水下任意刚性散射体对Bessel波的散射特性分析

本文利用Bessel波的谐波展开式, 采用T矩阵方法的推导思路, 建立了水下任意刚性散射体在Bessel波照射下的声散射场计算公式. 以水下刚性椭球体和两端附连半球的刚性圆柱体为例, 计算了在不同波锥角β 下的反向散射形态函数, 同时, 依据镜反射波和绕行波的干涉物理模型, 给出了预报Bessel波照射下的反向散射形态函数峰峰间隔值的计算模型. 仿真结果表明本文提出的Bessel波照射下反向散射形态函数峰峰间隔值预报方法是准确有效的, 同时也说明, 本文建立的基于T矩阵法计算水下任意刚性散射体在Bessel波束下的声散射场方法是有效的, 这拓展了T矩阵法的应用领域.     

水下激光探测系统的水体后向散射光计算与光学参数估计

针对水下激光探测系统的水体后向散射光的计算,给出了系统的光学几何结构,分析了不同距离处的激光光斑与接收视场区域的位置变化关系并进行了定量计算。依据光传输理论建立了水体后向散射光的计算模型,根据模型的算法步骤编写了计算机程序。结合水下激光探测系统的具体参数进行了实例计算,绘制了后向散射光信号波形,并与试验获取的信号波形对比分析,验证了算法的可行性和正确性。研究了使用实测后向散射光信号数据估计水体光学特性参数的方法,通过估算的参数重新绘制曲线并反向叠加在测量数据曲线上以抵消水体后向散射光对目标信号的影响从而能够提取目标信息。     

Acoustic features of objects matched by an echolocating bottlenose dolphin

The focus of this study was to investigate how dolphins use acoustic features in returning echolocation signals to discriminate among objects. An echolocating dolphin performed a match-to-sample task with objects that varied in size, shape, material, and texture. After the task was completed, the features of the object echoes were measured (e.g., target strength, peak frequency). The dolphin's error patterns were examined in conjunction with the between-object variation in acoustic features to identify the acoustic features that the dolphin used to discriminate among the objects. The present study explored two hypotheses regarding the way dolphins use acoustic information in echoes: (1) use of a single feature, or (2) use of a linear combination of multiple features. The results suggested that dolphins do not use a single feature across all object sets or a linear combination of six echo features. Five features appeared to be important to the dolphin on four or more sets: the echo spectrum shape, the pattern of changes in target strength and number of highlights as a function of object orientation, and peak and center frequency. These data suggest that dolphins use multiple features and integrate information across echoes from a range of object orientations.     

Range compensation for backscattering measurements in the difference-frequency nearfield of a parametric sonar

Measurement of acoustic backscattering properties of targets requires removal of the range dependence of echoes. This process is called range compensation. For conventional sonars making measurements in the transducer farfield, the compensation removes effects of geometrical spreading and absorption. For parametric sonars consisting of a parametric acoustic transmitter and a conventional-sonar receiver, two additional range dependences require compensation when making measurements in the nonlinearly generated difference-frequency nearfield: an apparently increasing source level and a changing beamwidth. General expressions are derived for range compensation functions in the difference-frequency nearfield of parametric sonars. These are evaluated numerically for a parametric sonar whose difference-frequency band, effectively 1-6?kHz, is being used to observe Atlantic herring (Clupea harengus) in situ. Range compensation functions for this sonar are compared with corresponding functions for conventional sonars for the cases of single and multiple scatterers. Dependences of these range compensation functions on the parametric sonar transducer shape, size, acoustic power density, and hydrography are investigated. Parametric range compensation functions, when applied with calibration data, will enable difference-frequency echoes to be expressed in physical units of volume backscattering, and backscattering spectra, including fish-swimbladder-resonances, to be analyzed.     

