水声材料低频声性能的行波管测量

发展了一种测量水声材料声学性能的行波管测量技术,能够在实验室充水管中模拟海洋水温水压环境,对样品的声学参数实施低频范围的测量。被测样品置于声管中央,声管两端配置一对发射器。应用主动消声技术使样品的透射声波在声管次发射器表面的反射可忽略,在管中建立起行波声场。然后,通过分别计算样品两边声场中每一对水听器的传递函数,得到样品的反射系数和透射系数。测量系统声管的内径为Φ208 mm,工作频率范围为100～4000 Hz,最高静水压为5 MPa。对水层和层状不锈钢样品的反射系数和透射系数进行了实际测量和理论计算,结果表明,测量值和计算值有较好的吻合,测量不确定度不大于1．5 dB。     

基于声场重建的材料吸声系数测量方法

针对现有方法对材料吸声系数进行现场测量时存在低频测量误差大的问题,本文提出了一种利用扬声器线阵列对材料吸声系数进行现场测量的新方法。该方法使用基于能量比值约束的最小二乘法在待测材料表面进行平面波声场重建并结合双传声器传递函数法对材料的吸声系数进行测量。数值仿真表明在100～1600 Hz频率范围内,新方法在未加约束时能够对材料的吸声系数进行准确测量。在半消声室中利用新方法测量了三聚氰胺泡沫的吸声系数,分析了能量比值约束值对测量结果的影响,并和阻抗管以及其它两种现场测量方法的测量结果进行了对比。结果表明该方法能够对吸声材料在160～1600 Hz频段内的吸声系数进行准确测量,并且相较于现存的现场测量方法,新方法具有更低的测量频率下限。     

基于四水听器的充水弹性管声速测量方法

实验室中水声材料声学参数的测量主要在水声声管中进行。管内平面波声速是正确测量这些参数的基础。该文提出一种基于四水听器结合不同边界的测量充水弹性管中声速的新方法。该方法利用4个固定位置处的水听器,采用最小二乘的方法,使得两组水听器分别得到的声管末端入射波声压差值的平方最小的声速即为管内平面波声速。该方法利用单频信号,在每一频率点均可测得声速,可以在任一种声管末端边界下进行测量,同时无需知道各水听器到边界的精确距离,在文中的3种边界下声速测量结果具有很好的一致性,实验操作简单、误差很小。该方法的仿真结果与管内声速的理论值吻合得很好,同时实验测量结果与仿真值之间的误差很小,证明了方法的准确性以及鲁棒性,为声管声速测量提供一个很好的思路。     

采用系统函数分析换能器阻抗测量方法的性能

在分析传统三电压法测量阻抗优缺点的基础上,提出了一种发射换能器阻抗测量方法,以解决海上单模激发现场检修发射相控阵一致性的难题。该方法仍利用三电压法电路结构,但修改了测量参数。首先介绍了基于系统函数的换能器阻抗测量方法的原理,然后报道了当串联电阻选取不同数值时换能器阻抗测量的结果以及它们与高精度阻抗分析仪测量结果的比较,最后进行误差分析和测量曲线的等效电路参数拟合。通过对它的性能分析可以看到,在保证采样精度条件下,选择阻值相对换能器阻抗偏小的电阻值,其测量精度完全能达到高精度阻抗分析仪的精度。最后,通过对实验测量阻抗曲线的等效电路参数的最小二乘拟合表明,其拟合电参数准确,能应用到换能器匹配网络的设计。      

BEPCⅡ高频屏蔽波纹管纵向耦合阻抗测量和数值计算

根据BEPCⅡ工程的需要, 在高能物理研究所搭建了阻抗测量平台, 对BEPCⅡ部分真空部件进行纵向耦合阻抗的测量. 测量平台基于同轴线方法, 使HP/Agilent 8720ES微波网络分析仪在频域进行测量. 在此平台上可以用TRL校准技术和等长比较件两种方法测量真空部件耦合阻抗. 本文介绍BEPCⅡ阻抗测量平台以及对高频屏蔽波纹管(bellows)的阻抗测量和数值计算结果, 并对测量结果和测量平台系统误差进行了分析.     

