鸡粪堆肥有机质转化的荧光定量化表征

采用荧光分析技术和数学分析方法,对不同阶段鸡粪堆肥样品提取出的水溶性有机物进行了特征荧光参数定量化表征。结果显示：随着堆肥的进行,类腐殖质荧光峰与类蛋白荧光峰荧光强度的比值I₃₃₀/I₂₈₀、465 nm激发波长下发射光谱中470～640 nm范围内荧光积分面积A_470～640及240 nm激发波长下发射光谱中后四分之一波段与前四分之一波段的荧光强度积分面积比A_{435～480 nm}/A_{300～345 nm}均不断增大,表明堆肥腐殖化程度加大。三维荧光光谱显示,随着堆肥的进行类蛋白峰强度不断降低,而类富里酸峰强度不断增大,至堆肥结束类蛋白荧光基本消失;紫外区与可见区类富里酸峰荧光强度的比值r_{(A, C)}随着堆肥的进行总体呈明显下降趋势,但出现了较大波动。相关性分析显示,I₃₃₀/I₂₈₀,A_470～640及A_{435～480 nm}/A_{300～345 nm}两两间显著相关,而r_{(A, C)}受其他因素影响较大,与上述３个参数未达到显著相关水平。结果表明,I₃₃₀/I₂₈₀,A_470～640及A_{435～480 nm}/A_{300～345 nm}均能有效表征堆肥腐殖化进程。     

原子吸收光度计兼FIA光度法测定沉积物中铝

摘 要 自行研制了一套流动注射比色装置,应用到原子吸收分光光度计上,采用锐线光源的原子吸收分光光度计兼作流动注射分析法中可见光度计使用,研究了沉积物样品中微量铝测定的适宜条件,建立了一种全新的分析测试技术。一次进样同时可连续得到三峰两谷5个吸光度值（A₁, A₂, A₃, A₄, A₅）,均可用于定量分析,并对其理论和实验技术进行了讨论。采用加和技术（A=A₁+A₂+A₃+A₄+A₅）是提高FIA法分析灵敏度的一种有效途径,该方法的灵敏度较普通方法有显著提高,其精密度和线性关系也良好。实验表明,原子吸收分光光度计兼作可见光度计使用,扩大了原子吸收分光光度计的应用范围,操作简单,方法可靠,直接用于沉积物样品中微量铝含量的测定,结果令人满意。     

离子注入法制备GaN∶Er薄膜的Raman光谱分析

对离子注入法制备的u-,n-和p-GaN∶Er三种类型的薄膜样品进行了Raman光谱分析。Er+注入GaN样品后新出现了293,362和670 cm-1等波数的Raman峰,其中293 cm-1处的Raman峰被指认为无序激活的Raman散射(DARS),362 cm-1和670 cm-1处的Raman峰可能与离子注入后形成的GaN晶格缺陷有关。上述GaN∶Er样品在800℃退火前后的E₂(high)特征峰均向高频方向移动,表明薄膜晶格中均存在着压应力。采用洛伦兹拟合分析了Raman光谱中组成A₁(LO)模式峰的未耦合LO模与等离子体激元耦合模LPP+在不同样品中的出现情况,定性指出了GaN∶Er系列样品中载流子浓度的变化规律。     

燃烧法合成掺锰高铝酸钙红色荧光粉的研究

以脲素为燃烧剂,采用燃烧法在较低引发温度下快速合成了CaAl₁₂O₁₉∶xMn4+发光粉体。采用正交分析法考查了煅烧温度、Mn4+掺杂量、燃烧剂用量和煅烧时间等合成条件对荧光粉发光强度的影响。实验结果表明：煅烧温度1 200 ℃,Mn4+掺杂量2%,燃烧剂/CaAl₁₂O₁₉摩尔比为50∶1, 煅烧时间5 h为最佳合成工艺,制得的荧光粉的发射强度为95.8。该荧光粉由于Mn4+的2E—4A₂跃迁,在643和656 nm呈现强红色发光,其中656 nm为最大发射峰;在470 nm处的最大激发峰是属于Mn4+配位场的4A₂—4T₂跃迁,470 nm激发峰可以与LED芯片的465 nm发射相匹配。     

重金属锌胁迫的白菜叶片光谱响应研究

在实验室土培条件下,应用白菜(Brassica Campestris L.)叶片红边位(680～740nm)、可见区光谱(460～680nm)、近红外区光谱(750～1000nm)三种特征光谱因子研究了重金属锌对白菜生长的胁迫响应。随土壤中Zn含量增加,白菜叶片金属Zn富集程度逐渐增大,白菜叶片叶绿素含量降低;随白菜叶片Zn含量增加,白菜叶片光谱的可见区反射率变化程度(A₁)增加,白菜叶片光谱近红外区反射率变化程度(A₂)降低,红边“蓝移”(向短波方向飘移)程度(S)逐渐增强。应用A₁,A₂,S作参数对白菜叶片Zn含量对数值(lnC_L,C_L单位为mg·kg-1)进行定量线性相关分析,三模型复相关系数r2分别为0.942,0.981和0.969,三种特征光谱因子能够用来预测白菜叶片金属Zn含量。     