高浓度沙泥沉降建模及对声传播能量的影响分析

对非刚性水下目标和事件的检测是水下安全警戒的重要内容之一。论文以港口疏浚导致的短时海区内高浓度沙泥侵入为例,探索基于声传感器收发分置的非刚性水下目标检测方法。基于沙泥沉降和声线传播模型,研究非刚性目标在沉降过程中形状、位置变迁对声传播能量及结构的影响规律。计算机仿真与海上实验均表明,局部高浓度泥团在沉降过程中,其形状、密度等指标参数会随时间发生变迁,并对经过其沉降区域的声线能量及结构造成明显影响。通过检测接收声信号能量、结构随沙泥沉降变迁的关系,可实现对水下侵入目标存在性的检测,并为开展进一步的反演、跟踪提供支持,具有一定的研究意义和参考价值。      

Acoustic Absorption Characteristics of New Underwater Omnidirectional Absorber

We investigate a new underwater omnidirectional absorber with acoustic black hole effect to realize a broadband omnidirectional acoustic wave absorption. Based on multiple scattering theory, a two-dimensional axisymmetric model of underwater omnidirectional absorber comprised of an acoustic gradient refractive index structure and a hollow core is developed, and the mechanisms of omnidirectional absorption and dissipation of acoustic waves are studied. The numerical results indicate that the omnidirectional absorber developed here can achieve the omnidirectional absorption of incident acoustic waves in a broadband frequency and can effectively reduce the backscattering of acoustic waves. It potentially provides a new notion for underwater acoustic coating design.     

Acoustic scattering from double-diffusive microstructure

Laboratory measurements of high-frequency broadband acoustic backscattering (200-600 kHz) from the diffusive regime of double-diffusive microstructure have been performed. This type of microstructure, which was characterized using direct microstructure and optical shadowgraph techniques, is identified by sharp density and sound speed interfaces separating well-mixed layers. Vertical acoustic backscattering measurements were performed for a range of physical parameters controlling the double-diffusive microstructure. The echoes have been analyzed in both the frequency domain, providing information on the spectral response of the scattering, and in the time domain, using pulse compression techniques. High levels of variability were observed, associated with interface oscillations and turbulent plumes, with many echoes showing significant spectral structure. Acoustic estimates of interface thickness (1-3 cm), obtained for the echoes with exactly two peaks in the compressed pulse output, were in good agreement with estimates based on direct microstructure and optical shadowgraph measurements. Predictions based on a one-dimensional weak-scattering model that includes the actual density and sound speed profiles agree reasonably with the measured scattering. A remote-sensing tool for mapping oceanic microstructure, such as high-frequency broadband acoustic scattering, could lead to a better understanding of the extent and evolution of double-diffusive layering, and to the importance of double diffusion to oceanic mixing.     

浅海动态环境下蛙人探测声呐布放深度优化技术

蛙人探测声呐的探测性能及作用距离不仅与目标海区的声速剖面和自身性能参数有关,还与其布放深度有关,其布放深度的选择对于水下目标探测具有重要意义。以射线跟踪理论为基础,建立了基于探测概率感知的声呐性能评估模型;提出了一种声呐布放深度自适应优化算法,该算法以不同准则进行两次筛选优化后可得到声呐最佳布放深度。仿真结果表明：在不同水文情况下,所提优化算法可以有效选择最优布放深度,进而提高声呐对目标的探测性能。     

Cortical representation of spatiotemporal pattern of firing evoked by echolocation signals: population encoding of target features in real time.

Target perception in echolocating bats entails the generation of an acoustic image of the target in the auditory cortex. By integrating information conveyed in the sequence of acoustic echoes, the population of cortical neurons in hypothesized to encode different target features based on its spatiotemporal pattern of neural-spike firing during the course of echolocation. A biologically plausible approach to the cortical representation of target features is employed by using electrophysiological data recorded from the auditory cortex of the FM bat, Myotis lucifugus. A single-neuron model of delay-sensitive neurons is first approximated by the formulation of a Gaussian function with different variables to represent the delay-tuning properties of individual cortical neurons. A cortical region consisting of delay-sensitive neurons organized topographically according to best frequency (i.e., tontopically organized) is then modeled with multiple layers of the single-neuron model. A mechanism is developed to represent and encode the responses of these neurons based on time-dependent, incoming echo signals. The time-varying responses of the population of neurons are mapped spatially on the auditory-cortical surface as a cortical response map (CORMAP). The model is tested using phantom targets with single and multiple glints. These simulation results provide further validation of the current auditory framework as a biomimetic mechanism for capturing time-varying, acoustic stimuli impinging in the bat's ears, and the neural representation of acoustic stimulus features by saptiotemporal-firing patterns in the cortical population.     