窄脉冲声用于大样品的吸声测量

本文利用逆滤波器原理,在空间产生了波形可控、长度在毫秒量级的窄脉冲声信号,分别采用脉冲分离法和脉冲叠加法,对一种毛毡材料和三种不同厚度的海绵材料进行了吸声系数的测量。实验证明,基于窄脉冲声信号的吸声测量结果与ISO13472-1:2002中的MLS脉冲法及阻抗管的测量结果基本吻合。采用窄脉冲进行吸声测量,可以减少样品边缘和周围环境对测量信号的干扰,提高现场测量的准确性。     

基于铂电阻的机载测温系统校准方法改进

为了解决机载铂电阻测温系统机上校准工作量大、实施难等问题,根据机载铂电阻测温原理和校准方法,分析了对于单个测温通道在实验室与机载环境下测量结果之间的差异,提出了一种对实验室校准曲线进行修正而替代机上校准曲线的方法,并通过实验对该方法进行验证;设计了根据机载测试系统的数据文件、系统配置文件,批量修正实验室校准曲线的软件;任意选择的8个参数进行工程验证,采用原方法和本文方法进行校准得到的两组校准曲线,分别对测试数据进行处理,得到测量结果的最大偏差与量程比不超过0.27％,证明修正后实验室校准曲线与机上校准曲线基本一致,可以用作数据处理;结果证明,改进后校准方法方便、高效,校准结果满足机载测试要求,为机载参数校准提供了新思路。     

材料吸声系数双传声器测量的参数识别方法

本文提出了在普通房间中利用双传声器对多孔性和纤维性吸声材料吸声系数测量时的参数识别方法。利用Delany&Bazley经验模型对测量数据进行了参数识别,建立了材料的阻抗模型,并计算出材料全频带的吸声系数。与驻波管方法得到的吸声系数相比,在0～3000Hz范围内,二者都能较好地吻合。通过在不同的环境中进行对比测试,说明该方法具有较好的重复性和准确性。     

利用多个标准样品校准光谱椭圆偏振仪

光谱椭偏仪是常用的测量薄膜厚度及材料光学性质的仪器,其准确性主要由系统的校准过程确定。提出一种新的利用标准样品校准光谱椭偏仪的方法。该方法通过对多个已知厚度和已知材料特性的薄膜样品进行测量,利用测量得到的多个样品的傅里叶系数光谱与包含未知校准参数的理论光谱之间进行对比,通过最小二乘法拟合,回归求解出整个系统的未知校准参数,包括偏振器方位角,波片延迟,波片方位角和系统入射角等。将该方法的应用领域扩展到200~1000nm的宽光谱区域,并通过测量3~13nm的SiO2/Si薄膜样品,实验验证了该方法的有效性,准确性达到0.194nm。该方法相对于传统校准方法更加简单、快速。     

阻抗管内非标准尺寸样品的正入射吸声系数测量

针对尺寸显著小于阻抗管横截面的非标准尺寸样品,提出了一种阻抗管内非标准尺寸样品的正入射吸声系数测量方法,分析了其参数对测量结果的影响,并与标准尺寸样品(与阻抗管横截面相同)比较。首先在其旁布置一种具有特定声阻抗的同厚度的声学材料(PAM),形成与阻抗管横截面相同的表面平整的非连续阻抗试件(IAIS),然后根据GB/T 18696.2—2002测得IAIS表面声阻抗,并基于声电类比法计算得到非标准尺寸样品的表面声阻抗及其正入射吸声系数。结果表明,非标准尺寸样品的面积率越大或声扩散边界长度越小,该方法精度越高;当非标准尺寸样品为多孔材料时,选择非刚性的、声阻抗与之接近的PAM也可提高测量精度;而非标准尺寸样品为共振吸声结构时,选择刚性PAM时,本文方法仍具有一定精度。     

水下圆柱形Helmholtz共振器的声学特性分析

理论分析了水下圆柱形Helmholtz共振器的声学特性. 综合考虑壁面弹性和辐射阻抗的影响,基于电-声类比的基本原理,建立了较为完善的水下圆柱形Helmholtz共振器的低频集中参量模型. 利用电路分析的基本方法,得到了系统的输入阻抗和声压传递函数表达式. 仿真分析了主要结构参数对共振器声学特性的影响,得出了一些有意义的结论. 在充水驻波罐中对自制的Helmholtz共振器进行了测量,并对实验结果进行了详细地误差分析. 去除压电水听器对测量结果的影响后,实验与仿真结果基本一致,从而验证了理论分析的正确性. 关键词： Helmholtz共振器 共振频率 传递函数 辐射阻抗     

Recent approaches to the measurement of acoustic impedance and materials characterization

