玉米秸秆生物油-柴油乳化油的燃烧特性

试验用生物油是玉米秸秆快速热解液化的产物,主要成分为含氧有机混合物和水,不宜直接作为燃料使用,但与柴油乳化后可实现其在发动机中应用.在一台未作改动的直喷式柴油机上研究了玉米秸秆生物油质量分数分别为10%(B10)和20%(B20)的生物油-柴油乳化油的燃烧特性.结果表明:与0号柴油相比,乳化油的滞燃期延长,预混燃烧放热...     

生物柴油发动机非常规排放的FTIR检测

采用傅里叶变换红外光谱FTIR,研究了汽车发动机燃用生物柴油的非常规排放物。所用燃料分别为纯柴油、纯生物柴油、生物柴油掺混比为20%的B20混合燃料。结果表明,该机燃用纯柴油和B20燃油的甲醛排放差别不大,纯生物柴油的甲醛排放则明显高于柴油。燃用B20燃油的乙醛排放略低于纯柴油;纯生物柴油的乙醛排放在中低负荷低于纯柴油,在高负荷时高于柴油及B20燃油。燃用B20燃油和纯生物柴油的丙酮排放要高于柴油,但排放量均较低。随着生物柴油掺混比例的增加,发动机甲苯和二氧化硫均呈逐渐下降趋势,纯生物柴油的二氧化硫排放大幅降低。燃用生物柴油后,发动机的二氧化碳排放有所降低,表明了生物柴油有利于温室气体的控制。     

燃用天然气合成油增压柴油机特性研究

在一台增压中冷柴油机上分别燃用常规柴油与代用燃料天然气合成油(GTL),供油提前角分别设为上止点前9°和12°CA,对比研究了燃用这两种燃料的柴油机动力性、经济性、燃烧和排放特性.与柴油相比,燃用GTL的柴油机有效功率和转矩不变,有效燃油油耗率降低,有效热效率相当;GTL的最高燃烧压力和放热率峰值均略低,GTL的着火时刻、缸压和放热率峰值出现时刻均略晚,燃烧持续期略长;与柴油相比,在试验工况下GTL平均降低了16.6%HC、14.5%CO、15.7%碳烟和15.1%NOx排放.试验结果显示GTL是一种有潜力的低排放代用燃料.     

发动机燃用生物柴油的核态颗粒排放

以一台电控高压共轨柴油机为样机,使用排气颗粒数量及粒径分析仪EEPS,研究了发动机燃用生物柴油的核态颗粒排放特性。所用燃油为纯柴油、生物柴油掺混配比分别为5%、10%和20%的B5、B10和B20燃料。结果表明:发动机排气颗粒数量随粒径变化呈现明显的单峰或双峰对数分布形态,核态颗粒的峰值粒径在6 nm至10 nm之间。生物柴油配比上升,增加了该机核态颗粒的峰值数量浓度,颗粒总数量浓度大都呈持续上升趋势,其中核态颗粒数量增加占有主导因素;在低负荷燃用低配比生物柴油燃料时,B10燃油的颗粒总数量浓度最低。     

甲醇柴油比对二元燃料燃烧与排放特性的影响

在六缸电控单体泵增压中冷重型柴油机进气管上面布置电控甲醇喷嘴,采用柴油引燃甲醇均质混合气的二元燃料燃烧模式,开展了高甲醇柴油比的二元燃料燃烧特性与排放特性试验研究。研究结果表明;随着醇柴比的增加,二元燃料的滞燃期增加,放热率峰值、最大缸内压力和压力升高率峰值都变大;未燃HC和CO排放上升,NO_x排放则先下降后上升;烟度与颗粒物浓度排放都下降,低负荷下醇柴比为4.0时效果尤其显著;大负荷时二元燃料燃烧时热效率明显提高。     

