近复杂几何固壁空泡溃灭的伪势格子Boltzmann建模*

格子Boltzmann方法伪势多相模型具有高效性和复杂几何边界实施的简易性。该文采用改进作用力的伪势多相模型,通过优化参数实现最大程度的热力学一致性,进而提高模型的密度比和稳定性。分别从伪速度、网格不变性、Young-Laplace验证等方面研究了改进模型的性能。通过改进的模型模拟了复杂几何固壁附近空泡溃灭过程。分析了空化泡溃灭阶段的密度场、压力场和速度场演化过程,以及复杂几何固壁附近的空泡动力学特性。结果表明伪势格子Boltzmann方法在探索空泡溃灭和复杂几何固壁间的相互作用规律研究中是一种有效的工具。     

超声场下刚性界面附近溃灭空化气泡的速度分析

为了揭示刚性界面附近气泡空化参数与微射流的相互关系, 从两气泡控制方程出发, 利用镜像原理, 建立了考虑刚性壁面作用的空化泡动力学模型. 数值对比了刚性界面与自由界面下气泡的运动特性, 并分析了气泡初始半径、气泡到固壁面的距离、声压幅值和超声频率对气泡溃灭的影响. 在此基础上, 建立了气泡溃灭速度和微射流的相互关系. 结果表明: 刚性界面对气泡振动主要起到抑制作用; 气泡溃灭的剧烈程度随气泡初始半径和超声频率的增加而降低, 随着气泡到固壁面距离的增加而增加; 声压幅值存在最优值, 固壁面附近的气泡在该最优值下气泡溃灭最为剧烈; 通过研究气泡溃灭速度和微射流的关系发现, 调节气泡溃灭速度可以达到间接控制微射流的目的.     

Dynamics of a cavitation bubble near a solid wall

The cavitation bubble dynamics, the variation of pressure and velocity fields of the surrounding liquid in the process of the bubble axisymmetric compression near a planar solid wall are considered. It is assumed that the liquid is at rest at the initial moment of time, and the bubble has a spheroidal shape. The liquid is assumed inviscid and incompressible, its motion being potential. The bubble surface deformation and the liquid velocity on the surface are computed by the Euler scheme using the boundary element method until the moment of the collision of some parts of the bubble surface with one another. The influence of the distance of the bubble from the wall and its initial nonsphericity on the liquid pressure and velocity fields, the bubble shape, and the pressure inside the bubble at the end of the time interval under consideration are studied. The maximum pressure in liquid is shown to realize at the bottom of the cumulative jet arising at the bubble collapse with direction to the wall. In the upper part of this jet, the velocity and pressure are practically constant, and the pressure in the jet is approximately equal to the pressure in the bubble.     

曲面固壁附近空化泡溃灭动力学的 流体体积数值研究*

流体体积法(VOF)可以便捷、高效地实现对多相流界面的捕捉和追踪。本文基于VOF方法,对单个空化泡在曲面固壁附近的运动进行了数值模拟,从实验对比、压力场、速度场、温度场演化、溃灭时间、射流速度、固壁温度等方面分析了空化泡溃灭过程的热动力学影响。结果表明,数值模拟得到的空化泡形态演化与实验观测到的现象一致,随着位置参数、泡内外压差及曲面固壁尺寸的改变,空化泡热动力学行为也将发生变化,受到流体运动及射流冲击的影响,溃灭瞬间产生的高温高压使得曲面固壁温度升高。本文研究的曲面固壁附近空化泡溃灭效应,揭示了空化泡与曲面固壁间的相互作用规律,对学术研究及工程应用都具有重要意义。     

基于边界元法的近平板圆孔气泡动力学行为研究

研究了带有圆孔的平板附近气泡动力学特性. 基于不可压缩势流理论, 建立了平板圆形破口附近气泡运动数值模型, 并针对气泡初始位置距离破口很近而导致计算结果发散的数值缺陷, 采用气泡壁和壁面融合的方法, 将流场分离为两个半无限域问题进行求解, 实现了在不同无量纲参数范围内的数值模拟, 数值结果与实验结果符合良好. 通过对圆孔附近气泡运动特性的研究发现, 圆孔对气泡的影响基本与壁面相反, 在膨胀阶段对气泡产生腔吸作用, 收缩阶段产生排斥, 在特定的工况下会产生对射流现象. 最后分析了气泡壁与壁面融合, 流场分离后的气泡动态特性以及各工况参数对其影响规律. 关键词： 气泡 边界元 射流 圆孔     

