冲击载荷下Al2O3陶瓷的失效与破碎特性

作为典型的脆性材料,陶瓷对变形具有高度敏感性,在强动载荷下具有完全不同于延性金属材料的损伤、破坏行为等力学响应特性。采用分离式霍普金森杆测试系统对Al_2O_3陶瓷进行了冲击加载试验,获得了陶瓷的动态抗拉/压力学性能,以及材料破碎特性随应变率的变化关系。利用能量守恒和动力学的理论方法,对脆性陶瓷材料在不同应变率下的力学特性和碎片尺度进行了深入研究。结果表明:在冲击载荷作用下,Al_2O_3陶瓷的抗拉和抗压强度均与应变率呈正相关。Al_2O_3陶瓷试样在一维应力波作用下的破碎颗粒尺寸差异较大,随着加载应变率的增加,破碎的陶瓷颗粒总数增大,颗粒平均粒径减小,应力集中的影响逐渐减弱。采用DID模型模拟的脆性材料碎片尺度与实验结果比较吻合,Grady模型源于韧性材料的推广,与实验结果的偏差较大。     

不同应变率下两种岩石的压缩破碎特征试验研究

为了研究不同岩石在不同应变率下压缩时裂纹的产生规律及破坏模式,将石灰岩和红砂岩制成试件,研究其在不同应变率和受力模式下裂纹的形成模式。开展了两种岩石的准静态压缩和动态压缩试验,采用高速摄影机记录了裂纹的产生和破坏模式。对两种岩石试件的裂纹形态进行对比,基于岩石的物理性质、受力状态、能量演化分析,得到了在不同应变率下压缩时产生差异性的原因。结果表明:准静态压缩下岩石试件受压的破坏模式也会因应变率的不同而存在差异,并且破坏模式的差异对岩石试件的抗压强度将产生显著的影响;从能量演化的角度分析,入射能量的大小将会决定岩石试样动态抗压强度曲线是否出现起伏;动态压缩时,裂纹的周向扩展速度与岩石抗压强度呈正相关。     

无机玻璃动态压缩破坏的离散元模拟

利用离散元软件PFC~(2D)(Particle Flow Code)建立了分离式霍普金森压杆(SHPB)系统,模拟了无机玻璃圆柱和圆盘试件在冲击压缩下的动态力学行为和失效破坏模式。结果表明:无机玻璃作为典型的脆性材料,其抗压强度具有明显的应变率效应,而杨氏模量则对应变率不敏感;无机玻璃圆柱的破坏过程受纵向压力、端面摩擦力以及横向惯性力的影响,初期微裂纹呈三角状分布,随着纵向应力水平的提高,出现明显的泊松效应,产生横向张应力,致使微裂纹沿纵向扩展,最终试件发生沿轴向的劈裂断裂;摩擦系数和泊松比对试件破坏模式及强度有一定影响。将建立的SHPB数值实验平台用于模拟无机玻璃巴西圆盘试验,揭示了圆盘发生中心开裂的拉伸特征及拉伸强度的应变率相关性。     

围压作用下伟晶辉长岩的能量特性及破坏模式分析

为探究围压条件下伟晶辉长岩的能量释放与破坏模式的关系,利用霍普金森压杆和LS-DYNA数值模拟软件对伟晶辉长岩开展了不同围压和不同冲击速度下的动态力学性能测试,分析其在不同围压和应变率下的能量释放特征及破坏规律。结果表明：高围压下,试样无明显塑性变形阶段,且围压状态对高应变率下的动态抗压强度有抑制作用,当冲击气压高于0.4 MPa时,动态抗压强度的增长趋势放缓;应变率和围压对伟晶辉长岩的能量与破坏模式有显著影响。随着围压的升高,试样的反射能占比增大,而透射能占比减小;能耗密度随应变率的增加而增大,当应变率为95 s^-1时(对应的冲击气压为0.4 MPa)出现拐点,同时高围压下的能耗密度大于低围压下的能耗密度。对于处于围压下的试样,其破坏断面多带有一定的角度,通过LS-DYNA有限元软件模拟了试样在围压下的动态破坏过程,发现中低围压下试样多呈剪切破坏,而高围压下试样有多条剪切裂纹发育贯通,呈复合破坏模式。     