Three methods are discussed: an automated pulse tube system; a direct, point measurement technique; and the application of a parametric array for oblique angle measurement.The first of these extends the capability of a proven impedance measurement technique using a waterborne acoustic waveguide (pulse tube). Data obtained in a frequency range 3 to 100 kHz, determined from complex reflection coefficients, are presented, via a transfer function analyser interfacing with a computer and plotter, to produce impedance diagrams.A direct, point impedance technique based on sensing particle velocity, or displacement of a surface and associated acoustic pressure is next discussed. Use is made of laser interferometry to measure the vector quantity, while scalar values are determined from a pressure sensor. This data affords a direct measurement of point impedance and can be applied in obtaining complex response information from heterogeneous materials or structures.The last method employs a non-linear acoustic device to obtain a requisite acoustic beam-width allowing characterization of materials at oblique angles, with samples of limited size, at low ultrasonic frequencies.     

Determination of the parameters of a linear-viscoelastic thin layer using the normally-incident ultrasonic waves

This paper proposes a method of simultaneous determination of the four layer parameters (mass density,longitudinal velocity,the thickness and attenuation) of an immersed linear-viscoelastic thin layer by using the normally-incident reflected and transmitted ultrasonic waves.The analytical formula of the layer thickness related to the measured transmitted transfer functions is derived.The two determination steps of the four layer parameters are developed,in which acoustic impedance,time-of-flight and attenuation are first determined by the reflected transfer functions.Using the derived formula,it successively calculates and determines the layer thickness,longitudinal velocity and mass density by the measured transmitted transfer functions.According to the two determination steps,a more feasible and simplified measurement setups is described.It is found that only three signals (the reference waves,the reflected and transmitted waves) need to be recorded in the whole measurement for the determination of the four layer parameters.A study of the stability of the determination method against the experimental noises and the error analysis of the four layer parameters are made.This study lays the theoretical foundation of the practical measurement of a linear-viscoelastic thin layer.     

圆孔非线性声阻抗三维时域仿真与特性分析

为研究有限振幅声波作用下圆孔的非线性声学特性,提出了基于三维时域计算流体动力学(CFD)仿真的圆孔非线性声阻抗提取方法,通过求解层流方程来模拟声信号在圆孔及上下游的传播,以及采用横向周期性边界条件来考虑高穿孔率时圆孔之间相互作用的影响。研究了不同幅值声波作用下孔径、厚度和穿孔率对声阻抗的影响规律,通过对质点振速幅值、频率和板厚等组成的无量纲参量进行非线性回归分析,得到了圆孔非线性声阻抗的拟合公式,并将其转换为可考虑多频声波影响的时域模型。最后结合声阻抗时域模型和有限差分方法计算了直通穿孔管消声器在小振幅和有限振幅声波作用下的传递损失,通过与实验测量结果的比较,验证了拟合公式的准确性和实用性。     

Method to measure acoustic impedance and reflection coefficient.

A frequency-domain based system for measuring acoustic impedance and reflection coefficient is described. The calibration procedure uses a least-mean-squares approximation to the Thevenin parameters describing the source and receiver characteristics in which the data measured on closed, cylindrical tubes are matched to a viscothermal tube model. The system is intended for use in acoustical measurement in human ear canals, in which the cross-sectional area of the ear canal at the point of insertion is imprecisely known. This area is acoustically estimated from the impedance data, and the reflection coefficient is calculated in terms of this area and the impedance data. Measurements on a variety of closed tubes show the method is accurate over the frequency range investigated (less than 10.7 kHz). The time-domain reflection function is evaluated by transforming the reflection coefficient from the frequency domain, but the finite bandwidth of the measured data limits the accuracy of time-domain response measurements. The method is well suited for frequency-domain measurements in human ear canals.     

Inverse estimation of the acoustic impedance of a porous woven hose from measured transmission coefficients

A porous tube, comprised of a resin-coated woven fabric has recently been used as an effective component for use in intake systems of internal combustion engines to reduce the intake noise. For the prediction of the acoustic performance of an engine intake system with a porous woven hose, the acoustic wall impedance of the hose must be known. However, the accurate measurement of the wall impedance of a porous woven hose is not easy because of its peculiar acoustical and structural characteristics. A new measurement technique is proposed herein, that is valid over the low to mid frequency ranges. The acoustics impedance is inversely estimated from an overdetermined set of measured pressure transmission coefficients for specimens of different lengths and the reflection coefficient of end termination. The method involves only one measurement setup, and, as a result, it is very simple. A variation of the proposed method, an inverse estimation method using one of the four-pole parameters is also proposed. An error sensitivity analysis was performed to investigate the effect of measurement error on the accuracy of the final result. The measured TL for samples with arbitrary lengths and arbitrary porous frequency are in reasonably good agreement with values predicted from curve-fitted impedance data.     