Optical investigation of cavitation erosion by laser-induced bubble collapse

By means of a new force sensor based on optical beam deflection (OBD), the mechanical effects of laser-matter interaction underwater at different incident laser energy are investigated in detail. The experimental results show that a target underwater is impacted in turn by laser-plasma ablation force and high-speed liquid-jet impulse induced by bubbles collapse in the vicinity of a solid boundary. Furthermore, the amplitudes of the two forces increase monotonously with laser energy. According to the ablation force detected by the experiment and the theoretical relationship between laser intensity and ablation pressure, the value of liquid-jet impact against a solid boundary can be easily obtained. In addition, based on the model of a collapsing bubble, some characteristic parameters, such as the liquid-jet impact velocity, the maximum bubble radius, the bubble energy can also be obtained at different laser energy, which are valuable in the corresponding research fields.     

The interaction of a laser-generated cavity with a solid boundary

In this paper new observations of a laser-generated cavitation bubble interacting with an inertial boundary are presented. Employing schlieren photography techniques and a thin film transducer placed on the surface of the boundary, the pressure stresses induced in the solid boundary and the surrounding fluid by collapsing bubbles, created very close to the solid surface, are experimentally measured. Liquid jet development, shock wave emission, and "splash" phenomena are identified. For different creation sites close to the boundary, the relevance of each of these phenomena with respect to potentially damaging pressure stresses in the boundary is speculated on.     

用格子Boltzmann方法数值模拟三维空化现象

空化是一种微观、瞬时、随机、多相的复杂现象,其过程中所产生的极端条件以及伴随的一系列空化效应,将对液流系统产生破坏性和建设性两方面的作用.采用基于Shan-Chen模型的单组分多相流格子Boltzmann方法对水体中的三维空化现象进行了数值模拟,研究了低压下水体中气核半径与空化现象的相互关系,成功再现了低压下水体中微小气核发展成气泡的过程,并进一步研究了水体依次流经低压区、高压区时空化产生、发展、溃灭的全过程.数值模拟结果和理论预测结果符合良好. 关键词： 单组分多相流 格子Boltzmann方法 三维空化     

Dynamic features of a laser-induced cavitation bubble near a solid boundary

This paper deals with detailed features of bubble dynamics near a solid boundary. The cavitation bubble was created by using a Q-switched Nd: YAG laser pulse and observed using a high-speed camera (up to 100,000 frames per second). A hydrophone system was employed to monitor the acoustic signals generated by the transient pressure impulses and estimate the bubble oscillation periods. Experimental observations were carried out for bubbles with various maximum expanded radius R_max (between 1.0 mm and 1.6 mm) and stand-off distances, ds (defined as the distance between the solid boundary and the bubble center at inception) of 0.4 ? γ ? 3.0, and γ = ds/R_max. The existence of a solid boundary created asymmetry in the flow field and forced the bubble to collapse non-spherically, which finally brought forth the jet impact phenomenon. The dimensionless first and second oscillation periods were dependent on γ. A series of expansion and collapse of the bubble with cascading loss of energy were observed after the bubble had been generated. This study revealed that most bubbles lost about two-thirds of the total energy from the first maximum expansion to the second maximum expansion.     

Intense shock waves in bubble media

Shock waves in bubble media are studied experimentally. Data are obtained on the structure, velocity of propagation, and pressure of shock waves incident on a solid boundary and reflected from it. The experimental data are compared with the results of calculation of shock wave parameters.     

Nonlinear dynamics of a cavitation bubble pair near a rigid boundary in a standing ultrasonic wave field

The dynamics of a micrometer-sized bubble pair in water near a rigid boundary under standing ultrasonic wave excitation is investigated in this study. The viscous effect in the boundary layer at the air-water interface is considered following the viscous correction model. The evolution of the bubble surface at the collapsing stage of the bubble pair is presented for different parameter sets. The field pressure near the rigid boundary, which is induced by the oscillating bubble pair, and the high-speed water jet at the collapse stage, form the main focus of the analysis. This reveals that a horizontal configuration of the bubble pair retards the strength of the bubble jet towards the boundary, whilst a vertical configuration, especially with differently-sized bubbles, can enhance the bubble collapse. This study may help to understand the interaction of multiple bubbles in an acoustic field and its application to surface cleaning.     

