在线透射光脉动颗粒检测仪

介绍了一种新颖的透射光脉动检测技术及基于该技术的颗粒检测仪的信号处理方法,并研制出了新型颗粒检测仪。理论分析表明,检测仪输出值R不受取样管管壁的粘污以及电子元件老化、漂移等不利因素的影响。利用该检测仪对新生态二氧化锰混凝过程进行了在线监测;对混凝剂的最优投量与检测值R的相关性进行了研究。研究结果表明,该检测仪可以在线连续检测水中颗粒尺寸的动态变化,能全面细致地反映混凝过程中絮凝颗粒的成长及破碎的全过程,是一种快速、精细的混凝试验研究工具,并可作为水厂混凝剂最优投量的监控设备。     

考虑电离作用的淤泥异向絮凝三维数值模拟

鉴于试验观察淤泥絮凝结构的技术难度,本文尝试以布朗动力学为基础,采用蒙特卡洛方法动态模拟电离作用下颗粒成长为絮团的过程.为结合实际情况,泥沙颗粒初始位置由颗粒粒径和淤泥密度决定,颗粒初始速度按照相应条件下高斯随机分布给定.边界条件用和实际符合较好的循环边界.在模拟数据分析的基础上,讨论并比较了颗粒粒径和淤泥密度对絮凝时间以及絮团开放程度的影响.另一方面,讨论了电离作用后颗粒电荷量对絮团生长的影响.解释了泥沙颗粒表面电荷密度变化对絮凝过程和絮团结构的影响,模拟结果和实际情况较为一致.     

自由空间内气泡破碎过程的实验研究

利用高速摄像对自由空间内悬挂气泡的自然破碎过程进行了研究,分析了气泡破碎过程中环形断面的发展规律、膜液滴的形成过程及末期射流的产生原因。气泡成孔后,在液膜表面张力和气泡内部气流喷射的综合作用下,会形成不稳定的环形断面,其铺展过程中边缘会出现诸多不稳定液线,液线末端断裂形成膜液滴,膜液滴飞行方向与断裂点切线方向一致;随着液膜的破碎,半封闭球状液膜的曲率半径逐渐减小,环状断面以一定的加速度推进;在破碎末期,环形断面将在初始破碎点的对称位置附近聚焦并形成射流。表面张力系数和液膜厚度均匀性对膜液滴分布和射流强度具有一定的影响;相对于液膜厚度,作用于液膜单位面积上的表面张力对气泡破碎时间的影响更为显著。     

南极海冰细菌胞外多糖的助凝作用及红外光谱分析

利用酒精沉淀结合氯仿和丁醇脱蛋白法,从南极海冰细菌Pseudoaheromonas sp.Bsi20310发酵液中制备得到该菌株所产的胞外多糖(Exopolysaccharide,Bsi20310 EPS)粗品.以Bsi20310 EPS为助凝剂,可以明显改善铁盐对模拟水溶性染料活性艳红X-3B废水的混凝效果,在pH 10左右,Fe(Ⅲ)浓度0.98 mmol·L-1条件下加入150 mg·L-1 Bsi20310 EPS,脱色率由16%提高到84%.利用傅里叶变换红外光谱法(FTIR)分析比较Bsi20310 EPS、Fe(Ⅲ)混凝剂-Bsi20310 EPS絮体及Fe(Ⅲ)混凝剂-Bsi20310 EPS-活性艳红X-3B絮体的官能团,图谱显示,Bsi20310 EPS含有丰富的-OH、-COOH及糖苷键等活性基团;当Bsi20310 EPS与Fe(Ⅲ)混凝剂作用后,3 429 cm-1处尖峰变成宽峰,2 921 cm-1处峰形减弱或消失,1 650cm-1处锐峰变成钝峰,1 242 cm-1处峰出现轻微红移,1 151～1 038 cm-1范围内杂多峰变成单一尖峰,表明-OH、-COOH及糖苷键是发生反应的主要官能团.研究结果预示着Bsi20310 EPS可以作为一种安全有效的微生物助凝剂.     

