激光热效应对PPLN晶体倍频效率的影响

从准相位失配关系出发,研究了PPLN晶体倍频效率与温度的关系,针对温度对折射率与极化周期的影响,分析了激光热效应对准相位匹配系统谐波转换过程的影响。采用有限元分析法计算了PPLN材料内部温度分布状况,并对热效应影响下晶体内部倍频效率变化情况进行了计算。计算结果表明:在不同基频光功率密度下,在倍频过程中晶体温度及通光方向截面折射率的分布不同,在倍频晶体出射面倍频效率的分布也不同;随基频光功率密度增大,晶体整体温度与折射率增大,出射端面倍频效率分布随基频光功率密度变化而变化;与理想条件倍频系统相比,激光热效应对晶体倍频效率有一定的影响。     

晶体级联方式的宽带三倍频方案分析

 讨论了入射基频光频谱宽度、两块和频晶体失谐角对KDP晶体Ⅰ/Ⅱ/Ⅱ类角度失谐级联方式的三倍频光功率谱分布的影响，分析了影响三倍频效率的因素。研究结果表明，第二块和频晶体得到的三倍频光的功率谱分布与基频光功率谱分布及失谐角有关，三倍频光频谱宽度近似为基频光的3倍，采用该方案的三倍频可有效抑制由于基频光时间相位调制导致的三倍频光强随时间分布的不均匀，并能有效提高大带宽条件下的三倍频转换效率。同时，采用该方案的三倍频，对级联的两块和频晶体厚度及失谐角调整精度要求不高，在实验上有很大的可操作性。     

晶体级联方式宽带三倍频方案的参数优化

 针对时间位相调制的宽带激光，采用分步离散傅里叶变换及四阶龙格－库塔算法进行数值模拟计算。讨论了采用KDP晶体级联方式时，入射基频光的光强、带宽以及晶体厚度对三倍频转换效率的影响。对采用一块РⅠ类二倍频晶体、一块Ⅱ类和一块Ⅰ类双混频晶体的级联宽带三倍频方式进行了晶体参数的优化。研究结果表明，使用两块级联的KDP晶体作为混频晶体，不仅能有效地提高带宽较宽条件下三倍频光的转换效率，还可以显著增大宽带三倍频的动态范围。经优化后，带宽1.11 nm时入射基频光强在3～8 GW/cm²范围内的三倍频转换效率可保持在60％～70％，比采用单倍频单混频方案时增大了30％～40％。     

大口径KDP晶体折射率非均匀性检测

KDP晶体的折射率不均匀性将导致光束的空间分布存在不同程度的相位失配,从而使得三倍频系统的转换效率下降。为了得到KDP晶体折射率非均匀性的高精度检测结果,基于正交偏振干涉法,采用ZYGO MST大口径干涉仪,测量得到了大口径KDP晶体折射率非均匀性分布,其测量精度达到10-7,并通过实验研究了晶体面形对测量结果的影响。对晶体e光折射率非均匀性的高精度检测,为大口径晶体材料生长工艺、加工工艺等改进和提高提供了定量的检测依据。     

超短激光脉冲二倍频理论分析

采用快速傅里叶变换（FFT）算法和Rung-Kutta法对KDP晶体中超短激光脉冲二倍频过程作了研究。详细讨论了群速度失配、群速度色散和三阶非线性相位调制效应对倍频光脉冲波形、光谱及转换效率的影响。研究结果表明：在超短激光脉冲二倍频中，三阶非线性相位调制效应可使二倍频光脉冲形状发生畸变，光谱明显展宽且转换效率降低；当入射基频光功率密度大于100GW/cm2时，三阶非线性效应是影响倍频过程的主要因素。     

KDP晶体全口径最佳入射角优化方法

根据正交偏振干涉测量法(OPI)获得的KDP晶体折射率的空间分布数据求解KDP晶体内部失谐角分布,进而建立了倍频及和频KDP晶体全口径最佳入射角的优化模型和方法。分析讨论了不同折射率畸变程度和不同功率密度入射情况下倍频及和频晶体入射角的变化规律。在此基础上,对KDP晶体的全口径最佳入射角进行了优化。结果表明:当KDP晶体折射率畸变程度较大时,倍频晶体对折射率变化较为敏感,而和频晶体对折射率变化则相对不敏感。在实际工作中,首先在假设倍频晶体折射率分布均匀的前提下,对和频晶体的最佳入射角进行优化,而后通过适当调整倍频晶体及和频晶体的入射角,最终确定倍频晶体及和频晶体的全口径最佳入射角。     

