子孔径光学检测拼接准确度实验研究

实验研究了子孔径光学检测的拼接准确度.实验选取9个子孔径进行拼接,同时利用ZYGO干涉仪来测量子孔径和整个被检面的表面面形.实验发现,测量基准子孔径和整个被检面的时间间隔对子孔径拼接准确度的评价存在严重影响.为此,重点研究了产生影响的原因并提出了消除测量基准子孔径和整个被测面时间间隙影响的方法.最后,利用该方法研究了子孔径重叠面积对拼接准确度的影响.结果显示,当重叠面积比为7%时,PV和RMS的拼接误差分别为0.03λ(λ=632.8 nm) 和 0.01λ,并且重叠面积比和拼接准确度呈近似线性关系.     

新型椭球形窗口零位检测技术研究

椭球形窗口的检测技术严重阻碍其成功应用。首先简要介绍了目前普遍使用的非球面检测技术,并针对椭球形窗口大倾斜、大偏心、深非球面的特点,基于零位补偿检测法原理,设计了一种适合椭球形窗口检测的改进型Offner零位补偿检测系统。检测系统包括补偿镜、场镜和标准球面参考镜,检测系统工作原理为:干涉仪出射平行光线通过补偿镜及场镜产生修正波前,通过椭球形窗口照射到标准球面反射镜,并按原光路返回与参考光线干涉,其干涉结果显示出椭球形窗口的面形偏差。实现了对椭球形窗口的高精度全口径一次检测并给出了完整的设计结果。检测了长径比为1.0,口径为110mm的椭球形窗口,其波前残余波像差均方根值为0.0052λ。设计结果为实际使用提供了一定的参考。     

子孔径拼接技术应用的研究

大口径光学元件的检测开拓了子孔径拼接应用的新领域。采用小口径干涉仪对大口径被测元件不同区域进行波前检测,然后恢复计算出被测波前。使用光学设计软件ZEMAX对子孔径检测拼接技术进行了模拟,模拟结果表明：波前检测相对误差小于4.3λ‰,实现了对大口径光学元件面形的高精度检测,避免了相同口径检测干涉仪的使用,降低了检测成本及难度。     

大口径离轴凸非球面的加工和检测

将光学系统波像差检验技术与子孔径拼接测试技术相融合提出了凸非球面系统拼接检测方法,对该方法的原理和实现步骤进行了分析和研究,并建立了合理的子孔径拼接数学模型.依次利用计算机控制光学表面成形技术和磁流变抛光技术对一包含大口径凸非球面的离轴三反光学系统的各反射镜进行加工,并对整个系统进行装调和测试.测定光学系统各视场的波像差分布,通过综合优化子孔径拼接算法和全口径面形数据插值求解得到大口径凸非球面全口径的面形信息.结合工程实例,对一口径为292mm×183 mm的离轴非球面次镜进行了系统拼接测试和加工,其最终面形分布的均方根值为0.017λ(λ=632.8 nm).     

非球面非零位环形子孔径拼接干涉检测技术

提出了一种新型的非零位环形子孔径拼接干涉检测技术(NASSI)用以检测深度非球面面形误差。该方法结合了传统非零位干涉检测法与环形子孔径拼接法,采用部分零位镜替代了标准环形子孔径拼接干涉仪中的透射球面镜,产生非球面波前用以匹配被测面不同子孔径区域。该非球面波前比球面波前更加接近被测面的名义面形,使所需的子孔径数目大大减少。一方面增大了环带宽度和重叠区,提高了拼接精度;另一方面减少了各种误差累积次数。同时,配合基于系统建模的理论波前方法分别校正各个子孔径的回程误差,进一步提高了检测精度。对非球面度为25μm的高次非球面的计算机仿真检测结果表明该方法具有很高的理论精度。针对口径101mm的抛物面进行了实验检测,多次实验结果均与ZygoR○VerifireTMAsphere干涉仪检测结果一致,峰谷(PV)值误差优于λ/20,均方根(RMS)值误差优于λ/100,表明了NASSI方法的高精度与高重复性。     

鸥翼型非球面元件的白光干涉拼接测量

针对鸥翼型非球面面形检测的难题,提出了一种白光干涉拼接测量方案。基于白光显微干涉测量结合子孔径拼接的测量原理对扫描路径进行规划。搭建白光干涉拼接测量平台完成了对10 mm鸥翼型非球面的59个子孔径的高精度测量。利用同步子孔径拼接算法对测得的子孔径数据进行拼接,得到了全口径面形误差。开展了利用高精度轮廓仪和计算机生成全息图(CGH)补偿器对鸥翼型非球面面形进行检测的对比实验。结果表明,所提检测方案的面形误差数值和分布均与高精度轮廓仪和CGH补偿器得到的结果吻合,有效验证了所提测量方案的正确性。     