氧/燃料燃烧条件下方解石的转化行为

将45~63μm和90~150μm的方解石矿物在空气与氧/燃料条件下进行沉降炉实验,研究了燃烧气氛、颗粒粒径以及SO_2对方解石转化行为的影响。研究表明:方解石颗粒在氧/燃料燃烧条件下发生破碎,气氛中CO_2浓度越高,方解石的破碎越弱;方解石样品粒径越大,破碎越明显。气氛中CO_2的浓度越高,CaCO_3的分解越弱,90~150μm的方解石分解程度大于45~63μm的方解石。气氛中存在体积分数为0.3%的SO_2时,氧/燃料燃烧条件下CaSO_4的生成量大于空气燃烧气氛,SO_2的存在促进CaCO_3的转化。     

新型固体聚硅硫酸铁混凝剂的制备及结构表征

聚硅酸基混凝剂是重要的水处理剂之一,在混凝过程中扮演重要的作用,但易于产生自聚反应、形成硅胶、失去稳定性。因此,制备稳定的聚硅酸基混凝剂受到广泛关注。为获得一种稳定的聚硅酸基混凝剂,提出一种新型稳定的固体硅酸基混凝剂(PSPF)的制备方法。采用红外光谱与扫描电镜表征PSPF的结构与形貌;Ferron逐时络合比色分光光度法分析PSPF中Fe的形态;通过微污染源水的处理评估PSPF的混凝性能。以硫酸亚铁、硅酸钠、磷酸二氢钾、碳酸钠等为原料,确定硅铁摩尔比(n_Si/n_Fe)、磷铁摩尔比(n_P/n_Fe)与碱化度(n_OH/n_Fe)对PSPF的制备影响。结果显示在60 ℃水浴30 min条件下,PSPF最优合成条件为：n_Si/n_Fe为1∶4,n_P/n_Fe为1∶6与n_OH/n_Fe为1∶10。表征分析显示,PSPF是一种高分子聚合物,含有的新基团键(例如,Si—O—Si与Fe—O—Si),其有助于增大PSPF分子量与分子链与增强PSPF的混凝性能;PSPF形貌团簇,呈网状结构,有助于吸附架桥和网捕卷扫;Si含量增加提高了PSPF中Fe(b)和Fe(c)的含量,增强了PSPF的聚合度与固化效果。PSPF的混凝性能受PSPF投加量与水环境pH影响显著;在pH为6与投加量为8 mg·L-1时,残余浊度和UV254去除率分别可达0.33 NTU与58.6%。实验研究显示,混凝剂多因素(Si,Fe与P)调控对增强固体聚硅酸基混凝剂的固化效果、稳定性以及混凝性能具有良好的效果。     

氢气比例和点火能量对CH4-H2混合气体爆炸强度影响的实验研究

在20 L标准球形爆炸罐内开展了当量比为1的甲烷-氢气-空气混合气体爆炸实验,通过改变点火能量和氢气体积分数,探讨点火能量和气体比例对其爆炸压力和爆炸强度的影响。研究发现:氢气比例越高,爆炸冲击波传播速度越快,点火能对冲击波传播速度的影响相对较小;点火能量的提高对峰值超压有增强作用,氢气比例低时,此增强作用较显著,氢气比例高时,此增强作用较弱;点火能量对爆炸强度指数KG的影响较小,而氢气比例对爆炸强度指数KG的影响十分明显,氢气比例低于50%时,氢气比例的增加对爆炸强度的增强作用较弱,氢气比例高于50%时,氢气的增加对爆炸强度的激励作用急剧增强。另外发现,相同当量比条件下,氢气的爆炸强度指数近似为甲烷爆炸强度指数的10倍。     

大沽河流域地下水溶解有机物的三维荧光光谱特征

利用三维荧光光谱研究了大沽河流域地下水中溶解有机物(DOM)的荧光组分类型及其空间分布与变化,并与地表河水进行了比较。基于平行因子分析模型在大沽河流域识别出2个类腐殖质组分及1个类蛋白质组分。研究区域上、下游地下水中各荧光组分的强度低,但中游区域呈现高值区,与人为污染的下渗输入以及为阻止海水入侵而修建的截渗墙对地下水循环模式的改变有关。地下水DOM以类腐殖质组分为主,类蛋白质组分平均只占15%,不及地表河水的一半,其新鲜度指数(β/α)也低于河水但荧光指数(FI)、腐殖化指数(HIX)高于河水,表明地下水DOM的腐殖化程度更高,与地下水停留时间长、微生物降解作用的贡献更为显著有关。本研究揭示,三维荧光指纹技术可区分天然背景及人为活动对地下水中DOM含量及性质的影响,是研究地下水环境中的碳循环过程及其影响因素的有用工具。     