高功率钕玻璃激光三倍频脉冲时间波形的研究

基于目前国内规模最大的激光驱动器——“神光Ⅱ”八路基频光已经实现功率平衡运行，通过改变其中若干路三倍频系统各调谐量的偏离，对输出三倍频波形进行束与束之间的横向对比研究.研究发现，对于Ⅱ类-Ⅱ类偏振失配三倍频系统，在影响转换效率的三个调谐量中，偏振分配角失配Δθ_p对三倍频波形影响最大；在入射基频功率密度约为1.0GW/cm²情况下，当三倍频系统三个调谐量都处在最佳匹配时，三倍频波形半峰全宽τ最小.研究工作为最终实现“神光Ⅱ”八路光束三倍频功率平衡输出提供了晶体调试 关键词： 三倍频 时间波形 功率平衡     

超短脉冲在单块晶体中的三次谐波理论模拟

讨论了群速度失配、自相位调制和交叉相位调制、晶体厚度、基波的频率啁啾等因素对超短脉冲单块晶体的三次谐波转换效率、三倍频光脉冲形状以及频谱的影响.结果表明：群速度延迟使三倍频光脉冲展宽；自相位调制和交叉相位调制会降低转换效率,并使三倍频光脉冲形状发生畸变；晶体厚度对三倍频光脉冲频谱展宽有着较大的影响；合适的基频光频率啁啾可以减小三倍频光脉冲的畸变,并有效地提高三倍频转换效率.     

高效率KDP倍频晶体的精选

本文提出了用固有外失配角来表征由倍频晶体折射率不均匀性所产生的相位失配,并给出了对其进行高精度测量的方法,它能方便地、可靠地从已切割好的晶体中挑选出高转换效率的倍频晶体。     

超短脉冲倍频中三阶非线性效应的影响及补偿

 为了提高超短脉冲二倍频的转换效率和改善出射倍频光的脉冲形状，对超短脉冲倍频中三阶非线性效应的影响进行了理论分析和数值模拟，并采用初始相位失配的方法来补偿三阶非线性效应的影响。结果表明：用KDP晶体二倍频中心波长为800 nm的超短脉冲，当入射功率密度大于100 GW/cm²时，三阶非线性效应是倍频转换效率的主要影响因素。对脉宽为50 fs，入射功率密度为250 GW/cm²的超短脉冲在KDP晶体（2 mm）中的二次谐波变换，当初始相位失谐0.9 mrad时，转换效率提高了10%，同时由三阶非线性效应引起的强度调制得到明显抑制，出射基频光和倍频光的脉冲形状得到明显改善。     

Effect of spatial refractive-index nonuniformities existed in a large-scale rapid growth KDP crystal on third-harmonic conversion

Effect of spatial refractive-index nonuniformities existed in a large-scale rapid growth KDP crystal (a type I frequency doubler at the wavelength of 1053 nm) on third-harmonic conversion is studied. Spatial refractive-index nonuniformities due to imperfections in the crystal structure which prohibit the attainment of phase matching at all locations in the crystal are measured with the orthogonal polarization interferometry technique. And a third-harmonic conversion experiment is conducted on a large-scale facility to investigate the influence of refractive-index nonuniformities on conversion efficiency and third-harmonic beam nearfield. According to the experimental results, refractive-index nonuniformities in this large-scale rapid growth KDP doubler do not reduce the third-harmonic conversion efficiency, but affect the third-harmonic beam nearfield.     

Very low-refractive-index optical thin films consisting of an array of SiO2 nanorods

The refractive-index contrast in dielectric multilayer structures, optical resonators, and photonic crystals is an important figure of merit that creates a strong demand for high-quality thin films with a low refractive index. A SiO2 nanorod layer with low refractive index of n = 1.08, to our knowledge the lowest ever reported in thin-film materials, is grown by oblique-angle electron-beam deposition of SiO2. A single-pair distributed Bragg reflector employing a SiO2 nanorod layer is demonstrated to have enhanced reflectivity, showing the great potential of low-refractive-index films for applications in photonic structures and devices.     