激光加载锡的动态破碎颗粒尺寸分布

基于Grady能量破坏准则,结合固体动态断裂碎块尺寸分布规律研究结果,提出了材料微层裂破碎颗粒质量分布改进模型,并对强激光加载下锡的熔化破碎实验进行了理论计算。研究显示,理论计算的锡的微层裂破碎颗粒分布数随直径变化规律与实验结果一致,模型进一步改进需考虑应变率变化等更多综合因素影响。     

缺陷对金属蜂窝材料面内冲击性能的影响

 利用显式动力有限元ANSYS/LS-DYNA,数值研究了缺陷（胞元缺失）的分布位置及其尺寸对金属蜂窝材料面内冲击性能的影响。考虑到理想六边形蜂窝材料在不同冲击速度下的变形特征,将试件划分成9个子区域,讨论了缺陷集中位置、缺陷尺寸和冲击速度对蜂窝材料面内冲击变形模式和能量吸收性能的影响。研究发现,蜂窝材料的面内冲击性能依赖于缺陷的分布位置和缺陷尺寸,且在中低速时表现出较高的敏感性,但冲击速度的增加将弱化缺陷分布不均匀性的影响。由于缺陷的存在,蜂窝材料的能量吸收能力明显降低,但与缺陷分布位置相比,蜂窝材料单位体积所吸收的能量更敏感于缺陷尺寸。研究结果将为多胞材料的安全性评估及能量吸收设计提供理论指导和依据。     

强辐照下陶瓷泡沫骨架内的辐射能量传输机理研究

当泡沫材料直接受强光束(如聚集太阳能)照射时,准确描述材料内的热辐射传输过程成为传热模拟的关键。本文数值研究了真实陶瓷泡沫骨架在强辐照下的容积性辐射传输规律。采用离散坐标法求解了半透明氧化铝陶瓷骨架内部的辐射传输,获得了辐射能量的传递、吸收规律。研究表明,辐射在陶瓷骨架内的容积输运本质上表现为散射和吸收两种行为的竞争结果;随着波长的增加,氧化铝半透明骨架吸收的辐射能量逐渐增多。     

不同生长环境下砷化镓纳米颗粒的应变场模拟

对于埋嵌在薄膜材料中的纳米颗粒,在其生长过程中总是不可避免地伴随着应变场的产生,而这种应变场的分布能反映纳米颗粒的结构变化,纳米颗粒结构与它的物理性能有重要的关系.研究埋嵌在不同薄膜材料中的纳米颗粒生长过程中的应变场分布对于调控纳米颗粒的物理性能有着重要的意义.本文利用有限元算法分别计算了埋嵌在非晶氧化铝薄膜和非晶二氧化硅薄膜材料中的砷化镓纳米颗粒生长过程中的应变场分布.砷化镓纳米颗粒在以上两薄膜材料生长过程中都受到非均匀偏应变作用.对于埋嵌在氧化铝薄膜中的砷化镓纳米颗粒,其生长过程中,纳米颗粒内部受到的应变大于纳米颗粒表面受到的应变;而对于埋嵌在二氧化硅薄膜中的砷化镓纳米颗粒,纳米颗粒内部受到的应变小于纳米颗粒表面受到的应变.选择砷化镓纳米颗粒生长的薄膜材料可以调控纳米颗粒生长过程中的应变场分布,从而进一步调控纳米颗粒的晶格结构和形貌及其物理性能.     

不同应变率和碳纳米管掺量下混凝土的力学性质与能量演化特征

为研究应变率(加载速率)和多壁碳纳米管掺量对碳纳米管混凝土试样力学性质、能量演化规律及损伤破坏特征的影响,采用RMT-150B岩石力学试验系统,对不同应变率下不同碳纳米管掺量的混凝土试样开展了系列单轴压缩试验。试验结果表明：碳纳米管混凝土试样的延性随着多壁碳纳米管掺量的增加而增大;当应变率恒定时,多壁碳纳米管掺量为0.1%的改性碳纳米管混凝土的单轴抗压强度最大;当多壁碳纳米管掺量恒定时,应变率为5×10^-3 s^-1(0.5 mm/s)时碳纳米管混凝土试样的单轴抗压强度最大;当应变率较大时,在试样峰值应力处,碳纳米管混凝土的能量耗散值占总能量的28.29%;当应变率较小时,试样峰前阶段的能量耗散现象显著,峰值应力处耗散能占比平均高达37.34%;当应变率和多壁碳纳米管掺量均较小时,碳纳米管混凝土在破坏前所吸收的能量大量转化为耗散能,峰后试样能量释放率较小,表现为局部张拉与剪切混合破坏特征;当应变率和多壁碳纳米管掺量均较大时,碳纳米管混凝土在破坏前所吸收的能量主要储存为可释放弹性应变能,在破坏时混凝土试样的能量释放速率较高,碳纳米管混凝土试样破坏...     