煤基复合燃料柴油机不同海拔燃烧与排放特性

基于柴油机高海拔燃烧与排放特性模拟试验台,开展了煤基复合燃料(33%煤基含氧燃料,67%-35#柴油)柴油机不同海拔燃烧与排放特性研究。结果表明,随着海拔升高,煤基复合燃料柴油机最高燃烧压力降低,放热率峰值下降,滞燃期延长,PM2.5排放增加,海拔2500 m标定工况PM2.5排放比平原增加28.9%。与燃用柴油相比,相同海拔下,煤基复合燃料柴油机滞燃期延长,燃烧持续期缩短,PM2.5排放减少,且海拔越高PM2.5排放降低幅度越大。煤基复合燃料柴油机高海拔燃烧过程数值模拟结果表明,海拔5500 m煤基复合燃料soot排放明显降低。     

单烃基苯/正庚烷模型柴油的实验研究

通过发动机台架试验,研究EGR工况下单烃基苯/正庚烷模型柴油的燃烧与排放特性,并与实际柴油对比。结果发现：与实际柴油相比,模型柴油滞燃期较长,其放热率峰值、缸内压力峰值、CO、THC和NO_x排放均高于实际柴油,Soot和颗粒排放低于实际柴油。在所有模型柴油中,正丁基苯/正庚烷模型柴油的燃烧性能和颗粒排放与实际柴油最接近,说明具有长支链的芳烃对颗粒影响较大。因此,在构建模型柴油过程中,需要考虑加入具有长支链的芳烃。     

柴油燃料HCCI燃烧影响因素的试验研究

本文采用在进气上止点附近进行柴油喷射,利用缸内高温残余废气促进燃油蒸发形成均质混合气,实现了柴油燃料的均质压燃(HCCI)。试验结果表明柴油燃料HCCI燃烧的放热规律呈现低温和高温放热两个阶段,并且NOx排放可以降低95%-98%。本文主要研究了影响HCCI燃烧的因素,指出负荷增大、进气温度增加和负气门重叠期的增加使HCCI着火提前,而外部EGR率的增大可以推迟着火。因此对于低温自燃性好的燃料,冷EGR是控制其HCCI着火燃烧过程的有效措施。     

基于激光诱导炽光法的生物柴油碳烟测量

生物柴油的原料多元化,制备出的生物柴油理化特性也大不相同,因此其污染物排放特性需进一步研究。本文利用基于消光法标定的激光诱导炽光技术来测量一系列生物柴油的碳烟体积分数,以探究含氧生物燃料与传统柴油掺混后的基础碳烟排放特性。结果表明,纯含氧生物燃料的碳烟体积分数峰值较低,仅为传统柴油的7.1%～30.5%。碳烟的形成随着生物柴油掺混比例增加而呈下降趋势,与含氧燃料掺混传统柴油的碳烟排放特性一致,而不饱和度较高的生物燃料更倾向于更多的碳烟排放。生物柴油产生的粒径颗粒相对较小,比传统柴油小了大约9.5%～41.3%。碳烟颗粒物形貌方面,生物柴油与传统柴油均呈现出团簇结构,而高饱和度的生物柴油产生的碳烟颗粒粒径相对较大,但数量密度较低。     

生物制气-柴油双燃料发动机燃烧特性研究

各种农林废弃的生物质,经气化炉热解气化产生可燃生物制气,作为柴油为引燃燃料的双燃料发动机主要燃料,测量该发动机及柴油机在运转范围内的燃烧过程,并分析燃烧始点、最高燃烧压力及相位的变化规律。双燃料发动机与燃用纯柴油时的发动机相比,燃烧始点较迟,在低速大负荷时比柴油机气缸最高燃烧压力及最大压力升高率要大,在其余工况比柴油机要低。     

Synthesis,droplet combustion,and sooting characteristics of biodiesel produced from waste vegetable oils

In light of the potential of fatty acid methyl ester (FAME, i.e. biodiesel) as a renewable energy source, an innovative acid catalyzed process was developed for the synthesis of biodiesel from waste vegetable oils. The synthesized biodiesels were analytically characterized for their major components, molar fraction and molecular weight of each component, the average molecular weight, and the heat of combustion. Their droplet combustion characteristics in terms of the burning rate, flame size, and sooting tendency were subsequently determined in a high-temperature, freely-falling droplet apparatus. Results show that the biodiesel droplet has higher burning rate, and that biodiesel in general has a lower propensity to soot because its molecular oxygen content promotes the oxidation of the soot precursors.     

