大气气溶胶偏振遥感研究进展

POLDER-1是国际上第一个可以获取偏振光观测的星载对地探测器, 随着POLDER/PARASOL等偏振仪器的应用, 偏振遥感在国际上已成为一个快速发展的研究领域, 并在大气气溶胶监测等方面发挥了重要的作用, 取得了一系列研究成果。从POLDER/PARASOL,APS(aerosol polarimetry sensor)和航空偏振相机、地基偏振观测平台三个方面综述了大气气溶胶偏振遥感近20年(1993-2013)的研究进展, 重点介绍: (1)POLDER/PARASOL陆地上空和海洋上空气溶胶参数反演算法; POLDER/PARASOL气溶胶光学厚度(AOD)产品精度验证、应用以及与MODIS等卫星AOD产品的对比分析。(2)MICROPOL,RSP和APS陆地上空和海洋上空气溶胶参数反演算法; 国产多角度航空偏振相机(directional polarimetric camera, DPC)的气溶胶参数反演算法。(3)CE318-2和CE318-DP的气溶胶地基偏振反演算法。其中卫星、航空和地面气溶胶参数反演的结果包括总的AOD、细粒子AOD、粗粒子AOD、粒子谱分布、粒子形状、复折射指数、单次散射反射率、散射相函数、偏振相函数以及云顶AOD。在以上研究基础上, 提出了大气气溶胶偏振遥感研究存在的问题及展望, 为大气气溶胶偏振遥感研究提供有价值的参考。     

基于模糊聚类算法的大气粒子激光电离质谱数据分析

实验室自行研制了一台大气气溶胶飞行时间激光质谱仪(ATOFLMS),它可以在线地对气溶胶单粒子进行物理和化学特性分析,利用双束连续激光对单个粒子的空气动力学粒径进行测量,并通过飞行时间完成单粒子化学成分的检测。该仪器在运行过程中将产生海量的实验数据,对这些数据的快速、自动处理并提取有价值的信息是整机系统的关键之一。文章介绍模糊聚类算法FCM(fuzzy c-means)在大气气溶胶单粒子聚类分析中的成功运用。利用该算法对连续24 h采集的室内空气气溶胶单粒子质谱数据进行了聚类分析,在得到的5个聚类结果中包含了无机的海盐粒子、矿物质粒子以及其他的三种二次气溶胶成分粒子类型。在对室内空气气溶胶粒子的粒径进行实时检测的结果表明室内可吸入颗粒物以细粒子为主,其中大于1 μm的粒子所占比重较小。小于1 μm的粒子均占95％以上, 在0.4～0.8 μm之间的粒子占据主要部分。     

激光雷达观测2005年春季北京沙尘天气

利用激光雷达对2005年春季北京地区沙尘天气进行了连续观测,表征了沙尘气溶胶的时空分布以及沙尘天气特征.2月至5月间北京共发生沙尘天气26次,其中强沙尘天气12次.并将激光雷达观测结果和GT-521光学粒子计数器的测定结果进行了对比.     

激光雷达遥感地表气溶胶消光吸湿因子及其对波长的依赖特性

介绍了一种在开放大气环境下、利用水平探测的双波长-偏振米氏散射激光雷达遥感地表气溶胶消光吸湿增长因子的新方法。在激光雷达垂直观测气溶胶吸湿性质相关研究报道的数据筛选方法的基础上,利用消光系数与实测相对湿度(RH)之间的强相关性,以及实测的粒子质量浓度和粒子退偏振比的变化规律作为判据,说明吸湿增长作用是引起地表气溶胶消光系数增大的主要原因。相比于激光雷达垂直方法观测气溶胶吸湿性质,该筛选过程更加严格地约束了激光雷达水平观测吸湿性质的筛选判据,且对气象条件的约束相对简单。利用筛选得到的有效数据,计算得到气溶胶消光吸湿增长因子,并分析其对波长的依赖特性。观测结果表明,在开放大气条件下,合肥地区粒子谱分布可能会出现单模态、双模态甚至多模态的复杂情况,导致Angstrom波长指数与相对湿度之间的变化规律表现为正相关、负相关和不相关3种结果;同样也导致短波的气溶胶消光吸湿增长因子弱于、等于或强于长波的气溶胶消光吸湿增长因子的多样性现象。     