高温熔融液滴的破碎特性研究

本文采用高速摄影和数字图像处理技术对高温熔融液滴与冷却水作用时的破碎现象进行了研究,用图像技术对高速摄影(1000 fps,512×512象素)照片进行处理,识别液滴破碎后所形成的碎片,并统计出碎片的数目及尺寸分布;还对液滴温度、冲击速度、水温等因素对液滴破碎过程的影响进行了实验研究和分析。研究结果表明,随着实验条件的改变,液滴破碎后的碎片有三种典型形态,冷却水温度对碎片形态有重要影响;碎片的当量直径符合累积高斯分布,分布曲线可用Sigmoid函数表示;冷却水温度越高,冲击高度越大,液滴温度越高,液滴的破碎过程进行得越彻底。     

熔体初始温度对液态金属Ni凝固过程中微观结构演变影响的模拟研究

采用量子 Sutton-Chen多体势, 对熔体初始温度热历史条件对液态金属Ni快速凝固过程中微观结构演变的影响进行了分子动力学模拟研究. 采用双体分布函数g(r)曲线、键型指数法、原子团类型指数法和三维可视化等分析方法对凝固过程中微观结构的演变进行了分析. 结果表明: 熔体初始温度对凝固微结构有显著影响, 但在液态和过冷态时的影响并不明显, 只有在结晶转变温度T_c附近才开始充分显现出来. 体系在1×10¹² K/s的冷速下, 最终均形成以1421和1422键型或面心立方(12 0 0 0 12 0)与六角密集(12 0 0 0 6 6) 基本原子团为主的晶态结构. 末态时, 不同初始温度体系中的主要键型和团簇的数目有很大的变化范围, 且与熔体初始温度的高低呈非线性变化关系. 然而, 体系能量随初始温度呈线性变化关系, 初始温度越高, 末态能量越低, 其晶化程度越高. 通过三维可视化分析进一步发现, 在初始温度较高的体系中, 同类团簇结构的原子出现明显的分层聚集现象, 随着初始温度的下降, 这种分层现象将被弥散开去. 可视化分析将更有助于对凝固过程中微观结构演变进行更为深入的研究. 关键词： 液态金属Ni 熔体初始温度 微观结构 分子动力学模拟     

Numerical analysis on behavior of dilute water droplets in detonation

Two-dimensional numerical simulations are conducted based on the Eulerian-Lagrangian method to model a gaseous detonation laden with monodispersed water droplets. The premixed mixture is a slightly diluted stoichiometric hydrogen oxygen mixture at low pressure. The outcome of the interactions of the droplet breakup with the cellular instabilities and the non-uniform flow behind the leading front is analyzed. The simulation results are also analyzed using instantaneous flow fields and Favre average profiles for water droplets. Breakup occurs mainly near the detonation front. The mean final diameter of the water droplets at the end of the breakup process is the same regardless of the initial strength of the leading shock or whether it is lower or greater than the Chapman-Jouguet value. The polydispersity comes from local phenomena behind the leading shock, such as forward jets coming from triple point collisions, transverse waves and a combination of both. The total breakup time is longer than that estimated from post-shock conditions and the present finding is in line with the previous experimental results on spray detonation.     