宽频谱红外-可见转换材料CaS∶Ce,Sm的低温燃烧合成及表征

采用低温燃烧合成(LCS)法制备出宽频谱红外-可见转换材料CaS∶Ce, Sm,研究了稀土掺杂浓度对产物红外-可见转换发光性能的影响,并对样品进行了结构和性能表征。XRD分析表明样品为立方晶系CaS晶体结构。样品的激发光谱位于200～500 nm之间,紫外或可见光均可有效激发该材料完成“充能”过程,且可见光激发占优势。样品的红外响应光谱范围为800～1 600 nm,说明CaS∶Ce, Sm材料具有宽频谱红外-可见转换效应。样品的红外-可见转换发射光谱是位于450～650 nm的宽带谱,两毗邻发射峰位于513.4和572 nm,分别对应Ce3+的2T_2g(5d)→2F_5/2(4f)和2T_2g(5d)→2F_7/2(4f)跃迁。     

NaYF4∶Eu3+, Tm3+, Yb3+材料中Stokes和反Stokes发光研究

合成了Eu3+,Tm3+和Yb3+掺杂的NaYF₄材料。360 nm光激发呈蓝色发光,峰值位于452 nm,对应Tm3+的1D₂→3F₄跃迁;395 nm光激发呈橙色发光,峰值位于591 nm,对应Eu3+的5D₀→7F₁跃迁;409 nm光激发呈红色发光,峰值位于613 nm,对应Eu3+的5D₀→7F₂跃迁;980 nm光激发呈蓝色和红色发光,发光峰位于474和646 nm。蓝光来源Tm3+的1G₄ →3H₆跃迁,红光来源Tm3+的1G₄→3F₄跃迁。在双对数曲线中,蓝光474 nm和红光646 nm的斜率分别为2.1和2.4,在980 nm光激发下,蓝光和红光发射都是双光子过程。还研究了材料的吸收光谱,并利用X射线衍射,扫描电镜测试了材料的物相结构和微观形貌。结果表明：NaYF₄∶Eu3+, Tm3+, Yb3+材料具有较规则的六方相结构,结晶良好。     

不同物料堆肥腐熟程度的紫外-可见光谱特性表征

水溶性有机物(DOM)紫外-可见吸收光谱特性是评价堆肥腐熟度重要方法之一,但由于紫外-可见吸收光谱指标众多,单指标评价具有较大局限性。因此,本研究开展了影响堆肥腐熟度的关键紫外-可见光谱特性指标识别,并采用化学剂量学方法评价了不同来源堆肥腐熟程度。与传统单一物料评价相比,优选的评价指标及评价方法更具普适性。不同物料堆肥过程中DOM紫外-可见光谱特性分析结果表明,SUVA₂₅₄和SUVA₂₈₀值呈明显的增加趋势,E₂₅₀/E₃₆₅和E₄/E₆值呈相反的趋势,而A_226～400,S_275～295,S_350～400值则在堆肥末期变化显著。相关分析表明不同紫外-可见光谱参数(E₂/E₄和E₂₃₅/E₂₀₃除外)彼此之间相关性显著;主成分分析显示,DOM紫外-可见光谱指标A_226～400, SUVA₂₅₄, S_350～400, SUVA₂₈₀, S_275～295可作为堆肥腐熟程度关键影响评价指标。在此基础上,采用筛选的特性指标对堆肥末期进行聚类分析,可将九种不同来源堆肥分为两大类,第一类为猪粪、鸡粪、污泥、秸秆、园林垃圾、果蔬及生活垃圾等腐熟程度较低的堆肥;第二类为杂草和厨余腐熟程度较高的堆肥。     

掺杂钐离子的邻苯二甲酸锌的光谱研究

应用微波反应方法制备了掺杂钐离子的邻苯二甲酸锌(Zn(Pht))化合物,采用XRD,FTIR,NIR FT-Raman,固体样品漫反射紫外-可见光谱(DRS UV/Vis),荧光光谱和热重分析(TG)对其结构进行了分析表征。傅里叶变换红外和拉曼分析表明,在化合物中邻苯二甲酸酐中邻位的二个羟酸根各以单齿和Zn配位,其π→π*的跃迁由255和289 nm移向235和270 nm。该化合物在240 nm的光激发下,在560,596,642和670 nm附近产生较强的发射峰,它们分别对应于Sm3+的从4G_5/2,6H_7/2,6H_9/2和6H_11/2激发态到基态的发射,结果表明,Zn(Pht)显著地提高了Sm3+的发射效率。在荧光寿命谱中,化合物以240 nm激发所产生的596和642 nm的发射峰,其荧光寿命分别为τ₁=1.57 ns,τ₂=76.94 ns和τ₁=1.19 ns,τ₂=55.64 ns。TG分析表明,所研究的化合物在380℃开始分解,具有较高的热稳定性。     