Effect of ultrasonic irradiation on the properties and performance of biodiesel produced from date seed oil used in the diesel engine

In the present study, the effect of ultrasound irradiation on the transesterification parameters, biodiesel properties, and its combustion profiles in the diesel engine was investigated. Moreover, date seed oil (DSO) was firstly utilized in the ultrasound-assisted transesterification reaction. DSO was extracted from Zahidi type date (Phoenix dactylifera) and was esterified to reduce its Free Fatty Acid (FFA) content. Biodiesel yield was optimized in both heating methods, so that the yield of 96.4% (containing 93.5% ester) at 60 °C, with 6 M ratio of methanol/oil, 1 wt% of catalyst (NaOH) and at 90 min of reaction time was reported. The ultrasound irradiation did not influence the reaction conditions except reaction time, reduced to 5 min (96.9% yield and 91.9% ester). The ultrasonic irradiation also influenced on the physicochemical properties of DSO biodiesel and improved its combustion in the diesel engine. The analysis results related to the engine and gas emission confirmed that the ultrasound-assisted produced biodiesel has lower density and viscosity, and higher oxygen content facilitating injection of fuel in the engine chamber and its combustion, respectively. Although, B40 (biodiesel blend consisting of 40% biodiesel and 60% net diesel fuel) as a blend of both fuels presented higher CO₂ and lower CO and HC in the emissions, the DSO biodiesel produced by ultrasound irradiation presented better specifications (caused about 2-fold improvement in emissions than that of conventional method). The findings of the study confirmed the positive effect of the ultrasound irradiation on the properties of the produced biodiesel along with its combustion properties in the diesel engine, consequently reducing air pollution problems.     

柴油引燃天然气的双燃料燃烧机理的研究

本文介绍在一台光学发动机上,利用高速数字摄像和数据采集技术,对柴油引燃天然气双燃料发动机的着火、火焰传播、气缸内压力、压力升高率等变化规律进行的研究。结果表明,采用双燃料的燃烧方式具有明显的多点着火型的预混燃烧特点,与采用纯柴油的燃烧方式相比,燃烧持续期短、产生的碳烟少,但爆发压力高、压力升高率大。     

Modelling biodiesel–diesel spray combustion using multicomponent vaporization coupled with detailed fuel chemistry and soot models

A multicomponent vaporization model is integrated with detailed fuel chemistry and soot models for simulating biodiesel–diesel spray combustion. Biodiesel, a fuel mixture comprised of fatty-acid methyl esters, is an attractive alternative to diesel fuel for use in compression-ignition engines. Accurately modelling of the spray, vaporization, and combustion of the fuel mixture is critical to predicting engine performance using biodiesel. In this study, a discrete-component vaporization model was developed to simulate the vaporization of biodiesel drops. The model can predict differences in the vaporization rates of different fuel components. The model was validated by use of experimental data of the measured biodiesel drop size history and spray penetration data obtained from a constant-volume chamber. Gas phase chemical reactions were simulated using a detailed reaction mechanism that also includes PAH reactions leading to the production of soot precursors. A phenomenological multi-step soot model was utilized to predict soot emissions from biodiesel–diesel combustion. The soot model considered various steps of soot formation and destruction, such as soot inception, surface growth, coagulation, and PAH condensation, as well as oxidation by oxygen and hydroxyl-containing molecules. The overall numerical model was validated with experimental data on flame structure and soot distributions obtained from a constant-volume chamber. The model was also applied to predict combustion, soot and NOx emissions from a diesel engine using different biodiesel–diesel blends. The engine simulation results were further analysed to determine the soot emissions characteristics by use of biodiesel–diesel fuels.     