Process modeling gas atomization of close-coupled ring-hole nozzle for 316L stainless steel powder production

The paper aims at modeling and simulating the atomization process of the close-coupled ring-hole nozzle in vacuum induction gas atomization(VIGA) for metallic powder production. First of all, the primary atomization of the ring-hole nozzle is simulated by the volume of fluid(VOF) coupled large eddy simulation(LES) model. To simulate the secondary atomization process, we use the method of selecting the droplet sub-model and the VOF model. The results show that the ring-hole nozzle forms a gas recirculation zone at the bottom of the delivery tube, which is the main reason for the formation of an annular liquid film during the primary atomization. In addition, the primary atomization process of the ring-hole nozzle consists of three stages: the formation of the serrated liquid film tip, the appearance and shedding of the ligaments, and the fragmentation of ligaments. At the same time, the primary atomization mainly forms spherical droplets and long droplets, but only the long droplets can be reserved and proceed to the secondary atomization. Moreover,increasing the number of ring holes from 18 to 30, the mass median diameter(MMD, d50) of the primary atomized droplets decreases first and then increases, which is mainly due to the change of the thickness of the melt film. Moreover, the secondary atomization of the ring-hole nozzles is mainly in bag breakup mode and multimode breakup model, and bag breakup will result in the formation of hollow powder, which can be avoided by increasing the gas velocity.     

A Predictive Model for the Initial Droplet Size and Velocity Distributions in Sprays and Comparison with Experiments

The distribution of sizes and velocities of droplets initially formed in sprays is an important piece of information needed in the spray modelling, because it defines the initial condition of the spray droplets in the predictive calculations of the downstream two‐phase flow fields. A predictive model for the initial droplet size and velocity distributions in sprays is formulated in this study. The present model incorporates both the deterministic and the stochastic aspect of spray formation process. The deterministic aspect takes into account of the unstable wave motion before the liquid bulk breakup through the linear and nonlinear instability analysis, which provides information for the liquid bulk breakup length, the mass‐mean diameter and a prior distribution for the droplet sizes corresponding to the unstable wave growth of various wavelengths. The stochastic aspect deals with the final stage of droplet formation after the liquid bulk breakup by statistical means through the maximum entropy principle based on Bayesian entropy. The two sub‐models are coupled together by the various source terms signifying the liquid‐gas interaction, the mass mean diameter and the prior distribution based on the instability analysis. The initial droplet size and velocity distributions are measured experimentally by phase‐Doppler interferometry for sprays generated by a planar research nozzle and a practical gas turbine airblast nozzle. For the two nozzles, the liquid bulk sheet is formed before its breakup in a coflowing air stream. It is found that the model predictions are in satisfactory agreement with the experimental data for all the cases measured. Hence the present model may be applied to a variety of practical sprays to specify the initial conditions for the spray droplets formed in practical spray systems.     

Deformation and breakup of aqueous drops in viscous oil under a uniform AC electric field

Electric coalescence in alternating current (AC) electric fields is an important electrical dehydration technology. The deformation and breakup of water drops are crucial to the application of this process. In this study, these procedures were examined experimentally in an AC electric field using a high-speed camera. The deformation and breakup of drops depend on the intensity and frequency of this field. Deformation is aggravated by the increase in frequency under a constant electric field strength. Furthermore, the electric strength of breakup weakens as the frequency increases. Thus, understanding the deformation process can help advance electrocoalescencer design.     

Coherent propagation at high intensities on a free exciton resonance in a semiconductor: self-induced transmission

We investigate high-intensity propagation around a free exciton resonance in a semiconductor. Under certain conditions, coherent propagation can be found. We call this new effect ‘self-induced transmission on a free exciton resonance in a semiconductor’. Tuning the laser towards higher energy, thus exciting continuum states, the degree of transmission is reduced. The pulse breakup vanishes. By increasing the pulse intensity by several orders of magnitude, pulse breakup can be observed again. Using pulses with durations less than 100 fs, pulse breakup can be observed, but the behaviour under increasing pulse intensity is quite irregular. Pulse compression can occur under certain circumstances.     

