微通道板选通X射线纳秒分幅相机的研制

设计并研制了一种新的微通道板选通X射线纳秒分幅相机,相机系统由带有行波选通微带光电阴极的近贴聚焦分幅变像管、电控单元、针孔安装和调节系统及真空系统组成.电控单元提供相机上作需要的直流电压和脉冲开关电雎.输出图像山采用光纤面板耦合到荧光屏的CCD相机读出.采用厚50 mm的Au作为变像管光电阴极,相机谱响应范围0.1～10 keV.可获得八幅分幅图像,每幅曝光时间1 ns,2 ns和5.0 ns三档可调,像幅时间间隔分2 ns、5 ns和10 ns 三档可调.相机动态空间分辨力优于18 lp/mm,触发晃动小于100 ps,时间抖动小于5%.并可实现远距离监视、控制和数据采集.对相机静态特性和动态特性的实验标定及应用现场所获得的实验结果均表明,相机上作性能稳定,具有几何畸变小、动态范围大等特点,满足 Z-箍缩实验研究的需要.     

压电式光纤相位调制器相移系数测试

介绍了压电式光纤相位调制器的相移系数理论公式,提出了基于杨氏双缝干涉原理的相移系数测量方法。对测量方法的可行性进行分析,通过实验对测量方法进行了验证。实际研制了一个基于压电陶瓷环的光纤相位调制器件,实验测得的相移系数与理论分析结果基本一致。利用研制的压电式光纤相位调制器实现了两路准直光束之间的相位锁定,在远场实现了相干合成,干涉条纹可见度从3%提升至43%。     

低压微位移驱动电路及控制方法

讨论了低压微位移驱动电路及控制方法在光电轮廓仪上的运用。采用低压驱动电路驱动压电陶瓷相移器对参考光束进行相移，从而使仪器质量减轻、体积缩小、成本降低。在运用该电路时，为了解决压电陶瓷低电压区非线性误差大的问题，用PC计算机控制压电陶瓷上所加电压的电压值，由摄像头摄取图像并计算出干涉条纹的间隔，然后由PC计算机修改压电陶瓷上所加的电压值，直至干涉条纹相位差达到要求值。该方法的优点是：可消除压电陶瓷低压区的非线性误差，使得开环电路得到闭环的效果；可降低机械零部件的装配难度。     

新型双染料敏化的宽带光聚物全息特性研究

报道了一种新型、两种染料共同敏化的宽带响应光聚物材料.该材料使用孟加拉玫瑰红和亚甲基蓝作为联合光敏剂，由于混合染料的加入，使材料的感光光谱范围大大加宽.用四种波长的光对样品进行曝光，衍射效率均大于40%，最高可达80%，适合于多波长存储，分别用不同波长的激光在样品同一位置存储了四幅不同的图像，其再现图像效果良好，表明该材料是一种较理想的多波长全息存储材料.     

Measurement of sensitivities for the thermal recording of laser beams

A simple technique for determining the energy sensitivities for the thermographic recording of laser beams is described. The principle behind this technique is that, if a laser beam with a known spatial distribution such as a Gaussian profile is used for imaging, the radius of the thermal image formed depends uniquely on the intensity of the impinging beam. Thus by measuring the radii of the images produced for different incident beam intensities the minimum intensity necessary (that is, the threshold) for thermographic imaging is found. The diameter of the laser beam can also be found from this measurement. A simple analysis based on the temperature distribution in the laser heated material shows that there is an inverse square root dependence on pulse duration or period of exposure for the energy fluence of the laser beam required, both for the threshold and the subsequent increase in the size of the recording. It has also been shown that except for low intensity, long duration exposure on very low conductivity materials, heat losses are not very significant.     

Speckle photography by birefringent plates

This paper describes a birefringent system with which it is possible to record three laterally shifted speckle images of an object, on a photographic plate. The recording is made with only two exposures. The exposure times and relative positions of the images are adjusted automatically by the birefringent plates.     

