,可使卫星上接收机以最大概率捕获光子。与基模高斯光束相比,采用TEM₁₀模拉盖尔-高斯光束的优点是,不会由于卫星运动而增加单光子捕获概率的损耗。     

量子密码通信中量子比特率理论分析

在量子密钥分配中,量子比特率是一个重要的系统参数。通过引入测量因子和筛选因子,建立了基于理想单光子源和泊松分布单光子源的量子比特率理论模型,给出了量子比特率的表达式,并对两种单光子源进行了比较分析。结果表明,当平均光子数大于1时,泊松分布单光子源能被优化。在发射机脉冲重复率一定的条件下,采用泊松分布单光子源无法达到理想单光子源的量子比特率,这是为保密通信所必须付出的代价。     

Quantum key distribution using quantum-correlated photon sources

Quantum key exchanges using weak coherent (Poissonian) single-photon sources are open to attack by a variety of eavesdropping techniques. Quantum-correlated photon sources provide a means of flagging potentially insecure multiple-photon emissions and thus extending the secure quantum key channel capacity and the secure key distribution range. We present indicative photon-counting statistics for a fully correlated Poissonian multibeam photon source in which the transmitted beam is conditioned by photon number measurements on the remaining beams with non-ideal multiphoton counters. We show that significant rejection of insecure photon pulses from a twin-beam source cannot be obtained with a detector having a realistic quantum efficiency. However quantum-correlated (quadruplet or octuplet) multiplet photon sources conditioned by high efficiency multiphoton counters could provide large improvements in the secure channel capacity and the secure distribution range of high loss systems such as those using the low earth orbit satellite links proposed for global quantum key distribution. Received 14 July and Received in final form 20 November 2001     

基于拉盖尔-高斯光束的单光子捕获概率研究

单光子源通常采用基于高斯光束的高度衰减激光脉冲,假设激光束具有初始高斯时域脉冲波形和TEM01模拉盖尔-高斯空域分布.基于折射率起伏的Rytov近似和修正von Karman谱模型,研究了大气湍流对星地量子通信单光子捕获概率的影响;建立了上行信道和下行信道的单光子捕获概率理论模型;针对低轨卫星-地面站间激光链路,对单光子捕获概率进行了分析.结果表明:上行信道的单光子捕获概率强烈依赖于地面折射率结构常数C2n(0),且随着C2n(0)的增加而减小;然而,下行信道的单光子捕获概率并不依赖于C2n(0),即大气湍流对其没有影响.     

星-地量子密钥分发链路持续时间分析与仿真

链路持续时间是影响卫星量子密钥分发量子比特率的重要参数.文章分析了影响星-地单光子和纠缠光子量子密钥分发链路持续时间的若干因素,并且进行了数值仿真研究.结果表明,随着轨道高度的增加或者地面最小通信仰角的减小,单光子和纠缠光子链路的持续时间有较大的改善;单光子链路时地面站同卫星星下点轨迹间的距离和纠缠光子链路时两地面站之间的距离也均是影响链路持续时间的重要参数;纠缠光子链路持续时间的影响因素较单光子链路更为复杂,其最终决定于卫星星下点轨迹同两地面站之间的位置关系.     

Experimental demonstration of free-space decoy-state quantum key distribution over 144 km

We report on the experimental implementation of a Bennett-Brassard 1984 (BB84) protocol type quantum key distribution over a 144 km free-space link using weak coherent laser pulses. Optimization of the link transmission was achieved with bidirectional active telescope tracking, and the security was ensured by employing decoy-state analysis. This enabled us to distribute a secure key at a rate of 12.8 bit/s at an attenuation of about 35 dB. Utilizing a simple transmitter setup and an optical ground station capable of tracking a spacecraft in low earth orbit, this outdoor experiment demonstrates the feasibility of global key distribution via satellites.     