Effect of Added Monosodium Glutamate on Characteristics of Polyamide Dope Solutions

Formic acid (FA) solutions prepared with various concentrations of polyamide 66 (PA 66) and monosodium glutamate (MSG) were evaluated in terms of properties, such as density, viscosity, and cloud point. The influence on density was insignificant, whereas the viscosity was strongly affected by the amount of PA 66 and MSG additive. The solutions were further evaluated by casting them in a flat film form and determining the demixing time in a humid atmosphere. The considered cases at lower polymer concentrations at various MSG amounts, indicated that the demixing time increased with increase in polymer concentration. The time for demixing, however, decreased for a given higher amount of polymer when the amount of additive was increased in the dope solution. Membranes were prepared at various coagulant bath temperatures. The tensile strength and degree of adsorption (DOA) of these membranes were found. The tensile strength was higher when the membranes were prepared at higher temperature. The DOA, on the other hand, was higher for the membranes formed at lower temperature.     

Experiments on the formation of low resistance in-contacts on Al-doped ZnSe

The formation of low-resistance indium contacts on aluminium dopedn-type ZnSe has been followed during the heat treatment. The contacts are formed by heavy doping of the depletion zone. The increased doping results from two different mechanisms. The most important one appears to be diffusion controlled, and the other is believed to be caused by regrowth of ZnSe dissolved in the indium.     

EPitaxial regrowth and defect formation during pulsed nanosecond annealing of amorphous layers. Part II: Model of liquid phase epitaxy and secondary defect formation

The atomistic model of the liquid phase epitaxial regrowth has been suggested. The model suggestes that the multiatomic (n > 3) nuclei are formed near the regrowth front and they as a whole are attached to the growing crystal. The present model is able to account for the orientation dependency of the crystal growth and to explain the pecularities of the defect formation during the pulsed nanosecond annealing.     

微量原位水质总碱度在线检测新方法研究

为实现原位水质总碱度快速准确检测的需求,融合顺序注射分析（sequential injection analysis, SIA）与连续光谱检测法,设计了一种小型微量原位水质总碱度在线快速检测仪,系统主要通过设计滴定池将SIA和连续光谱检测法应用于总碱度自动化滴定检测流程,并对连续光谱检测法判断滴定临界值的新方法进行实验研究。基于国标总碱度检测中工业循环冷却水及地表水总碱度的测定标准,设计了原位水质总碱度检测流程,并以顺序注射技术为控制滴定流程基础,在连续光谱扫描测量溶液检测过程的条件下,使用酚酞和甲基橙作为指示剂,对水质总碱度进行滴定分析。通过连续光谱扫描对酚酞碱度及甲基橙碱度滴定过程进行监测,以吸光度曲线552 nm处峰值归零作为酚酞碱度滴定临界值判断条件;以吸光度曲线峰值由465 nm偏移至504 nm处作为甲基橙碱度滴定临界值判断条件;分析通过滴加不同剂量酚酞和甲基橙指示剂所得溶液吸光度曲线得出最佳指示剂用量分别为0.01和0.04 mL。该系统利用最小二乘拟合算法建立总碱度测定的回归模型,并对检测系统及检测流程进行优化,实验结果表明,水质总碱度在0.20~25.00 mmol·L-1范围内与盐酸消耗量线性相关,工作曲线拟合系数≥0.994 2;测定总碱度重复性相对标准偏差（RSD）为0.207%~1.151%;废液量≤16 mL;最低检出限为0.03 mmol·L-1;样品加标回收率在97.2%~102.3%之间;与国标法对比实验结果无明显差别。利用连续光谱检测法判断滴定临界值的新方法对于提升水质总碱度检测仪的技术性能具有重要意义,可适用于系统网格化监控地表水、循环冷却水、养殖循环水等多种监测应用平台。     

Reactions with Weakly Bound Nuclei,at near Barrier Energies,and the Breakup and Transfer Influences on the Fusion and Elastic Scattering

We present a brief review of the reaction mechanisms involved in collisions of weakly bound projectiles with tightly bound targets, at near-barrier energies. We discuss systematic behaviors of the data, with emphasis in fusion, breakup, nucleon transfer and elastic scattering. The dependence of the breakup cross section on the charge and mass of the target is discussed, and the influence of the breakup channel on complete fusion is investigated. For this purpose, we compare reduced fusion cross sections with a benchmark universal curve. The behaviors observed in the comparisons are explained in terms of polarization potentials and of nucleon transfer followed by breakup. The influence of the breakup process on elastic scattering is also discussed. Some apparent contradictions between results of different authors are explained and some perspectives of the field are presented.