基于航空多角度偏振信息的近海海域非球形气溶胶光学厚度反演研究

基于T矩阵散射理论,以中分辨率成像光谱仪(MODIS)海洋气溶胶模型细模态M4和粗模态M9为例,模拟计算了不同纵横轴比椭球形状以及等概率纵横轴比椭球形状分布的非球形粒子单次散射特性。与球形粒子进行比较,发现非球形性对细模态粒子具有起偏作用,而对粗模态粒子具有退偏作用。利用机载大气多角度偏振辐射计(AMPR)的近海海域航飞遥感数据,进行了非球形粒子和球形粒子气溶胶光学厚度的反演实验。反演结果表明,基于非球形模式得到的气溶胶光学厚度与地面太阳辐射计(Cimel,CE318)测量结果一致性较好,相对均方误差在0.1以内。     

新型车载式激光雷达探测对流层气溶胶

介绍了中国科学院安光所自行研制的新型车载式激光雷达的结构和主要技术参数,给出了雷达数据的反演方法,并利用它对合肥地区对流层的大气气溶胶进行了探测。测量结果表明,该雷达具备昼夜连续观测对流层大气气溶胶的能力,可以很好地反映气溶胶粒子的时间与空间分布特征。     

气溶胶对大气CO_2短波红外遥感探测影响的模拟分析

气溶胶引起的光学路径长度改变是影响高分辨率近红外光谱反演大气CO_2浓度的重要误差源.本文利用高精度大气辐射传输模式模拟中国碳卫星观测,结合CALIPSO(Cloud-Aerosol Lidar and Infrared Pathfinder Satellite Observations)卫星的气溶胶廓线产品研究了不同特性的气溶胶对卫星观测光谱的影响.模拟结果显示:气溶胶散射引起的光学路径长度改变与气溶胶类型、模态以及垂直分布密切相关;城市型和海洋型气溶胶对观测光谱影响很大;多层分布的积聚模态大陆型和海洋型气溶胶在光学厚度小于0.3时,会引起5%以内的负辐射变化,随光学厚度不断增加会引起正的辐射变化;主要以粗粒子模态存在的气溶胶在不同的垂直分布情况下均会引起辐射的负变化,从而造成CO_2浓度的高估;另外,随气溶胶分布高度变高,负的辐射变化程度会逐渐减小.     

基于船载平台太阳光度计的渤海湾气溶胶光学特性

研制出一种可以在船载平台下完成气溶胶测量的太阳光度计。仪器采用两段式图像跟踪方法，首先利用鱼眼成像系统对太阳进行粗跟踪，之后通过精跟踪成像系统来提高跟踪精度，并阐述了二维转台、图像跟踪系统、测量光路的工作流程。利用船载平台太阳光度计在渤海湾进行长期观测，渤海湾日平均气溶胶光学厚度多集中在0.1～0.3范围内，大气较为洁净，且夏季大气以细粒子为主，而深秋大粒子占据主导地位。将所得结果与日本POM-01 MKⅢ船用太阳光度计的测量结果进行对比，发现气溶胶光学厚度日变化趋势基本相近，决定系数可达到0.968，其平均相对测量误差为4.83%，?ngstr?m指数平均相对测量误差为2.55%。所得结果验证了船载太阳光度计的可靠性与稳定性，并且可以进一步利用可见光到近红外的辐射信息反演其他大气参数的光学特性。     

气溶胶粒子散射和吸收特性对复折射率依赖性的数值研究

利用米散射理论数值计算分析了尺度参数为0.1~100时球形典型气溶胶粒子的散射和吸收特性对复折射率的依赖性关系。气溶胶粒子复折射率的实部和虚部是一个有机的整体,粒子复折射率的实部和虚部可以分别影响其散射和吸收特性。若实际大气气溶胶粒子大多是成核模态和积聚模态的小粒子,基于气溶胶的散射和吸收特性可以获得其复折射率的唯一解。但是,如果大气中存在大量的粗模态粒子时,气溶胶散射和吸收特性对其复折射率的依赖性较为复杂,只有选择有限的合适复折射率库区间,才有可能获得更合适的有效复折射率。     