子孔径拼接干涉检测凸非球面的研究

在总结各种检测凸非球面方法优缺点的基础上,提出了利用子孔径拼接干涉检测凸非球面的新方法。利用标准球面波前作为参考波面,用干涉法逐次测量非球面各区域的相位分布,去除参考波面偏差以及调整误差后,通过子孔径拼接算法就可以重构凸非球面全口径的面形分布。研究和分析了该方法的基本原理和基础理论,开发了综合优化和误差均化的子孔径拼接算法。设计和研制了子孔径拼接干涉检测装置,并结合实例对口径为140 mm的碳化硅凸非球面进行了子孔径拼接测量,得到了精确的全口径面形分布,其面形分布的峰值(PV)和均方根(RMS)值偏差分别为0.274λ和0.024λ(λ=632.8 nm),且对该非球面进行零位补偿测量,其全口径面形与拼接全口径面形是一致的,面形分布的PV和RMS值的偏差仅为0.064λ和0.002λ,从而提供了又一种定量测试凸非球面的手段。     

非零位凸非球面子孔径拼接检测技术研究

为了实现大口径凸非球面镜的高精度检测,本文研究了凸非球面非零位子孔径拼接检测技术,并建立了一套非零位拼接检测算法模型,模型中分别针对同轴子孔径与离轴子孔径非零位检测时所引入的测试误差进行了建模分析,同时对测试误差剔除、拼接系数求解、全口径面形获得等问题进行了研究。最后,结合工程实例,对一口径为130 mm的凸双曲面进行了拼接检测,分析了该非球面各测试子孔径非零位检测误差形式,同时进行了误差剔除、全口径面形获取等工作。从拼接结果中可以看出,拼接结果光滑、连续、无拼接痕迹。为了进一步验证拼接精度,我们将拼接结果与子孔径检测结果进行对比,引入了自检验子孔径评价方法,计算得到自检验子孔径与拼接结果在自检验子孔径范围内的残差图,二者残差图的PV值与RMS值分别为0.016λ与0.003λ,由上述结果可以得到自检验子孔径的测试结果与拼接结果在自检验子孔径范围内是一致的,从而验证了本文算法的拼接精度。     

大口径离轴凸非球面的加工和检测（英文）

将光学系统波像差检验技术与子孔径拼接测试技术相融合提出了凸非球面系统拼接检测方法,对该方法的原理和实现步骤进行了分析和研究,并建立了合理的子孔径拼接数学模型.依次利用计算机控制光学表面成形技术和磁流变抛光技术对一包含大口径凸非球面的离轴三反光学系统的各反射镜进行加工,并对整个系统进行装调和测试.测定光学系统各视场的波像差分布,通过综合优化子孔径拼接算法和全口径面形数据插值求解得到大口径凸非球面全口径的面形信息.结合工程实例,对一口径为292mm×183 mm的离轴非球面次镜进行了系统拼接测试和加工,其最终面形分布的均方根值为0.017λ(λ=632.8nm).     

环形子孔径拼接检测的中心偏移误差补偿

为了减小非球面环形子孔径拼接测量时的中心偏移误差,根据检测原理及几何关系,分析了中心偏移误差在面形测量中的作用机理,推导了中心偏移误差模型,并在此基础上提出了一种基于二维像素矩阵的中心偏移误差补偿方法.该方法可以有效地得到初始面形测量数据的中心偏移量,在拼接之前减小由中心偏移误差引起的波前偏差的剔除误差,同时减小各环形子孔径中心之间的偏差.利用Zygo干涉仪进行了非球面环形子孔径拼接的中心偏移误差补偿实验,与零位检测结果相比,峰谷值残差为-0.015λ,均方根残差为0.003λ,表明该补偿方法大大减小了面形测量误差,提高了环形子孔径拼接的测量精度.     

基于固定校正板和透镜阵列的机载共形窗口像差校正

为了校正大扫描视场机载共形窗口引入的像差,提出一种基于固定校正板和透镜阵列的静态校正方法。首先使用固定校正板校正静态像差;然后在像面前安置固定的透镜阵列,利用透镜阵列中的各个透镜单元分别校正不同扫描角度的动态像差;最后基于所提方法设计应用在机载共形光学系统中的像差校正器。设计结果表明,所提方法在±42°的扫描视场范围内能够良好地校正共形窗口引入的像差。与其他动态或静态校正方法相比,所提方法可以实现大扫描视场机载共形光学系统像差的校正,同时降低机载共形光学系统的质量,提高系统的稳定性。     

X射线散射对面密度测量结果影响的数值模拟研究

定性分析了X射线散射对面密度测量结果的影响,给出了面密度测量结果偏差的评估表达式。利用蒙特卡罗方法数值模拟了不同照相布局、不同光源能量和不同材料类型情形下X射线散射对测量结果的影响。模拟结果表明:在无防护窗情形下,被测物自身散射将导致测量结果偏小;在有防护窗情形下,前窗散射对测量结果的影响不大,后窗散射对测量结果的影响与接收介质离被测物的距离有关,具体表现为距离越小影响越大;在一定光子能量范围内,光源能量越低散射导致的测量偏差越大;被测物的原子序数和密度越大,散射导致的测量偏差越大。     

