基于圆柱定程干涉法测量气体黏度的探索

黏度是流体的重要输运性质, 实验测量是获取黏度数据的基本手段. 圆柱定程干涉法是目前测量气相声速最精确的方法之一, 其测量参数为工质的声学共振频率和共振峰半宽. 共鸣腔中气相工质的黏性会导致共振频率的偏移和共振峰半宽的增加, 是声速测量中的重要非理想影响因素. 但通过对共振频率和共振峰半宽的精确测定, 并结合热边界层、进气导管、声学传感器及壳体振动等其他非理想因素的修正, 可以精确反推获得黏度. 本文从理论上探讨了应用圆柱定程干涉法测量共振频率或者共振峰半宽来得到黏度的新方法, 以氩 (Ar) 为例进行了实验验证, 测量结果与文献值具有较好一致性, 证实了方法的可行性. 关键词： 黏度 圆柱共鸣腔 共振频率 共振峰半宽     

圆柱定程干涉法纯轴向模式间声速测量结果不一致性分析

气相声速是流体的基础热物理性质,圆柱定程干涉法是最精确的气相声速测量手段之一。纯轴向共振模式(以下简称纯轴向模式)是圆柱定程干涉法测量声速的常用模式,但不同纯轴向模式测量结果间存在不一致性。本文从声学共振和耗散理论的基本原理出发,结合实验测量数据,分析实验测量中的各类非理想影响因素,揭示了纯轴向模式间出现不一致性的内在机理,为圆柱定程干涉法测量的模式选择提供了理论依据。研究结果表明:奇数和偶数模式在壳体开孔和壳体振动影响方面各有优势;对于奇偶性相同的模式,模式数越大的共振模式受到边界层效应影响越小而受到分子弛豫的影响越大:在远离共鸣腔固有频率的区域内,对于模式数相差不大的纯轴向模式,其测苗结果经修正后,不一致性可降至较低水平。     

圆柱定程干涉法纯轴向模式间声速测量结果不一致性分析EI北大核心CSCD

气相声速是流体的基础热物理性质,圆柱定程干涉法是最精确的气相声速测量手段之一。纯轴向共振模式(以下简称纯轴向模式)是圆柱定程干涉法测量声速的常用模式,但不同纯轴向模式测量结果间存在不一致性。本文从声学共振和耗散理论的基本原理出发,结合实验测量数据,分析实验测量中的各类非理想影响因素,揭示了纯轴向模式间出现不一致性的内在机理,为圆柱定程干涉法测量的模式选择提供了理论依据。研究结果表明:奇数和偶数模式在壳体开孔和壳体振动影响方面各有优势;对于奇偶性相同的模式,模式数越大的共振模式受到边界层效应影响越小而受到分子弛豫的影响越大:在远离共鸣腔固有频率的区域内,对于模式数相差不大的纯轴向模式,其测苗结果经修正后,不一致性可降至较低水平。     

干涉法测量气体低压下声速的实验研究

介绍了干涉法测量气体声速的试验原理和变程干涉声速测量的实验系统,使用本套测量系统测得的气体声速的精度可达5×10-4。根据热力学原理,分析了气体声速与理想气体比定压热容之间的物理关系。在本套实验系统上测得了一批高精度的新环保制冷剂的气相声速数据,并可进一步确定其理想气体比定压热容.     

圆柱定程干涉法声速测量系统的实验测试

研究了圆柱腔体共振频率的测量方法,测试了新建立的声速实验系统,结果显示圆柱共鸣腔具有较高的信噪比,共振频率的测量不确定度小于5×10^-6。采用Ar气（99.999%）标定了声速共鸣腔的有效长度,不确定度为1.8×10^-5。开展了303～333 K下CO₂的气相声速实验研究,实验结果表明,当实验工质具有较高的纯度（>99.995%）时,气相声速的测量精度优于0.01%。     