One-step recording of a dot-array color hologram with a reference beam encoding plate

A novel method of making a dot-array color hologram in one step with a prefabricated reference beam encoding plate (RBEP) is proposed. This RBEP can produce three sets of dot-array reference beams simultaneously, which are spatially separated on the recording plane and overlap three digital images that correspond, respectively, to the three primary color images of a color object at the same time. Therefore only one exposure is needed for recording the color hologram. Both the theoretical analysis and experimental results that confirm the feasibility of this approach are given.     

Nanoscale imaging of surface piezoresponse on GaN epitaxial layers

Surfaces of GaN films were investigated by atomic force microscopy (AFM) with implemented piezoelectric force microscopy technique. A model of PFM based on the surface depletion region in GaN films is discussed. The local piezoelectric effect of the low frequency regime was found to be in phase with the applied voltage on large domains, corresponding to a Ga-face of the GaN layer. Low piezoresponse is obtained within the inter-domain regions. The use of frequencies near a resonance frequency enhances very much the resolution of piezo-imaging, but only for very low scanning speed the piezo-imaging can follow the local piezoelectric effect. An inversion of the PFM image contrast is obtained for frequencies higher than the resonance frequencies. The effect of a chemical surface treatment on the topography and the piezoresponse of the GaN films was also investigated. Textured surfaces with very small domains were observed after the chemical treatment. For this kind of surfaces, piezo-induced torsion rather than bending of the AFM cantilever dominates the contrast of the PFM images. A small memory effect was observed, and explained by surface charging and confinement of the piezoelectric effect within the carrier depletion region at the GaN surface.     

Anisotropic gratings recorded from two circularly polarized coherent waves

A constant intensity, rectilinear light vibration, with spatially varying orientation, is obtained from superposition of two orthogonal circularly polarized waves propagating, in slightly different directions. Such an exposure on a photoanisotropic medium, prints a grating characterized only by spatial variations in the orientation of the induced optic axis. The diffraction properties of such a grating are investigated. It behaves as a uniformly transparent isotropic medium when illuminated by the same waves as during the recording process. Illumination by a circular wave, generates a transmitted and a single diffracted beam, while an incident elliptically polarized one would produce, apart from the central order, two diffracted beams with orthogonal circular polarizations.     

STM灵敏度系数的校正

讨论了隧道扫描显微镜（ＳＴＭ）中压电陶瓷压电系数的测量计算及高定向裂解石墨（ＨＯＰＧ）的ＳＴＭ相象。这对ＳＴＭ图象的分析有着重要的作用。     

Recent advances on optic nerve magnetic resonance imaging and post-processing

The optic nerve is known to be one of the largest nerve bundles in the human central nervous system. There have been many studies of optic nerve imaging and post-processing that have provided insights into pathophysiology of optic neuritis related to multiple sclerosis and neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder, glaucoma, and Leber's hereditary optic neuropathy. There are many challenges in optic nerve imaging, due to the morphology of the nerve through its course to the optic chiasm, its mobility due to eye movements and the high signal from cerebrospinal fluid and orbital fat surrounding the optic nerve. Recently, many advanced and fast imaging sequences have been used with post-processing techniques in attempts to produce higher resolution images of the optic nerve for evaluating various diseases. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is one of the most common imaging methodologies for the optic nerve. This review paper will focus on recent MRI advances in optic nerve imaging and explain several post-processing techniques being used for analysis of optic nerve images. Finally, some challenges and potential for future optic nerve studies will be discussed.     

Ultra low frequency holographic interferometry using fiber optics

Earlier studies have shown that stable ultra low frequency (ULF) holograms can be transmitted through flexible multimode optical fiber image bundles, with potential for recording interferometric quality images of remote or significantly obscured (but appropriately illuminated) subjects. This report describes the first successful demonstration of the use of doubly exposed ULF holography for the interferometric measurement of deformation fields through a fiber optic image bundle, and defines some of the capabilities and limitations of this approach to the application of coherent metrology to remote subjects.     

Transmission System for Broadband Analog Signals Using External Modulation of Optical Radiation

Fiber optic communication lines on the basis of the Mach–Zehnder intensity modulator can be used in studies of pulsed plasma for transmission of signals from detectors to data acquisition equipment. In this study, a system for transmission of nanosecond signals over fiber optic cables in the ranges of 1550 and 850 nm is demonstrated. A chronographic electro-optical detector is used for recording the signals in the range of 850 nm.     