基于超椭圆拟合的水下小目标分类*

水下小目标分类技术在海底探测、水下考古等方面应用广泛,在实际的水下声图像中,小目标投影产生的阴影区域通常在形状和尺寸方面显著于目标本身产生的亮区,故阴影分析算法对于目标的检测、识别和分类均有重要的研究意义。本文采用超椭圆曲线拟合算法拟合目标阴影区域,通过控制超椭圆函数的几个参数变化,实现不同的超椭圆曲线拟合不同的目标阴影形状,并将控制超椭圆曲线尺寸、形状和位置的参数作为特征向量输入到分类器,通过对比多个分类器得出分类结果,证明了以拟合参数为特征的分类方法有效。     

水下移动平台网络化协同探测技术发展*

在水下网络中心战（UWNCW）思想的指引下，UUV、鱼雷兵器等水下移动平台网络化协同探测是必然的发展趋势。本文阐述了协同探测网络拓扑结构、网络节点空时统一的关键问题；针对水声复杂信道给通信组网带来的困难，给出了协同探测网络中时变信道自适应复合调制、信道自适应接入机制和移动通信同步的初步方案；并探讨了协同探测的一些关键问题和应用策略，包括跨平台传感器的信息融合、尺度目标的方位分布特征提取以及鱼雷自导多目标协同跟踪。提供的一些计算机仿真结果初步显示了网络化协同探测的优越性。     

水中分层弹性球壳高频时域回波的声学编码研究

针对水下集群目标及敌我目标识别的难题,该文提出了一种基于水中分层弹性球壳高频时域回波的声学编码原理及方法。推导了水中4层弹性球壳目标散射声压的简正级数解,并与有限元结果进行了对比验证。通过构造高频主动声呐的探测脉冲信号,与4层弹性球壳声传递函数的简正级数解做卷积运算,获得了目标的时域回波脉冲序列。研究了分层弹性球壳的厚度、各层材料属性、排布顺序等对时域回波特征的影响规律,提出了基于时域回波特征的声学编码方法。研究表明：利用水中分层弹性球壳目标高频时域回波特征能够实现声学编码,回波结构稳定,且不受限于探测方向。通过携带或安装这种分层弹性球壳结构,有望识别水下航行体/悬浮体等目标。该文的研究对水下目标的主动探测身份识别及导航等具有一定的参考价值。     

基于亮点模型的典型水下目标回波信号仿真

本文对典型水下目标回波信号进行了仿真研究。此仿真基于声纳目标回波的亮点模型理论,通过成分及时序分析,针对具有球冠形头部和圆柱壳体的典型水下目标的结构特征,建立计算模型并仿真回波信号。仿真结果与湖海试实验结果的对比表明此仿真模型与实际情况基本一致,可以为声纳信号处理、目标识别等方面的研究提供支持。     

Three-dimensional modeling of acoustic backscattering from fluid-like zooplankton

Scattering models that correctly incorporate organism size and shape are a critical component for the remote detection and classification of many marine organisms. In this work, an acoustic scattering model has been developed for fluid-like zooplankton that is based on the distorted wave Born approximation (DWBA) and that makes use of high-resolution three-dimensional measurements of the animal's outer boundary shape. High-resolution computerized tomography (CT) was used to determine the three-dimensional digitizations of animal shape. This study focuses on developing the methodology for incorporating high-resolution CT scans into a scattering model that is generally valid for any body with fluid-like material properties. The model predictions are compared to controlled laboratory measurements of the acoustic backscattering from live individual decapod shrimp. The frequency range used was 50 kHz to 1 MHz and the angular characteristics of the backscattering were investigated with up to a 1 degree angular resolution. The practical conditions under which it is necessary to make use of high-resolution digitizations of shape are assessed.     

TR-MIMO detection of a small target in a shallow water waveguide environment

A kind of multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) sonar model is presented for enhancing detection of small targets in an underwater acoustic waveguide. A co-located vertical linear array is partitioned into several sub-arrays illuminating orthogonal waveforms at a target of interest. When the target is modeled as an extended target consisting of multiple scatterers, time reversal is utilized in the MIMO transmission scheme for capturing target diversity. The feasibility of time-reversal beams simultaneously esonifying the target’s scatterers is verified by the analysis of spatial–temporal focusing in simulations. The tank experimental results have further demonstrated the effectiveness of the TR-MIMO sonar model.     