Ignition and extinction of low molecular weight esters in nonpremixed flows

An experimental and kinetic modeling study is carried out to characterize combustion of low molecular weight esters in nonpremixed, nonuniform flows. An improved understanding of the combustion characteristics of low molecular weight esters will provide insights on combustion of high molecular weight esters and biodiesel. The fuels tested are methyl butanoate, methyl crotonate, ethyl propionate, biodiesel, and diesel. Two types of configuration – the condensed fuel configuration and the prevaporized fuel configuration – are employed. The condensed fuel configuration is particularly useful for studies on those liquid fuels that have high boiling points, for example biodiesel and diesel, where prevaporization, without thermal breakdown of the fuel, is difficult to achieve. In the condensed fuel configuration, an oxidizer, made up of a mixture of oxygen and nitrogen, flows over the vaporizing surface of a pool of liquid fuel. A stagnation-point boundary layer flow is established over the surface of the liquid pool. The flame is stabilized in the boundary layer. In the prevaporized fuel configuration, the flame is established in the mixing layer formed between two streams. One stream is a mixture of oxygen and nitrogen and the other is a mixture of prevaporized fuel and nitrogen. Critical conditions of extinction and ignition are measured. The results show that the critical conditions of extinction of diesel and biodiesel are nearly the same. Experimental data show that in general flames burning the esters are more difficult to extinguish in comparison to those for biodiesel. At the same value of a characteristic flow time, the ignition temperature for biodiesel is lower than that for diesel. The ignition temperatures for biodiesel are lower than those for the methyl esters tested here. Critical conditions of extinction and ignition for methyl butanoate were calculated using a detailed chemical kinetic mechanism. The results agreed well with the experimental data. The asymptotic structure of a methyl butanoate flame is found to be similar to that for many hydrocarbon flames. This will facilitate analytical modeling, of structures of ester flames, using rate-ratio asymptotic techniques, developed previously for hydrocarbon flames.     

On combustion in a closed rectangular channel with initial vorticity

This article examines the detailed combustion process in a theoretical model with applicability to combustion in a wave rotor or wave disc engine. The model comprises a single channel into which an initial loading of methane and air is admitted and ignited after all inlet and exit ports have been closed. Combustion takes place at constant volume. However, the initial gaseous mixture in the channel is not at rest. The initial opening and closing of the ports generates significant vorticity which influences the evolution of the combustion process. Numerical evaluations are provided for the detailed flame shape for simplified (one-step) chemistry and a simulation using the detailed 235-step San Diego scheme. Quantities examined are the evolution of vorticity, pressure fluctuations, mass consumption rate, flame surface area and the influences on combustion of adiabatic and non-adiabatic channel walls. Combustion regimes are identified and compared with simpler model studies (no initial flow). Pointwise quantities are examined to describe the various stages of burning in the channel. The focus of the study is directed towards quantities that influence overall burning rate and completeness of combustion.     

Experimental and kinetic modeling studies on the auto-ignition of methyl crotonate at high pressures and intermediate temperatures

Biofuels, including biodiesel have the potential to partially replace the conventional diesel fuels for low-temperature combustion engine applications to reduce the CO₂ emission. Due to the long chain lengths and high molecular weights of the biodiesel components, it is quite challenging to study the biodiesel combustion experimentally and computationally. Methyl crotonate, a short unsaturated fatty acid methyl ester (FAME) is chosen for this chemical kinetic study as it is considered as a model biodiesel fuel. Auto-ignition experiments were performed in a rapid compression machine (RCM) at pressures of 20 and 40 bar under diluted conditions over a temperature range between 900 and 1074 K, and at different equivalence ratios (? = 0.25, 0.5 and 1.0). A chemical kinetic mechanism is chosen from literature (Gaïl et al. 2008) and is modified to incorporate the low-temperature pathways. The mechanism is validated against existing shock tube data (Bennadji et al. 2009) and the present RCM data. The updated mechanism shows satisfactory agreement with the experimental data with significant improvements in low-temperature ignition behavior. The key reactions at various combustion conditions and the improved reactivity of the modified mechanism are analyzed by performing sensitivity and path flux analysis. This study depicts the importance of low-temperature pathways in predicting the ignition behavior of methyl crotonate at intermediate and low temperatures.     