Sinusoidal relief gratings for zero-order reconstruction of black-and-white images

The reconstruction of black-and-white images using the zero-order transmitted light from surface-relief sinusoidal phase gratings is discussed and a two-step recording technique for these structures is described. These recordings can be economically replicated by embossing into thermoplastic sheet and can be reconstructed in conventional projectors to form high quality images with full gray scale. The computed zero-order luminous density and color are compared with measured values for single and crossed grating structures of period 1.4 μm embossed in PVC. A maximum density of about 1.8 was obtained for optimized embossed structures with neutral gray scale and black, and a resolution capability of about 300 lines/mm.     

Linewidth and coherence properties of scattered light

The holographic recording of light scattered by brownian particles is discussed. It is shown that, due to the finite time of exposure, the record acts as a temporal filter of non-zero bandwidth. As a consequence the holographic recording can be obtained in spite of the frequency change of the scattered light. The experimental results show that, in fact, such a procedure can constitute an alternative way to measure the linewidth of the scattered light.     

光纤耦合CCD相机的平场校正方法研究

对于光纤锥耦合的CCD相机中存在的响应非均性问题进行了阐述,针对这种类型的系统的平场校正方法进行了仔细的研究,分析了CCD相机输出信号的构成情况,并利用这些方法对实际存在较严重的非均匀问题的图像进行处理,获得了很好的结果,达到了图像精密处理的效果.     

利用双载流子四陷阱模型解释Zn:Fe:LiNbO3晶体记录过程中的自擦除现象

比较了掺Fe量相同的两种晶体Fe:LiNbO3和Zn:Fe:LiNbO3的光折变性能，并且给出了Zn:Fe:LiNbO3晶体光电导和衍射效率与入射总光强的关系.在Zn:Fe:LiNbO3晶体二波耦合实验中观察到衍射效率随记录时间的增长先增加，达到饱和后又逐渐减小的自擦除现象，并采用光折变双载流子四陷阱模型对该现象加以解释. 在此基础上选择合适的曝光时序，利用角度复用技术在该晶体中进行体全息存储，并在同一点上存入30幅图像. 关键词： 双载流子四陷阱模型 自擦除 电子-空穴竞争 角度复用     

Reflection hologram for reconstructing deep images

A method to record deep and blurless images as a reflection hologram is proposed. A slit was used in the recording process in the same manner as for a rainbow hologram. The reconstructed image was monocolor and could be observed from wide longitudinal angles when it was illuminated by an extended white-light source such as a fluorescent lamp. One can easily obtain multicolor images by multiplexing the holograms with different wavelengths.     

Electric field assisted holographic recording of surface relief gratings in an azo-glass

The formation of holographic gratings in an azo-glass is investigated for the simple case of an intensity grating in the s-polarization of the recording beams. A dual grating is formed as a function of time with a refractive index grating and a relief grating. The diffraction efficiency as a function of recording time is discussed in a model of two consecutive processes with a phase shift. A material transport process is involved in the formation of relief patterns. An additional electrical corona field perpendicular to the sample leads to a magnification of the relief pattern. This process also works in case of a homogeneous exposure. PACS 78.66.Qn; 42.40.Eq; 42.70     

全息光栅制作中的实时潜像自监测技术

介绍了一种实时监测全息光栅曝光过程的新方法。在曝光过程中,光刻胶折射率的空间分布发生微小变化,由此形成的潜像光栅同时对记录光束产生衍射(自衍射),探测一个非零级次的衍射强度的变化就可对曝光过程实时监测。实验证明,这种技术能灵敏、客观地探测出样片之间由于个性差异所导致的最佳曝光量的漂移,制作者可以借此对曝光时间做实时补偿。发现自监测曲线之线性区的末端存在着一个明显的最佳曝光参考点,紧接其后是一个最佳曝光可选择区。采用了一个曝光模型,其模拟结果和实验中得到的自监测曲线能很好地吻合。理论分析证实,根据实时监测曲线的相对幅值来优化最佳曝光量的方法是很合理的,这种实时自监测是一种非常简单、能有效控制曝光量的技术。