An improved water-filled impedance tube

A water-filled impedance tube capable of improved measurement accuracy and precision is reported. The measurement instrument employs a variation of the standardized two-sensor transfer function technique. Performance improvements were achieved through minimization of elastic waveguide effects and through the use of sound-hard wall-mounted acoustic pressure sensors. Acoustic propagation inside the water-filled impedance tube was found to be well described by a plane wave model, which is a necessary condition for the technique. Measurements of the impedance of a pressure-release terminated transmission line, and the reflection coefficient from a water/air interface, were used to verify the system.     

Traveling wave tube measurements for low-frequency properties of underwater acoustic materials

A traveling wave tube measurement technique for measuring acoustic properties of underwater acoustic materials was developed.Water temperature and pressure environments of the ocean can be simulated in a water-filled tube,and the acoustic parameters of samples of underwater acoustic materials are measured in the range of low-frequency.A tested sample is located at central position of the tube.A pair of projectors is separately located at both ends of the tube.Using an active anechoic technique,the sound wave transmitting the tested sample is hardly reflected by the surface of secondary transducer.So the traveling sound field is built up in the tube.By separately calculating the transfer functions of every pair of double hydrophones in the sound fields from the both sides of the sample,its reflection coefficients and transmission coefficients are obtained.In the measurement system,the inside diameter of the tube isΦ208 mm,the working frequency range is from 100 to 4000 Hz,the maximum pressure is 5 MPa.The reflection coefficients and transmission coefficients of a water layer and a stainless steel layer samples are measured actually and calculated theoretically.The results show that the measured values are in good agreement with the values calculated,and the measurement uncertainty is not greater than 1.5 dB.     

A model comparison of the absorption coefficient of a Microperforated Insertion Unit in the frequency and time domains

The absorption coefficient of acoustic materials can be measured either in the frequency or the time domain. At normal incidence, a sample of the material is fitted within an impedance tube and the absorption coefficient is calculated in the frequency domain from the measurement of the transfer function between two microphones [ISO 10534-2. Acoustics - determination of sound absorption coefficient and impedance in impedance tubes - Part 2: transfer function method. ISO, Geneva, Switzerland; 1996]. When the acoustic material must be characterized at oblique incidence or in situ (noise barriers, for instance) the absorption coefficient is calculated from measurements of the loudspeaker-microphone impulse response in the time domain, both in free field and in front of the sample [CEN/TS 1793-5. Road traffic noise reduction devices - test method for determining the acoustic performance - Part 5: intrinsic characteristics - in situ values of sound reflection and airborne sound insulation. CEN, Brussels, Belgium; 2003, ISO 13472-1. Acoustic measurement of sound absorption properties of road surfaces in situ - Part I: extended surface method. ISO, Geneva, Switzerland; 2002]. Since the absorption is an intrinsic property of the acoustic material, its measurement in either domain must provide the same result. However, this has not been formally demonstrated yet. The aim of this paper is to carry out a comparison between the absorption coefficient predicted by the impedance model of a Microperforated Insertion Unit and the absorption coefficient predicted from a simulated reflection trace taken into account the finite length of the time window.     

Inversion for acoustic impedance of a wall by using artificial neural network

A new approach for measuring acoustic impedance is developed by using artificial neural network (ANN) algorithm. Instead of using impedance tube, a rectangular room or a box is simulated with known boundary conditions at some boundaries and an unknown acoustic impedance at one side of the wall. A training data basis for the ANN algorithm is evaluated by similar source method which was developed earlier by Too and Su [Too G-PJ, Su T-K. Estimation of scattering sound field via nearfield measurement by source methods. Appl Acoust. 1999;58:261-81 (SCI) (EI)] for the estimation of interior and exterior sound field. The training data basis is constructed by evaluating of acoustic pressure at a field point with various acoustic impedance conditions at one side of the wall. Then, the inversion for unknown acoustic impedance of a wall is performed by measuring several field data and substituting these data into ANN algorithm. The simulation result indicates that the prediction of acoustic impedance is very accurate with error percentage under 1%. In addition, one field point measurement in the present approach for acoustic impedance provides more straightforward and easier evaluation than that in the two point measurement of impedance tube.