灰霾组分的多角度偏振反射特性模拟

基于气溶胶和云光学特性库(OPAC)以及灰霾的地基研究结果,研究了水溶型(WASO)、黑碳型(BC)、沙尘型(DUST)及伴随雾云生消产生的亚微米细粒子(Sub M)4种类型的灰霾组分。利用米氏理论计算了各组分的消光系数、散射相函数、偏振相函数等光学特性,并分析了相对湿度(RH)对水溶型粒子光学特性的影响,利用辐射传输(RT3)模拟了卫星观测到的各灰霾组分多角度标量和偏振信号。结果表明:在大部分卫星观测角度,WASO和Sub M的标量信号较强,而BC和WASO的偏振信号较强;随着RH的增加,WASO粒子的消光系数有着较大的增长,而散射相函数和偏振相函数则随之整体减小,这种变化主要是由于粒子半径吸湿增大引起的。因此,为实现灰霾的遥感反演,需结合多角度偏振和标量观测信号。     

基于遥感观测的折射指数光谱特性反演大气气溶胶中沙尘组分含量

矿物沙尘是气溶胶的重要化学组分,对气候和环境都有重要影响。本文基于2010年的北京AERONET站点的气溶胶产品资料,分析了复折射指数在440～1 020nm范围内的变化特性,发现实部(n)在各个波段的取值差异不大;而虚部(k)由于受到矿物沙尘吸收的影响从440到670nm呈现出明显下降的趋势。据此,将k(440nm)与其他波段的值分开考虑,增加了一维信息量,从而能将目前基于复折射指数反演气溶胶化学组成的三组分模型(水、黑碳、硫酸铵)扩展为包含矿物沙尘的四组分模型,解决了以往在粗粒子较多时无法进行化学成分反演的难题。针对北京沙尘、灰霾、晴朗三种典型天气进行了气溶胶中沙尘组分的反演试验,获得的体积比例分别为88%,37%和48%,与基于气溶胶粒子体积谱分布计算的粗粒子比例的相对大小具有很好的一致性。     

激光雷达观测北京大气气溶胶的垂直分布

利用激光雷达对北京2005年4月26-30日大气气溶胶进行了连续观测,对气溶胶光学特性进行了测量和分析,讨论了大气污染物气溶胶和沙尘气溶胶的垂直分布,以及沙尘气溶胶的传输和沉降过程.因此,激光雷达是研究阴霾天气和沙尘天气特征的有效手段.     

Arrival of Pinatubo disturbances in the stratospheric aerosol layer over Fort Collins,CO, observed by a lidar at 589 nm

Using the Colorado State Na Lidar, surges of stratospheric aerosols caused by the eruption of Mt. Pinatubo have been observed from August to December 1991 over Fort Collins, CO (40.6° N, 105° W), showing a clear increasing trend in stratospheric aerosol activities. These aerosol layers are characterized by the backscatter-ratio profile at 589 nm for altitudes from 12 km to 40 km.On leave from: Department of Radioelectronics, Peking University, Beijing, P.R. China     

The reflection and polarization properties of non-spherical aerosol particles

In this paper, we investigate the capability of multi-angle TOA reflectance and polarized reflectance for the retrieval of aerosol properties including aerosol mode (fine mode and coarse mode), aerosol shape (sphere and non-spherical), and aerosol optical thickness. Single-scattering parameters and phase-matrix elements were computed for randomly oriented non-spherical aerosol particles. Sensitivity indices were introduced to quantify the sensitivity of the TOA total reflectance and polarized reflectance to aerosol parameters. Finally, on the basis of the sensitivity study, this paper presents a conceptual approach toward the remote sensing of non-spherical aerosol three parameters (aerosol mode, aerosol shape, and aerosol optical thickness) using the TOA total reflectance and TOA polarized reflectance for the 0.865 μm spectral bands measured at multiple viewing angles.     