传感器驱动电压对声学温度计中声速测量的影响

声学温度计通过声速的精密测量得到热力学温度,是目前测量热力学温度不确定度最小的方法之一。压电陶瓷传感器结合端盖薄膜结构的声学传感器和传统麦克风传感器相比能够显著提高圆柱共鸣腔的共振频率测量信噪比。在圆柱共鸣腔中,纯轴向声学模式共振峰的幅值和信噪比随着压电陶瓷传感器驱动电压的增加而增加。压电陶瓷传感器驱动电压的变化对共振峰的频率和半宽影响较小,不会引起额外频率扰动。共振频率的随机偏差在气体压力低于150 kPa时随压电陶瓷传感器驱动电压升高逐渐减小;在气体压力高于150 kPa时驱动电压的影响不明显。该研究对于提高采用圆柱定程干涉法声学温度计测量热力学温度的精度具有重要的意义。     

边界层效应对定程干涉法声速测量的影响

定程干涉法是精度最高的气相声速测量方法,本文再现了定程干涉法共振频率的导出过程,在此基础上复现了边界层修正式的导出过程。最后以声速数据丰富的Ar为例,分析了边界层对这两种定程干涉法测量的影响规律。结果表明:边界层对定程干涉法声速测量有着显著的影响;边界层的影响随温度升高而增大、随压力升高而降低;适当增加共鸣腔体的几何尺寸有利于减小边界层效应的影响。     

水下弹性圆柱的共振散射

当声波频率与水下弹性圆柱的某一模式的共振频率相符时,圆柱受声波激励产生的共振振动向周围介质辐射的声波最强。国内、外研究表明,对一般的金属圆柱而言(其弹性纵波与切变波速度大于水中声速),在与入射波方向相反的方向上,由于这种辐射声波与圆柱表面的几何反射波位相相反,因此两者干涉的结果形成了在共振频率上出现反向散射声振辐的极小值。本文揭示了一种新的情况,即对于弹性切变波波速小于水中声速的一种材料做成的圆柱体,无论是理论计算和实验测量,均表明在共振频率上出现反向散射振幅的极大值。     

基于超声波干涉的峰谷法计算声速值及实验误差探讨

介绍了基于Cassy Lab软件下的超声波干涉实验,提出了利用超声波干涉现象测量声速的方法.根据干涉理论推导了峰谷法测量声速的计算公式.分析和探讨了峰谷法计算声速的误差来源和改进方法.     

智能声速测量仪

针对大学物理实验中声速测量装置存在的缺陷,对仪器进行了改进.运用物理实验中的共振干涉法,利用单片机、步进电机搭建的基本框架,结合AD采样、设计运放电路,形成一套智能控制的声速测量系统,来代替人的手工操作,降低了实验的误差,提高了实验精确度.     

声悬浮实验中谐振腔形状对声压大小的影响研究

研究了不同谐振腔接收器表面的声压大小,发现谐振腔内增减凹球面反射面对声压波形有较大影响.分析了声压波形发生变化的原因,认为增加凹球面反射面时,声压波形变化是由于声波在谐振腔上下两表面存在非垂直反射.     

Suppression of Helmholtz resonance using inside acoustic liner

When a Helmholtz resonator is exposed to grazing flow, an unstable shear layer at the opening can cause the occurrence of acoustic resonance under appropriate conditions. In this paper, in order to suppress the flow-induced resonance, the effects of inside acoustic liners placed on the side wall or the bottom of a Helmholtz resonator are investigated. Based on the one-dimensional sound propagation theory, the time domain impedance model of a Helmholtz resonator with inside acoustic liner is derived, and then combined with a discrete vortex model the resonant behavior of the resonator under grazing flow is simulated. Besides, an experiment is conducted to validate the present model, showing significant reduction of the peak sound pressure level achieved by the use of the side-wall liners. And the simulation results match reasonably well with the experimental data. The present results reveal that the inside acoustic liner can not only absorb the resonant sound pressure, but also suppress the fluctuation motion of the shear layer over the opening of the resonator. In all, the impact of the acoustic liners is to dampen the instability of the flow-acoustic coupled system. This demonstrates that it is a convenient and effective method for suppressing Helmholtz resonance by using inside acoustic liner.     

A novel phase locked cavity resonator for B/A measurements in fluids

A new technique for the measurement in fluids of the acoustic non-linearity parameter B/A is presented, together with measured B/A values for several fluids. The non-linearity parameter is measured by phase locking radial modes within a PZT cylinder. The system, which implements the isentropic phase technique, uses continuous wave phase locking to measure the change in sound velocity that is typically associated with a change in ambient pressure under constant entropy. The method provides a means of measuring B/A in vitro both accurately and simply without the typical problems involved in time-of-flight systems. Fluid samples can remain small due to the nature of the cavity resonator, so the system is well suited to small volume, biological samples.     