高斯多峰拟合用于烷基葡萄糖苷临界胶束浓度测量

报道了可见吸收光谱线型的高斯多峰拟合用于新型非离子表面活性剂烷基葡萄糖苷(APG),如辛基-β-D-葡萄糖单苷(C₈G₁)和癸基-β-D-葡萄糖单苷(C10G₁)的临界胶束浓度(CMC)的测定。具体作法是以结晶紫(crystal violet,CV)为探针,测量一系列不同浓度的APG-CV水溶液体系的可见吸收光谱。其光谱特征是CV单体吸收峰598～609 nm和二聚体吸收峰538～569 nm叠合在一起。用高斯多峰拟合法实现了体系可见光谱吸收叠合峰的分峰、峰面积(积分吸光度)、频移及半高宽等光谱线型参数计算。单体和二聚体峰面积比(相对积分吸光度A₂/A₁)、频移(Δλ)及半高宽(w₁,w₂)对APG浓度图形在CMC处发生突变。首次发现可见吸收光谱线型参数半高宽对APG聚集行为敏感,并成功用于APG的CMC测量。     

Photodissociation effects on pulsed laser deposited silver oxide thin films: surface‐enhanced resonance Raman scattering

Temporal Raman scattering measurements with 488, 532 and 632 nm excitation wavelengths and normal Raman studies by varying the power (from 30 W/cm² to 2 MW/cm²) at 488 nm were performed on silver oxide thin films prepared by pulsed‐laser deposition. Initially, silver oxide Raman spectra were observed with all three excitation wavelengths. With further increase in time and power, silver oxide photodissociated into silver nanostructures. High‐intensity spectral lines were observed at 1336 ± 25 and 1596 ± 10 cm⁻¹ with 488 nm excitation. No spectral features were observed with 633 nm excitation. Surface‐enhanced resonance Raman scattering theory is used to explain the complex behavior in the intensity of the 1336/1596 cm⁻¹ lines with varying power of 488 nm excitation. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

LiIO3晶体的受激拉曼散射

 采用腔外单次通过方式,测量了LiIO₃晶体在532 nm皮秒脉冲下的受激拉曼散射。实验中观察到3级斯托克斯线（556.07,582.30, 611.76 nm）和1级反斯托克斯线（509.57 nm）,由此可计算出其频率间隔为820 cm^-1。测量了LiIO₃晶体各级拉曼散射谱线的阈值和增益系数,受激拉曼散射的整体转换效率达到56%。基于LiIO₃晶体实现了皮秒外腔式拉曼激光器的运转,双波长输出总转换效率为27%,最大输出能量1.4 mJ。     

激光诱导等离子体冲击波增强水和重水晶格振动受激拉曼散射

利用532 nm的脉冲激光进行了水和重水受激拉曼散射研究,不仅实现了O—H和O—D的伸缩振动受激拉曼散射,同时还实现了晶格振动的受激拉曼散射。水在激发光能量为130 mJ时出现低频受激Stocks和Anti-Stoks 313 cm-1谱线;重水在激发光能量为160 mJ时出现低频受激Stocks和Anti-Stoks 280 cm-1谱线。利用激光诱导等离子体解释了这种拉曼散射增强模式。     

Spectroscopic properties of Sm-doped oxide and fluoride glasses for efficient visible lasers (560-660 nm)

The spectroscopic properties of Sm³⁺-ions in tellurite, fluorophosphate, and fluorine-modified silicate glasses are examined under the excitations at 488 nm (Ar⁺ ion laser) and 1060 nm laser. The effect of dopant ion and glass-host interaction, branching ratio of transitions and line shapes of emission lines in the visible region are discussed in view of the ionicity and covalency of hosts. The lifetimes of metastable levels are also reported and the results are explained for designing the visible and UV laser hosts.     