Formation of planar optical waveguides in the new nonlinear gadolinium calcium oxoborate, Ca(4)GdO(BO(3))(3), crystal by 2-MeV He(+) implantation

A planar waveguide composed of the new nonlinear material, Ca(4)GdO(BO(3))(3) (GdCOB), is reported. This crystal belongs to the calcium oxoborate family. It has attractive nonlinear properties that can be of great interest in integrated optics applications. We used a method of He(+) implantation to fabricate waveguides in GdCOB crystals by creating a buried layer of lowered refractive index a few micrometers beneath the surface. Both TE and TM modes were observed. Therefore, according to the Y cut of the crystal, refractive-index values of n(x) , n(y) , and n(z) were obtained. Index profiles were reconstructed by an improved inverse WKB method. The profiles showed a steplike index behavior, indicating that the guiding region obtained was of good optical quality.     

Modeling and Characterization of Border Domain Effects in Periodically Poled Lithium Niobate Crystals Grown by the Off-center Czochralski Technique

We report on the optical characterization of periodically poled lithium niobate crystals grown through the Czochralski off-center technique. The optical diffraction technique pointed out that refractive index changes occur at the border domain. Their effect on the second harmonic generation is therefore investigated by numerical analysis in order to predict the conversion efficiency of the grown crystals.     

晶体角度跟随三倍频效率控制技术

基于推导的倍频晶体匹配角与温度关系的理论分析,揭示了温度对频率转换过程影响的热光物理机制。数值模拟了频率转换过程中二倍频与三倍频晶体的匹配角热敏感性。由于不同晶体材料热敏感性的差异性,实验获得了激光装置中所用晶体材料的匹配角随温度变化的关系曲线。理论分析了不同输入功率密度情况下匹配角失谐对三倍频过程的影响,并在线验证了温度变化导致匹配角失谐,进而引起三倍频转换效率的下降。根据实验获得的晶体匹配角的热敏感性参数,提出利用晶体角度跟随方法进行三倍频转换效率补偿,实现了三倍频能量的稳定输出。     

Experimental and theoretical investigation of third-harmonic generation in phase-matched dye solutions

The phase-matched third-harmonic light generation in dye solutions is studied experimentally and theoretically. In the experiments picosecond light pulses of a passive mode-locked Nd-glass laser are converted to the third-harmonic frequency. A third-harmonic conversion efficiency of up to 4×10^–4 was achieved for one of the dyes investigated (1,3,3,1,3,3-hexamethylindocarbocyanine iodide in hexafluoroisopropanol). The theoretical calculations determine the influence of various dye and solvent parameters on the conversion efficiency. The conversion efficiency is found to be limited by excited-state absorption of pump laser light and third-harmonic light from the S₁-state to higher singlet states. The S₁-state is mainly populated by two-photon absorption. Amplified spontaneous emission may reduce the limiting effects of excited-state absorption. Phase changes caused by the non-linear refractive index and the refractive index dispersion within the spectral bandwidth of the laser pulses reduce the conversion efficiency. Under ideal conditions conversion efficiencies up to 10% may be achieved.     

Optic sensors of high refractive-index responsivity and low thermal cross sensitivity that use fiber Bragg gratings of >80 degrees tilted structures

For the first time to the authors' knowledge, fiber Bragg gratings (FBGs) with >80 degrees tilted structures have been fabricated and characterized. Their performance in sensing temperature, strain, and the surrounding medium's refractive index was investigated. In comparison with normal FBGs and long-period gratings (LPGs), >80 degrees tilted FBGs exhibit significantly higher refractive-index responsivity and lower thermal cross sensitivity. When the grating sensor was used to detect changes in refractive index, a responsivity as high as 340 nm/refractive-index unit near an index of 1.33 was demonstrated, which is three times higher than that of conventional LPGs.     

Comparison of gold and silver dispersion laws suitable for FDTD simulations

We report optical planar waveguide formation and modal characterization in β-BaB₂O₄ crystals by Cu²⁺-ion implantation at an energy of 3.0 MeV and doses of ∼ 10¹⁴ ions/cm². The prism-coupling method was used to investigate the dark-mode property at wavelengths of 633 nm and 1539 nm. The refractive-index profile of the waveguide was reconstructed by an effective refractive index method. The modal analysis indicates that the fields of TM modes can be well restricted in the guiding region, which means the formation of a non-leaky waveguide in the crystal. The results show that the β-BaB₂O₄ waveguides may be used in the application of high efficiency frequency conversion. PACS 61.80.Jh; 42.70.Mp; 42.65.Wi