纳米尺度下流体剪切流动的分子动力学模拟

利用分子动力学方法模拟流体在两无限大平板间剪切流动过程。研究通道内加入不同体积分数纳米颗粒、体积分数相同纳米颗粒数目不同以及剪切速度对流体密度、速度以及界面滑移的影响。结果表明:近壁区流体数密度呈衰减振荡分布,由近壁区到主流区振幅逐渐减小,颗粒和流体的整体数密度在中心主流区呈抛物线分布。流体剪切应变率随颗粒体积分数的增加逐渐减小,同时剪切应变率和滑移速度之间呈近似线性分布。体积分数相同颗粒数目不同,颗粒在运动过程中呈线,性排列时,剪切应变率最大。随剪切速度的增加,流体滑移速度和滑移长度随之增大,但滑移长度增加量相对较小。     

High‐resolution stress mapping of polycrystalline alumina compression using synchrotron X‐ray diffraction

The ability to achieve uniform stress in uniaxial compression tests of polycrystalline alumina is of significance for the calibration of piezospectroscopic coefficients as well as strength studies in ceramics. In this study high‐energy X‐rays were used to capture powder diffraction profiles over a half‐section of a polycrystalline alumina parallelepiped sample under an increasing uniaxial compressive load. The data were converted to strain and results were used for stress mapping of the sample. Stress maps from the study quantify the higher stresses at the sample–platen contact interface and reveal the evolution of the stress distribution in these specimens with load. For the geometry of the samples used, at the center section of the specimen the overall magnitudes of the compressive stresses were found to be 20% higher compared with the average expected theoretical stress based on the applied load and cross‐sectional area. The observed compressive stresses at the corners of the parallelepiped specimen were 62% higher and shear stresses were observed at the specimen interface to the load mechanism. The effects, seen at the interface, can lead to premature failure at these locations and can affect the accuracy of calibration of spectral peaks with stress as well as compression strength measurements. The results provide important information that can be used to establish guidelines on material and geometry considerations in developing compression tests on high‐strength ceramics.     

变形核强阻尼碰撞中巨复合体系的形成和衰变

利用改进的量子分子动力学（ImQMD）模型研究了质心系入射能量为980 MeV时变形核238U+238U体系的3种不同碰撞模式（腹对腹、 尖对腹和尖对尖）下强阻尼反应过程中初级超重碎块的产生几率和复合体系的寿命、 形状和拉长取向等性质, 发现尖对腹碰撞模式有利于初级超重碎块的产生, 还发现这种碰撞模式产生的复合体系有最长的寿命。Three different collision modes ( Belly belly, Belly tip and Tip tip) of the deformed uranium nucleus 238U bombarding the deformed 238U in strongly damped reaction at the incident energy 980 MeV has been investigated based on the improved quantum molecular dynamics (ImQMD) model. The formation and properties of the formed composite system during the reaction process were carefully studied including the lifetime, the shape configuration and the angular distribution of primary fragment. It was found that the Belly tip mode is suitable for producing the super heavy fragments, and the composite system has the longest lifetime in this mode.     

Dosimetric phosphor based on oxygen-deficient alumina ceramics

Oxygen-deficient alumina ceramics with blue luminescence was synthesized in reducing medium (vacuum, presence of carbon) from nanopowder at varying temperatures and annealing time. The structure of the samples, particle size distribution, changes in mass of the samples at different synthesis temperatures were studied. In the obtained ceramics the spectra of photoluminescence are registered in the band centered at 420 nm, which is associated with the F-centers created by oxygen vacancies. The luminescent intensity grows with increasing temperature and annealing time. The thermoluminescence curves feature two peaks whose intensities depend on the temperature of the ceramics synthesis. Dose response of the thermoluminescence peaks of alumina ceramics synthesized at 1700 °C was measured under beta-irradiation.     