Radial oscillation and translational motion of a gas bubble in a micro-cavity

According to classical nucleation theory, a gas nucleus can grow into a cavitation bubble when the ambient pressure is negative. Here, the growth process of a gas nucleus in a micro-cavity was simplified to two “events”, and the full confinement effect of the surrounding medium of the cavity was considered by including the bulk modulus in the equation of state. The Rayleigh–Plesset-like equation of the cavitation bubble in the cavity was derived to model the radial oscillation and translational motion of the cavitation bubble in the local acoustic field. The numerical results show that the nucleation time of the cavitation bubble is sensitive to the initial position of the gas nucleus. The cavity size affects the duration of the radial oscillation of the cavitation bubble, where the duration is shorter for smaller cavities. The equilibrium radius of a cavitation bubble grown from a gas nucleus increases with increasing size of the cavity. There are two possible types of translational motion: reciprocal motion around the center of the cavity and motion toward the cavity wall. The growth process of gas nuclei into cavitation bubbles is also dependent on the compressibility of the surrounding medium and the magnitude of the negative pressure. Therefore, gas nuclei in a liquid cavity can be excited by acoustic waves to form cavitation bubbles, and the translational motion of the cavitation bubbles can be easily observed owing to the confining influence of the medium outside the cavity.     

Thermodynamic of collapsing cavitation bubble investigated by pseudopotential and thermal MRT-LBM

The thermodynamic of cavitation bubble collapsing is a complex fundamental issue for cavitation application and prevention. The pseudopotential and thermal multi-relaxation-time lattice Boltzmann method (MRT-LBM) is adopted to investigate the thermodynamic of collapsing cavitation bubble in this paper. The simulation results satisfy the maximum temperature equation of the bubble collapse, which derived from the Rayleigh-Plesset (R-P) equation. The validity of thermal MRT-LBM in simulating the collapse process of cavitation bubble is verified. It shows that the temperature evolution of vapor-liquid phase is well captured. Furthermore, the two-dimensional (2D) temperature, velocity and pressure field of the bubble near a solid wall are analyzed. The maximum temperature inside the bubble and wall temperature under different position offset parameters are discussed in details.     

Thermodynamic effect of single bubble near a rigid wall

The objective of this paper is to numerically investigate the thermodynamic effect during bubble collapse near a rigid boundary. A compressible fluid model is introduced to accurately capture the transient process of bubble shapes and temperature, as well as corresponding pressure, and velocity. The accuracy of the numerical model is verified by the experimental data of bubble shapes, and Keller-Kolodner equation as well as its thermodynamic equation. The results show that a bubble near the rigid boundary presents high-speed jet in collapse stage and counter jet in rebound stage, respectively. In the collapse stage, the bubble margin will shrink rapidly and do the positive work on the compressible vapor inside the bubble, then a significant amount of heat will be generated, and finally the generation of high-speed jet drives the low-temperature liquid outside the bubble to occupy the position of high-temperature vapor inside the bubble. In the rebound stage, the counter jet moving away from the rigid boundary takes part of heat away from the sub-bubble, which avoids the external work of the expansion of the sub-bubble and the temperature reduction caused by the dissipation effect of the vortex structure. In addition, the initial standoff has a significant effect on the thermodynamics of bubble oscillation. The temperature keeps increasing with the increase of the initial standoff in the collapse stage, while it shows a downward trend with the increase of the initial standoff in the rebound stage. That’s because the high-speed jet and counter jet of bubble gradually disappear when the initial standoff increases, which is the important reason for the opposite evolution trend of temperature in collapse and rebound stage.     

空化单气泡外围压强分布

关键词：     

Dynamics of cavitational bubbles and design of a hydrodynamic cavitational reactor: cluster approach

In the present work, a cavity cluster of predetermined size has been considered to study the bubble dynamics in the hydrodynamic cavitation reactor. The effect of different operating and system parameters on the cavitational intensity has been numerically investigated. The yield of any cavitationally induced physical/chemical transformations depends not only on the collapse pressure of the cavities but also on the active volume of cavitation within the reactor. Empirical correlations have been developed to predict the collapse pressure and the active volume of cavitation as a function of different operating parameters based on the bubble dynamics studies. Recommendations are made for designing a cavitational reactor on the basis of the proposed empirical correlations. This work is a first step towards the designing and optimization of hydrodynamic cavitational reactor with cluster approach.     