New estimates of single photon parameters for satellite-based QKD

A new decoy state method has been presented to tighten the lower bound of the key generation rate for BB84 using one decoy state and one signal state. It can give us different lower and upper bounds of the fraction of single-photon counts and single-photon QBER, respectively, for one decoy state protocol. We have also analyzed the feasibility of performing quantum key distribution (QKD), with different exiting protocols, in earth-satellite and intersatellite links. Our simulation shows the choice of intensity of signal state and the effect of choosing the number of decoy states on key generation rate. The final key rate over transmission distance has been simulated, which shows that security proofs give a zero key generation rate at long distances (larger than 16,000 km). It has been shown that the practical QKD can be established with low earth orbit and medium earth orbit satellites.     

Security of the Decoy State Two-Way Quantum Key Distribution with Finite Resources

The quantum key distribution(QKD) allows two parties to share a secret key by typically making use of a one-way quantum channel However,the two-way QKD has its own unique advantages,which means the two-way QKD has become a focus recently.To improve the practical performance of the two-way QKD,we present a security analysis of a two-way QKD protocol based on the decoy method with heralded single-photon sources(HSPSs).We make use of two approaches to calculate the yield and the quantum bit error rate of single-photon and two-photon pulses.Then we present the secret key generation rate based on the GLLP formula.The numerical simulation shows that the protocol with HSPSs has an advantage in the secure distance compared with weak coherent state sources.In addition,we present the final secret key generation rate of the LM05 protocol with finite resources by considering the statistical fluctuation of the yield and the error rate.     

低轨道量子卫星通信星上交换算法及仿真

量子卫星通信能够解决量子移动通信在航海、航空领域中对于远距离和大范围的需求,而星上交换是量子卫星通信的关键技术之一.本文以低轨道量子卫星通信星上交换为研究对象,提出了一种新的星上交换算法——终端测距法.利用该算法测得终端到相邻小区中心的距离,并将测得的数据上传给当前服务卫星系统,再由卫星系统通过比较距离大小决定终端是否切换.数学分析和仿真结果表明,该算法可靠性高、操作方便,能够在各卫星之间实现平稳切换.     

低轨道量子卫星通信星上交换算法及仿真

量子卫星通信能够解决量子移动通信在航海、航空领域中对于远距离和大范围的需求,而星上交换是量子卫星通信的关键技术之一.本文以低轨道量子卫星通信星上交换为研究对象,提出了一种新的星上交换算法—终端测距法.利用该算法测得终端到相邻小区中心的距离,并将测得的数据上传给当前服务卫星系统,再由卫星系统通过比较距离大小决定终端是否切换.数学分析和仿真结果表明,该算法可靠性高、操作方便,能够在各卫星之间实现平稳切换.     

灰霾背景下基于最优链路的低轨道量子卫星星间切换策略

为了应对灰霾对星地量子通信信道所带来的突发性干扰,根据灰霾天气下量子信号在自由空间中的衰减指数,本文提出了一种基于信号功率衰减最低的最优链路量子卫星切换策略。当目前的星地链路参数满足切换条件时,地面用户通过对不同信道中量子信号功率衰减系数的比对,测试到最小衰减卫星链路,基于对光子态Bell基的测量,完成卫星间的量子纠缠交换,建立新的纠缠信道,保证通信在切换过程中的连续性。仿真结果表明,当系统呼损率为5%,能见度为1km,地面用户数分别为50、100、300,轨道高度为300km和1400km时,量子卫星的切换成功率分别为95%、93.6%、91.8%和92%、90%、87%。由此可见,本策略能够在保证通信可靠性的前提下,实现星地间量子信道的平稳切换,提高量子卫星通信系统在灰霾背景下链路的有效性。     

Cryptanalysis of Multiparty Quantum Secret Sharing of Quantum State Using Entangled States

Security of a quantum secret sharing of quantum state protocol proposed by Guo et al. [Chin. Phys. Lett. 25 （2008） 16] is reexamined. It is shown that an eavesdropper can obtain some of the transmitted secret information by monitoring the classical channel or the entire secret by intercepting the quantum states, and moreover, the eavesdropper can even maliciously replace the secret message with an arbitrary message without being detected. Finally, the deep reasons why an eavesdropper can attack this protocol are discussed and the modified protocol is presented to amend the security loopholes.     