纳米BaTiO3陶瓷的超高压烧结

将10 nm钛酸钡粉在6 GPa超高压条件下进行烧结,得到了晶粒大小约为30 nm的钛酸钡陶瓷.用扫描电子显微镜和原子力显微镜观测了样品的微观结构.研究表明,由于超高压能够压碎纳米粉体中的团聚体,而且能增加烧结的驱动力,降低成核的势垒,从而使成核速率增加;同时由于扩散能力的降低而使生长速率减小,所以超高压烧结能在较低的...     

Semi-empirical interpretation of nuclear fission based on deformed-shell effects

The main features of the fragment mass and charge distribution in the fission of nuclides from Po to Fm are accounted for using a correlation of minimum potential energy with fragment yield. The potential energy is calculated from a liquid drop surface with deformed-fragment shell and pairing corrections at a particular deformation for the nascent fission fragments.     

基于光谱分析的CO_2激光+脉冲GMAW复合焊峰值状态激光能量传输研究

在激光+脉冲GMAW复合焊接过程中,焊丝端部金属熔化产生大量的金属蒸汽,导致等离子体中电子、粒子的扩散现象加剧,使得激光的传输模式和工件对激光能量的吸收率和吸收模式发生变化。基于光谱分析的方法得到了复合焊接峰值状态的电子密度和温度分布,通过高速摄影分析了不同焊接模式下等离子体形态的变化,结合Beer-Lambert吸收定律计算了不同焊接模式下激光的吸收率。结果表明,在复合焊过程中,由于焊丝端部金属被熔化,焊丝的金属蒸汽进入激光等离子体内部,导致激光匙孔上方电子密度进一步提高,等离子体吸收激光能量能力增强,使得激光的传输效率从纯激光焊的94.16%降低到了CO_2激光+脉冲GMAW复合焊的85.84%。     

On the kinetic energy of fission fragments with even and odd numbers of protons

In order to compare the distributions of the prompt energy release in the fission of a doubly even nucleus into even-Z and odd-Z fragments, the spectra of fragment kinetic energy and the coincident K X-rays were measured in a two-parameter mode with high statistical accuracy for the case of ²⁵²Cf spontaneous fission. By means of computer spectrum decomposition techniques data were obtained for average kinetic energies of fragments with even and odd atomic number. The comparison did not show any noticeable correlation of the mean fragment kinetic energy with oddness or evenness of the fragments.     

Experiments on clusters

In this contribution we discuss four different types of experiments that have been conducted at molecular beams of neutral clusters. The size of particularly stable sodium chloride clusters and their corresponding geometrical structure is inferred from intensity anomalies in mass spectra. This information is obtained either for charged or for neutral clusters depending on whether the clusters are ionized by electron impact or by multiphoton absorption. The important role of fragmentation in mass spectrometry of xenon clusters is revealed by multiphoton ionization; dissociative reactions occurring on the time scale of 10⁻⁷ s with respect to the ionizing event can be analyzed. The solvation energy of negatively charged carbon dioxide clusters as a function of cluster size is obtained from electron attachment spectra. A resonance in the ion yield close to zero eV electron energy signifies that all clusters except for the monomer feature a positive electron affinity. An analysis of the kinetic energy of fragment ions, originating from delayed dissociation of triply charged carbon dioxide clusters, reveals that the size distribution of their fission fragments is extremely symmetric.     

Models of fragmentation with composite power laws

Some models for binary fragmentation are introduced in which a time dependent transition size produces two regions of fragment sizes above and below the transition size. In the first model we assume a fixed rate of fragmentation for the largest fragment and two different rates of fragmentation in the two regions of sizes above and below the transition size. The model is solved exactly in the long time limit to reveal stable time-invariant solutions for the fragment size and mass distributions. These solutions exhibit composite power law behaviours; power laws with two different exponents for fragments in smaller and larger regions. A special case of the model with no fragmentation in the smaller size region is also examined. Another model is also introduced which have three regions of fragment sizes with different rates of fragmentation. The similarities between the stable distributions in our models and composite power law distributions from experimental work on shock fragmentation of long thin glass rods and thick clay plates are discussed.