固壁面附近激光产生空泡脉动过程的实验研究

采用自行研制的光纤传感器研究了激光等离子体空泡在固壁面附近的脉动特性。实验获得了激光空泡三次膨胀到最大位置对应的波形图;并据此判定了激光空泡在脉动过程中对应的最大泡半径和溃灭周期;在此基础上结合空泡溃灭理论,计算了激光泡溃灭周期的延长因子κ。结果表明:随着脉动次数的增加,最大泡半径依次减小;随着作用激光能量的增大,最大泡半径,空泡溃灭周期的延长因子κ均增大;而无量纲参量的增大将导致延长因子的减小。所得到的延长因子同样可用于无限域流场。     

Numerical models for the study of the nonlinear frequency mixing in two and three-dimensional resonant cavities filled with a bubbly liquid

The objective of this work is to develop versatile numerical models to study the nonlinear distortion of ultrasounds and the generation of low-ultrasonic frequency signals by nonlinear frequency mixing in two and three-dimensional resonators filled with bubbly liquids. The interaction of the acoustic field and the bubble vibrations is modeled through a coupled differential system formed by the multi-dimensional wave equation and a Rayleigh-Plesset equation. The numerical models we develop are based on multi-dimensional finite-volume techniques and a time discretization carried out by finite differences. Numerical experiments are performed for complex modes in many different cavities considering different kinds of boundary conditions and taking advantage of the dispersive character of the bubbly fluid to match specific resonances of the cavities. Results show the distribution of fundamental and harmonics for single frequency excitation and difference-frequency component for two-frequency excitation that are promoted by the strong nonlinearity of the bubbly medium. The numerous simulations analyzed suggest that the new numerical models developed and proposed in this paper are useful to understand the behavior of ultrasounds in bubbly liquids for sonochemical processes and applications of nonlinear frequency mixing.     

Experimental investigation of the impact on nearby solid boundary during laser-generated bubble collapse

Cavitation damage has been considered as being responsible for many effects in hydraulic machinery and biological medicine. In order to better understand the cavity interaction with nearby solid surfaces, the impact loading induced by the high-speed liquid-jet and subsequent jet flow during the final stage of the bubble collapse in a static fluid is investigated by focusing a Q-switched pulsed laser into water. By means of a new method based on a fibre-coupling optical beam deflection technique, a detailed experimental study has been made to clarify the relationship of the impact pressure against a solid boundary as a function of the dimensionless γ that is generally used to describe the bubble dynamics with its definition γ= s/R_{max}(R_{max} being the maximum bubble radius and s denoting the distance of the cavity inception from the boundary). The experimental results are shown that for γ in the range of about 0.67 to 0.95 with a pulsed laser energy 230mJ, the transient pressure applied on the solid surface is maximum; while for γ>1 or γ<0.67, it is gradually decreased. By combination of our experimental results with the other work that detected the acoustic emission during the bubble collapse at different γ, it is concluded that in this range of 0.67－0.95, the destructive effect due to a liquid-jet and the following jet flow impact actually outweighs the well-known effect of shock wave emission and plays a vital role during the cavitation bubble collapse.     

氦泡在bcc钨中晶界处成核长大的分子动力学模拟

钨(W)是潜在的聚变堆面向等离子体材料.聚变反应中产生的氦(He)不溶于金属W,并在其中易聚集形成He泡,使W基体发生脆化,从而导致W基体的性能发生退化.在前人工作的基础上,本文采用分子动力学研究了He泡在单晶bcc-W中以及bcc-W中∑3[211](110)和∑9[110](411)晶界处He泡形核长大初期的演化过程.结果发现,晶界处He泡的长大机制和单晶W中有所不同.单晶W中He泡通过挤出位错环促进长大.而He泡在∑3[211](110)晶界处的长大机制为:首先挤出并发射少量自间隙W原子,而后挤出1/2⟨111⟩位错线,随后,该位错线会沿晶界面上[111]方向迁移出去;在∑9[110](411)晶界处,He泡在我们的模拟时间尺度范围内没有观察到W自间隙子的发射和位错的挤出.