Infrasonic sound pressure in dwellings at the Helmholtz resonance actuated by environmental noise and vibration

The Helmholtz resonator effect of a room with an open window or ventilation duct has been studied theoretically and experimentally. The effect results in a sound pressure buildup at infrasonic frequencies. For comparison, the frequencies of the standing-wave room resonances are above the infrasonic range for residential dwellings. The relations between the sound pressure inside a room and outside (environmental) sound pressure or vibration acceleration have been calculated for the third-octave frequency band incorporating the Helmholtz resonance frequency. The experiment on a small-scale model illustrated the Helmholtz resonator effect caused by environmental vibration.     

Acoustic impedance at the interface between a plain and a perforated pipe

This paper considers the effective impedance that pertains as low frequency sound in a plain pipe radiates into a general perforated pipe of equal diameter. A previous theory that considered only the reactance is extended to also include resistance. Experimental measurements are made of the response of a Helmholtz resonator to an external sound field, where the neck of the Helmholtz resonator has both plain and perforated pipe sections. A complete theoretical model of this resonator allows for comparison between measured and predicted results of transfer functions from the external to internal sound fields of the resonator. The Nyquist plot of the admittance transfer function is extremely sensitive to the small resistance values, whereas the pressure transfer function gives more accurate results for resonant frequency and hence reactance than the usual method. In particular the results for resistance are so sensitive that it becomes possible to infer which of the current models for aperture resistance within the perforate is the most appropriate.     

A Helmholtz resonator buried in the ground as a source of seismic waves and low-frequency sound in the atmosphere

The procedure is given for calculating the total power of low-frequency sound and seismic waves produced by a Helmholtz resonator in the form of an air-filled spherical cavity buried in the ground and supplied with a hole through which it is connected with the atmosphere. The sound is generated by air oscillations in the resonator’s neck section that is open to the atmosphere, while the compression and shear elastic waves are generated in the bulk of the ground by cyclic pressure fluctuations that act on the spherical walls of the cavity. Calculations show that the coincidence of the resonance frequencies (within approximately ten to hundred hertz), at which both the sound radiation to the atmosphere and the elastic seismic radiation in the form of longitudinal and transverse bulk waves are maximum, can occur only when the resonator is placed in a loose ground characterized by reduced elastic characteristics. In these conditions, the power of transverse waves exceeds the sound power by a factor of two and the power of longitudinal waves is smaller than the sound power by a factor of several tens.     

On the adjustment of Helmholtz resonators

A Helmholtz resonator is placed in a room with distinct acoustic modes, and is tuned to one of the corresponding resonant frequencies. The optimal resonator damping ratio is investigated, as a goal-dependent value. For example, minimizing reverberation time requires a different damping ratio from minimizing the sound pressure level. The optimum damping values for a Helmholtz resonator are analytically computed, and then verified by means of experimentation. Furthermore, a construction is introduced which allows for a fine adjustable setting for the eigenfrequency and the damping ratio of the resonator.     

基于可调频亥姆霍兹共振器的封闭空间噪声自适应半主动控制

针对实际中声场激励频率可能发生变化的情况,研究采用自适应频率可调的亥姆霍兹共振器吸声器来跟踪激扰频率从而控制封闭空间噪声。建立了封闭声腔与亥姆霍兹共振器耦合的频域模型与时域控制模型,并给出了三种频率调谐控制算法,即亥姆霍兹共振器开口处声压幅值最小和内部声压幅值最大,以及判断内部声压幅值和开口处声压幅值的点积值趋零(点积值法)。理论分析和数值计算结果表明点积值法调频效果明显优于其它两种算法。采用并设计一种颈部面积可调的可调频亥姆霍兹共振器,利用点积值调频算法进行了单频和带宽信号激励下封闭空间噪声控制仿真和单频激励下实验研究,结果表明:点积值调频算法具有较好的频率调节性能和调节精度,并取得了理想的噪声控制效果,验证了理论模型正确性及调频算法的有效性。