Ar+激光和532 nm激光及其线偏振激光辐照光学模型下人正常小肠组织光学特性

采用双积分球系统和光辐射测量技术的基本原理以及运用生物组织的光学模型 ,研究了 4 76 5 ,4 88,4 96 5 ,5 14 5 ,5 32nm激光及其线偏振激光辐照人正常小肠组织的光学特性。结果表明 :组织对激光及线偏振激光的衰减系数和散射系数随着波长的减小而增大 ,而 5 14 5～ 5 32nm波长之间 ,线偏振光与非线偏振光入射则开始有明显差异。吸收系数是随着波长的减小而缓慢地增大 ,而 5 14 5～ 5 32nm波长之间吸收系数的改变则明显变小 ,与是否线偏振光入射无明显差异。平均散射余弦也是随着波长的减小而增大 ,光学穿透深度则是随着波长的增大而增大 ,折射率在这五个波长范围内的值在 (1 38～ 1 4 8)之间。Kubel ka Munk二流模型下组织对同一波长的激光及其线偏振激光的吸收系数、散射系数、总衰减系数、有效衰减系数没有显著性差异 (P >0 0 5 )。组织对不同波长的激光或其线偏振激光的吸收系数、散射系数、总衰减系数、有效衰减系数是有差异的。而在 5 14 5～ 5 32nm波长之间其光学特性参数有较为明显的差异。     

Dependence on the scattering angle of the electron temperature and electron density in thomson-scattering measurements on an atmospheric-pressure plasma jet

Electron temperature and electron density measurements were made in an atmospheric-pressure argon plasma jet by line-shape analysis of Thomson-scattered laser light. The dependence of electron temperature and electron density on the scattering angle was investigated. Measurements were made using incident laser wavelengths of 532 and 355 nm. At 532 nm, the electron-ion collision frequency exceeds the Landau damping rate for shallow scattering angles, and the electron plasma wave resonance structure in the Thomson line shape is broadened. This resulted in dramatic increase in the apparent electron temperature as a function of decreasing scattering angle. At 355 nm, collisions do not affect the Thomson line shape. In this case, an angular dependence of the measured electron temperature is not expected and was not observed. Data taken at 532 nm at larger scattering angles are consistent with the 355-nm results, and show that the electrons are not in thermodynamic equilibrium with the heavy particles.     

Enhanced stimulated Raman scattering in H<Subscript>2</Subscript> by seeding an SRS line into an H-ɛ Balmer line: Amplification-coupled laser wavelength shifter

The stimulated Raman scattering (SRS) in H₂ gas above the dissociation energy limit was recorded using a 266-nm UV laser. All of the observed Stokes and anti-Stokes SRS lines showed a normal behavior except the third Stokes SRS lines at 397.8 nm, which showed a substantial intensity enhancement of about a 36%-conversion efficiency of the pump energy. This enhancement in the SRS line is attributed to the seeding of the SRS line into the Balmer H-? line at 397 nm in molecular hydrogen. To the best of our knowledge, there is no report of any work on enhanced stimulated Raman scattering in H₂ by the seeding of the H-? Balmer line into the SRS line and attaining a very high intensity at the third Stokes SRS lines at 397.8 nm. The cell pressure and the laser pulse energy dependence of these SRS lines substantiate our explanation.     

High-frequency Bragg gratings in a photothermorefractive glass

Holographic UV mirrors were recorded in a volume of photothermorefractive glass. This photosensitive silicate glass doped with silver, cerium, and fluorine is transparent in the near-UV, visible, and near-IR spectral regions, and its induced refractive-index change reaches 10(-3). UV radiation of a He-Cd laser at 325 nm was used for Bragg grating recording with a spatial frequency of ~9200 mm(-1). The absolute diffraction efficiency of the recorded mirror reached 12.6% at 325 nm and did not deteriorate under the long-time effects of optical irradiation and heating up 400 degrees C.     

High-peak power multi-wavelength picosecond pulses generated from a BaWO4 Raman-seeded optical parametric amplifier

We report the generation of high-peak power multi-wavelength picosecond laser pulses using optical parametric amplification (OPA) in BBO seeded with pulses generated in a 5-mm length BaWO₄ crystal by stimulated Raman scattering of 18-ps laser pulses at 532 nm. The maximum output energy of the amplified first-Stokes component at 559.7 nm was about 1.76 mJ. The corresponding maximum peak power, pulse duration and spectral line width were measured to be 117.3 MW, 15 ps and 18.0 cm⁻¹, respectively. The multi-wavelength picosecond laser pulses were in the visible and near infrared ranges. Using this Raman-seeded OPA technique, the beam quality of the stimulated Raman scattering pulses can be improved.     

Stimulated Raman scattering of lattice translational modes in liquid heavy water

A study was conducted on stimulated Raman scattering (SRS) when laser-induced plasma is formed in heavy water by focusing an intense picosecond pulsed Nd:YAG laser beam with wavelength 532 nm at room temperature. An unexpected 280 cm(-1) low frequency SRS line attributed to the lattice translational modes is observed. This SRS line and the internal-mode SRS lines indicate that the ice VII structure is formed in heavy water under the condition of laser-induced shockwave production.