高陡度薄壁光学零件在位测量与评价方法研究北大核心CSCD

为了满足空气动力学要求,采用共形薄壁结构的整流罩或光学窗口成为未来高速飞行器的发展趋势。但是这类零件在加工过程中,切削力会随着轴向位置发生改变,一次加工难以达到精度要求,需要通过在位测量、补偿加工来控制切削力变化所引起的面形误差。以超精密车床作为运动平台,设计高陡度薄壁光学零件的在位检测系统,研究测点分布的优化算法,实现测量效率和测量精度的统一;建立热变形误差修正模型,提高高陡度薄壁光学零件在位测量的精度。针对某型高陡度薄壁头罩,通过在位测量为补偿加工提供指导,将头罩表面误差由峰谷比(peak-tovalley,PV)3.1μm控制到PV 0.7μm,将同轴度控制到1.02μm,满足光学系统的性能要求。     

Conformal structure-preserving method for damped nonlinear Schrdinger equation

In this paper,we propose a conformal momentum-preserving method to solve a damped nonlinear Schrodinger(DNLS) equation.Based on its damped multi-symplectic formulation,the DNLS system can be split into a Hamiltonian part and a dissipative part.For the Hamiltonian part,the average vector field(AVF) method and implicit midpoint method are employed in spatial and temporal discretizations,respectively.For the dissipative part,we can solve it exactly.The proposed method conserves the conformal momentum conservation law in any local time-space region.With periodic boundary conditions,this method also preserves the total conformal momentum and the dissipation rate of momentum exactly.Numerical experiments are presented to demonstrate the conservative properties of the proposed method.     

Conformal invariance, Noether symmetry, Lie symmetry and conserved quantities of Hamilton systems

In this paper, the relation of the conformal invariance, the Noether symmetry, and the Lie symmetry for the Hamilton system is discussed in detail. The definition of the conformal invariance for Hamilton systems is given. The relation between the conformal invariance and the Noether symmetry is discussed, the conformal factors of the determining expressions are found by using the Noether symmetry, and the Noether conserved quantity resulted from the conformal invariance is obtained. The relation between the conformal invariance and the Lie symmetry is discussed, the conformal factors are found by using the Lie symmetry, and the Hojman conserved quantity resulted from the conformal invariance of the system is obtained. Two examples are given to illustrate the application of the results.     

Design of cylindrical conformal transmitted metasurface for orbital angular momentum vortex wave generation

We propose a cylindrical conformal transmitted metasurface for orbital angular momentum vortex wave generation. Formulas for calculating the phase distributions of cylindrical conformal transmitted metasurface is presented. A prototype of the proposed conformal transmitted metasurface is designed, fabricated and measured. Measured results shows that the proposed conformal transmitted metasurface can effectively generate vortex waves, which verifies the effectiveness of our method. The proposed method may pave the way of vortex wave generation with cylindrical conformal devices.     

On the problem of reality conditions for the Ashtekar formulation

In this paper we discuss the reality conditions for Lorentzian and Euclidean gravity in the Ashtekar formulation by introducing a double conformal transformation.We generalize Marugan‘s results and demonstrate that the values of the double conformal factor have to be either real or double complex numbers.Either Lorentzian or Enclidean gravitational theory is up to the different values of the double conformal factor.Furthermore,the reality conditions of Lorentzian and Euclidean gravitational theory can be expressed in a unified way be use of the double complex function method.     

Fabrication and shielding effectiveness evaluation of curved mesh optical windows using ray-optic tracing and equivalent film methods

A model with curved mesh optical windows is built using ray-optic tracing method for shielding effectiveness evaluation. Due to its unique zero order diffraction transmission characteristics, the metallic mesh used to build the model is treated in the model as a layer of optical film, and the transmission field of curved mesh optical windows is calculated using ray-optic tracing method. A cylindrical mesh optical window sample is fabricated and its shielding effectiveness is measured using a shielding effectiveness measurement system. Simulation results obtained with the model agree well with the experimental results, which proves the validity of the model.     

Conformal invariance and conserved quantities of a general holonomic system with variable mass

Conformal invariance and conserved quantities of a general holonomic system with variable mass are studied. The definition and the determining equation of conformal invariance for a general holonomic system with variable mass are provided. The conformal factor expression is deduced from conformal invariance and Lie symmetry. The relationship between the conformal invariance and the Lie symmetry is discussed, and the necessary and sufficient condition under which the conformal invariance would be the Lie symmetry of the system under an infinitesimal one-parameter transformation group is deduced. The conserved quantities of the system are given. An example is given to illustrate the application of the result.     

Flow measurement: using a chopper together with a CW laser to realize a frame straddling technique

A simple method that uses a chopper together with a CW laser to realize a frame straddling technique for flow measurement is introduced, in which a chopper with two windows is used to generate double pulses for exposure. By changing the size and position of each window, the time and interval of exposure can be adjusted easily. The light source is a CW semiconductor laser. The advantage of this method is in its being simple, cheap and compact. The method has been validated on a hydrodynamic flow involving a von Kármán Vortex Street.