Experimental investigation on ammonia combustion behavior in a spark-ignition engine by means of laminar and turbulent expanding flames

Ammonia combustion appears as a meaningful way to retrieve stored amounts of excess variable renewable energy, and the spark-ignition (SI) engine has been proposed as a practical conversion system. The present work aims at elucidating the combustion characteristics of ammonia blends in engine-relevant turbulent conditions. To that end, laminar and turbulent flame experiments were conducted in a constant-volume vessel at engine-relevant conditions of 445 K and 0.54 MPa to assess the combustion behavior of ammonia/hydrogen/air, ammonia/methane/air and methane/hydrogen/air mixtures observed in an all-metal single-cylinder SI engine. Results show that the respective accelerating or decelerating effects of hydrogen or methane enrichment observed in the SI engine could not be sufficiently explained by the measured laminar burning velocities of the mixtures. Since the latter are very low, the studied combustion regimes are at the boundary between the thin and broken reaction zones regimes, and thus strongly influenced by flame-turbulence interactions. The quantification of the flame response to turbulence shows much higher effects for ammonia blends, than for methane-based fuels. The aforementioned opposite effects of ammonia enrichment with hydrogen or methane are observed on the turbulent burning velocity during the turbulent flame experiments and correlated to the thermochemical properties of the reactants and the flame sensitivity to stretch. The latter may explain an unexpected bending effect on the turbulent-to-laminar velocity ratio when increasing the hydrogen fraction in the ammonia/hydrogen blend. Nevertheless, a very good correlation of the turbulent velocity was found with the Karlovitz and Damköhler numbers, that suggests that ammonia combustion in SI engines may be described following the usual turbulent combustion models. This encourages further investigations on ammonia combustion for the optimization of practical systems, by means of dedicated experiments and numerical simulations.     

柴油/甲醇组合燃烧特性及道路试验研究

在一台单缸增压中冷试验发动机上,研究了高转速下柴油/甲醇组合燃烧(DMCC)模式的缸内燃烧特性,结果表明DMCC模式具有预混燃烧比例成倍增加,燃烧持续时间大大缩短的特点;另外,DMCC模式的放热中心时刻提前,排气温度降低,热效率相比纯柴油模式得到大比例提高。在一辆重型卡车上进行了DMCC模式的道路试验,发现DMCC模式甲醇对柴油的替代率达到了28.28%,替换比仅为1.36,百公里平均燃料效率提高了11.15%。     

The effect of bulk gas diffusivity on apparent pulverized coal char combustion kinetics

Apparent char kinetic rates are commonly used to predict pulverized coal char burning rates. These kinetic rates quantify the char burning rate based on the temperature of the particle and the oxygen concentration at the external particle surface, inherently neglecting the impact of variations in the internal diffusion rate and penetration of oxygen. To investigate the impact of bulk gas diffusivity on these phenomena during Zone II burning conditions, experimental measurements were performed of char particle combustion temperature and burnout for a subbituminous coal burning in an optical entrained flow reactor with helium and nitrogen diluents. The combination of much higher thermal conductivity and mass diffusivity in the helium environments resulted in cooler char combustion temperatures than in equivalent N₂ environments. Measured char burnout was similar in the two environments for a given bulk oxygen concentration but was approximately 60% higher in helium environments for a given char combustion temperature. To augment the experimental measurements, detailed particle simulations of the experimental conditions were conducted with the SKIPPY code. These simulations also showed a 60% higher burning rate in the helium environments for a given char particle combustion temperature. To differentiate the effect of enhanced diffusion through the external boundary layer from the effect of enhanced diffusion through the particle, additional SKIPPY simulations were conducted under selected conditions in N₂ and He environments for which the temperature and concentrations of reactants (oxygen and steam) were identical on the external char surface. Under these conditions, which yield matching apparent char burning rates, the computed char burning rate for He was 50% larger, demonstrating the potential for significant errors with the apparent kinetics approach. However, for specific application to oxy-fuel combustion in CO₂ environments, these results suggest the error to be as low as 3% when applying apparent char burning rates from nitrogen environments.