Analysis of polarization state in quantum key distribution via single-photon two-qubit states

An improved quantum key distribution scheme via single-photon two-qubit states is proposed. The input–output model of the polarization state is established. And the influence of the interferometers to the polarization state is analyzed. Quantum bit error rate of polarization coding caused by birefringent and coordinate system difference between incident light and the fast and slow axes in fiber interferometer is simulated. Furthermore, maintaining conditions of polarization state are given on this basis.     

预报单光子源诱骗态量子密钥产生率及数值计算

独立推导预报单光子源诱骗态量子密钥分发的密钥产生率计算公式,讨论密钥产生率和发送端探测效率的关系;进行弱相干光和预报单光子源诱骗态量子密钥分发的最优强度估计和密钥产生率数值计算.结果表明,预报单光子源诱骗态量子密钥分发的密钥产生率随着发送端探测效率的增加而增加,其安全通信距离与完美单光子源的通信距离一致;诱骗态量子密钥分发可提高安全通信距离和密钥产生率;预报单光子源由于减少了暗计数的影响,进一步提高了安全通信距离.     

基于单光子脉冲时间随机性的光量子随机源

提出了一种基于单光子脉冲时间随机性的光量子随机源。利用衰减成单光子态的光强恒定光源和一个单光子探测器产生单光子随机脉冲,通过连续比较单光子随机脉冲序列中相邻两个脉冲的时间间隔来提取随机位。通过设计高速响应的微通道板单光子探测器和基于现场可编程门阵列(FPGA)的随机位提取电路,获得了超过10Mbit/s的随机位产生速率。通过采用恒比定时和对计数时钟倍频的方法提高时间间隔的测量精度,从而减小随机位序列的相关系数。当光量子随机源的随机位产生速率在10kbit/s以下时,所获得的二进制随机位序列的相关系数小于0.001。运用随机性测试程序ENT和DIEHARD对所获的随机位序列进行测试,测试结果表明序列的随机性非常好且不需要后续处理,完全满足真随机数的标准。     

基于不同介质间量子密钥分发的研究

文章主要解决了偏振编码的光子在不同介质间进行量子密钥分发的问题,定量地分析了光子不同分量的不同透过率引起的误码率问题,并实际分析了空气-水介质间量子密钥分发引起的误码率.进一步给出了可以消除这种非理想BB84协议的单光子补偿方案,以及可以采用更加鲁棒、实用性的抗界面非幺正噪声的双光子编码方案,从而为未来实现全地域广域量子通信迈出了重要的一步.     

The Decoy-State Measurement-Device-Independent Quantum Key Distribution with Heralded Single-Photon Source

Based on heralded single-photon source (HSPS), a decoy-state measurement-device-independent quantum key distribution (MDI-QKD) protocol is proposed in this paper. The MDI-QKD protocol mainly uses orbital angular momentum (OAM) states and pulse position modulation (PPM) technology to realize the coding of the signal states in heralded single-photon source. The three-intensity decoy states are used to avoid the attacks against the light source. Moreover, the formula of key generation rate is given by computing the lower bound of the yield of single-photon pairs and the upper bound of the error rate of single-photon pairs. Numerical simulation shows that the new MDI-QKD protocol has high key generation rate and low error rate. Moreover, the secure communication distance can be up to 450 km.

     

Investigating the bit rate of a quantum key over free space,depending on the conditions of transmission

An experimental setup for investigating the distribution of a quantum key over free space is described. The results from experiments to study the rate of key generation and that of the quantum bit error as a function of the quantum efficiency of single-photon detectors and the average number of photons per pulse is given.