Toward characterization of the aerosol optical properties over Loess Plateau of Northwestern China

Aerosol optical properties were obtained from a CIMEL sunphotometer of the Aerosol Robotic Network at the Semi-Arid Climate and Environment Observatory of Lanzhou University (SACOL). SACOL is located over the Loess Plateau of the Northwestern China. The observed data are analyzed for the period of August 2006-October 2008. We find that aerosol optical depths (AODs) have a pronounced annual cycle, with a maximum dust aerosol loading during the spring. The 2-year average values of AOD, Ångström exponent (α), and water vapor path (WVP) along with their standard deviation (in parenthesis) are 0.35 (0.21), 0.93 (0.34), and 0.77 cm (0.52 cm), respectively. The probability distributions of these quantities all have one modal value, which are 0.3, 1.1, and 0.5 cm, respectively. There is a notable feature in the relationship between daily averaged AOD and Ångström exponent: a wide range of α corresponding to moderate to low aerosol optical depths (<0.8). There is no significant correlation between daily averaged WVP and AOD. However the daily averaged Ångström exponent and WVP show a significant positive correlation, indicating that the smaller aerosol particles present when the WVP is large. Variations of the retrieved aerosol volume size distributions are mainly associated with the changes in the concentration of the coarse aerosol fraction. The geometric mean radii for the fine and coarse aerosols are 0.18 μm (±0.03 μm), and 2.53 μm (±0.25 μm), respectively. The spectral dependences of the single scattering albedos are different between the dusty and non-dusty conditions. In the presence of dust, the SSAs increase slightly with wavelength. When dust is not a major component, the corresponding values decrease with wavelength.     

Size distribution of sulfur species in fine and ultrafine aerosol particles using sulfur K-edge XANES

The sulfur species existing in different size aerosol particles were determined based on the `white line' energy shift and the features of post edge structure of sulfur K-edge XANES (X-ray Absorption Near Edge Structure). The results indicated that sulfates were dominant sulfur species in aerosol particles. However, small amount of reductive sulfur species were also found in the ultrafine aerosol particles(<0.1 μm). Sulfates in aerosols mostly exhibited as (NH₄)₂SO₄ and gypsum. Most (NH₄)₂SO₄ distributed in aerosol particles finer than 0.952 μm, while gypsum was the dominant sulfate in coarse aerosols.

     

Environmental implications of acoustic aerosol agglomeration

An overview is presented of acoustically induced agglomeration of fine particulates, potential industrial applications of the technology, and its environmental implications in terms of fine particle pollutants. Adverse health effects due to exposure to fine aerosols are discussed as well as recent legislation to reduce the output of such emissions. Based on this, the need for new, more efficient particle filtration technologies is demonstrated. It is shown that acoustic aerosol preconditioning meets all the requirements to reduce the fine particle output of conventional filter systems. The results of laboratory scale experiments are presented to illustrate the underlying mechanisms of the acoustic agglomeration process, while data from pilot scale testing are shown to prove the effectiveness of acoustic agglomeration systems in reducing the fine particle content of aerosols. Other filtration technologies are compared with acoustic agglomeration equipment.     

Trace element categorization of pollution sources in the equator town of Nanyuki,Kenya

An air pollution campaign was carried out in the town of Nanyuki at four different sites during July and August 1999. Nanyuki is situated on the equator on the northwestern slope of Mount Kenya at about 1930 m above sea level. The intention of the project was to characterize aerosol elemental compositions in two size fractions, associated with specific natural and anthropogenic activities. A dichotomous impactor was used for sampling and an energy‐dispersive x‐ray fluorescence spectrometer was used for the analysis. Fourteen elements (Si, S, K, Ca, Ti, Mn, Fe, Cu, Zn, Ga, Br, Rb, Sr and Pb) were analysed in all the samples. The concentration of Pb was highest at a site in the vicinity of open‐air vehicle garages. The four sites recorded high concentrations of fine S, Cl and K. Fine Zn and Br were also measured at all the sites. In the coarse size range, the concentrations of soil‐derived elements (Si, K, Ca and Fe) were dominant. The high concentration of coarse Cl was considered to be due to the contribution of sea salt and that of S to be a contribution of gas to particle conversion of SO₂. The two elements S and Cl signified the influence of long‐distance transported aerosols. The comparatively high concentrations of fine Pb and Br signified the high rate of vehicle repairs, which is a major activity close to one of the sites. Generally, soil dust‐derived particles and those from biomass burning dominated the town aerosols. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.