多输入多输出与时反联合的波导声呐有源目标定位

为了提高对浅海静止小目标的探测能力,提出了将多输入多输出和时反处理相结合的波导声呐处理框架。利用收发合置垂直阵,假设目标为点目标,每一个阵元轮流时反发射正交信号照射目标,整个阵接收对应的目标回波。当所有的阵元发射正交信号结束以后,对所有接收的目标回波数据进行分集处理,然后与时反发射驾驶向量做匹配滤波完成对目标的定位。分时发射策略克服了水声信道时延扩展和多普勒扩展导致常规多输入多输出处理接收端不同回波信号分离的困难。采用物理时反发射和数值时反接收聚焦,有助于抑制混响、提高回混比。数值仿真和波导水池实验结果表明多输入多输出时反处理较常规的有源匹配场处理以更高的精度对波导中的目标进行定位。      

水下水平阵对空中运动声源的线谱探测

由于空气、海水介质声阻抗差异巨大,空中声源辐射的噪声透射入水的能量损失很大,加之水中声源目标的干扰,从水下探测空中声源相对困难。海试数据分析表明,空中高速运动声源噪声透射入水后信号较弱,在频繁存在干扰的水下声场环境中,常规宽带波束形成方法难以生效.针对空中声源普遍存在线谱的特点,首先利用线谱识别、提取与跟踪以及线谱加密技术对水下水平阵接收信号进行线谱分析,再通过剔除强干扰目标的线谱,成功分离出包含空中声源的线谱信号,实现对空中运动声源的探测,最远距离达16.8 km。通过理论和实验数据分析,验证了探测结果的正确性.      

定向传输水声通信网络介质访问控制协议

针对水声通信网络吞吐量低、通信隐蔽性差、隐藏终端等问题,提出一种定向传输水声通信网络介质访问控制(Medium Access Control,MAC)协议。协议中各节点采用定向模式传输数据,不需要邻节点位置等先验信息。通过发送节点顺序连续发送传输请求(Request To Send,RTS)信号、维护邻节点相对位置信息表及定向虚拟载波监测等技术实现网络高效无碰撞运行。本协议可有效解决水声通信网络中存在的由非对称增益导致的隐藏终端问题,增加网络覆盖范围,提高通信隐蔽性。仿真结果表明,所提MAC协议能够显著提高水声通信网络吞吐量性能。      

隐蔽通信中基于水声信道的密钥生成技术*

水声传感器网络实现了高度智能化、自主性强、分布式、全天候的水下信息采集、传输、处理及融合,是水下目标的监测、定位、跟踪与分类等应用的最佳选择之一。针对隐蔽传输中的加密,提出了基于水声信道响应特征产生密钥的方法,通过利用水声信道的短时相关性,通信双方实时的产生加密密钥,以保证信息的保密性能。通过将信息隐藏技术和密钥生成技术相结合,确保水声信息的隐蔽传输。仿真与试验结果表明,基于提出的密钥生成方法能够生成匹配密钥,为水声隐蔽通信提供加密支持。     

水下声学滑翔机用于东印度洋声传播特性分析及声源估计

常规实验方法无法同步获取深海大尺度声学和水文数据,水下滑翔机可作为同步观测平台解决该问题.首先利用在东印度洋北部海域水下滑翔机同步获取的声传播和水文实验数据,分析了水下滑翔机的自噪声谱级和实验海区声传播特性,然后推算并修正了滑翔机水下运动轨迹,利用第一影区水下滑翔机接收声传播信号的脉冲多途到达时间差对声源进行测距与定深。潜标接收噪声与滑翔机自噪声谱级对比表明,水下滑翔机在海洋中无动力运动时的系统自噪声接近于潜标观测的海洋环境噪声。滑翔机实测的声传播损失与模型计算结果吻合较好,第一影区水下声源测距定深结果与实际位置较为一致,测距与定深的相对误差均小于5%。利用加载水听器的水下滑翔机可以实现水文环境数据与声学信号的同步观测,对深海声传播特性测量及定位算法研究具有重要意义。