Spectral characteristics of a microwave radar signal backscattered by the sea surface at small incidence angles

We present a theoretical analysis of the Doppler-spectrum properties of a microwave radar signal scattered by the sea surface at small incidence angles. The dependences of Doppler-spectrum width and shift on the wind velocity and wave development stage and their azimuthal dependence are analyzed. The case of mixed sea (wind wave plus swell) is also considered. The JONSWAP spectrum model is used to describe sea waves. The study shows that Doppler-spectrum parameters are sensitive to variation of sea-surface state; for example, for the case of developed sea waves, an increase in wind velocity by 1 m/sec leads to increases in the Doppler-spectrum width and shift by 15 Hz and 3 Hz, respectively. It is shown that for the case of a moving radar the Doppler spectrum remains sensitive to variation of sea- surface state with a sufficiently narrow radar directivity pattern. Estimates show that in the case of a single sea- wave system on the surface, using Doppler-spectrum parameters we can, in principle, determine wave type (developing wind wave, developed wind wave, or swell), dominant wavelength, wave propagation direction, and wave height; wind velocity, direction, and acceleration distance can be determined for wind waves.Translated from Izvestiya Vysshikh Uchebnykh Zavedenii, Radiofizika, Vol. 39, No. 5, pp. 517–526, May, 1996.This paper was supported by the Russian Foundation for Fundamental Research (project 93-02-15892).     

Drift velocity in an amplification zone of wind waves

Drift wind flow in the amplification zone of a wind wave is investigated experimentally. It is found that the wind drift diminishes in proportion to the wave steepness on the forward slope of a wave in the region of a water surface deformed by vortices in a viscous layer of air. Vortices delaying the drift are found in the viscous layer on the back slope of a wave where the shift velocity of water diminishes.     

Outline of marine currents in the bay of naples and some considerations on pollutant transport

Summary Many T, S, O₂, marine currents and meteorological data, observed with modern techniques and instruments, have been collected by the Institute of Meteorology and Oceanography in the Bay of Naples from 1977 on. Even, if the variability was large, some flow patterns were recognized as well as changes in the trend of currents: a periodicity of 3 to 7 days resulted all the year round with an oscillation of about 18 hours superimposed on it in summertime. The flow patterns resulted from current records and water mass analysis. When the open sea currents are flowing to SE the inner waters of the bay are cut off in a slow cyclonic gyre which leaves the coastal waters in a still slower motion making high pollutant concentration possible. The open sea currents flowing toward NW have branches entering into the bay which provide a fair renaewal of waters. The knowledge we have now of the South-Tyrrhenian surface marine currents indicates prevailing NW flow, hence giving one element in favour of a more or less active renewal of the waters in the bay. NE and WSW winds provided two simple models of water moving from the East coast toward the open sea: the former following the stress of the wind and the latter following the piling up of water along the coastal area. Paper presented at the 1° Congresso del Gruppo Nazionale per la Fisica del-l'Atmosfera e dell'Oceano, Roma, June 19–22, 1984.     

Asymmetric evolution of eddies in rotating shallow water

It is demonstrated that cyclones evolve in a way different from that of anticyclones in rotating shallow water. The anticyclones merge and eventually take circular coherent forms, but cyclones are elongated with active enstrophy cascading. This asymmetric evolution is strengthened with increasing surface displacements. When the initial surface displacement exceeds a certain critical value, the initial elongation of a cyclonic ellipse ends up with splitting in two cyclones. This splitting of the cyclonic ellipse is always associated with the first appearance of a saddle point inside the core, due to irrotational, ageostrophic motion. The appearance of the saddle point inside the core seems to be a necessary condition for splitting of the core of the cyclonic ellipse with surface displacements. The linear stability analysis of the elliptical vortex is consistent qualitatively with both of the simulation results and the kinematic axisymmetrization/elongation principle.     

次声波在非均匀运动大气中非线性传播特性的研究

基于有限时域差分方法将大气中近似到二阶的非线性波动方程进行离散化,得到了数值模拟所采用的差分方程. 在此基础上,对线阵列辐射的脉冲声波在非均匀运动大气中的垂直和斜向传播进行了二维数值模拟,模拟了武汉地区(114:20°E, 30:37°N)在夏季和冬季UT=29000 s时开始传播的脉冲声波在不同时刻的声压分布. 模拟时通过采用Msise00和HWM93 两个大气模型,考虑了由于大气温度和密度变化以及大气风场存在所引起的大气不均匀性和运动性. 通过研究上述两季有风与无风条件下的声压差值p_r,可以发现:风场对次声波在传播中声压分布的影响较大;由于不同季节和不同传播距离上"有效声速"的不同,导致了两季p_r分布波形存在差异;风场对声波非线性传播的影响要远大于其对线性传播的影响. 关键词： 次声波传播 非均匀运动大气 有效声速     

Acoustic propagation from a spiral wave front source in an ocean environment

A spiral wave front source generates a pressure field that has a phase that depends linearly on the azimuthal angle at which it is measured. This differs from a point source that has a phase that is constant with direction. The spiral wave front source has been developed for use in navigation; however, very little work has been done to model this source in an ocean environment. To this end, the spiral wave front analogue of the acoustic point source is developed and is shown to be related to the point source through a simple transformation. This makes it possible to transform the point source solution in a particular ocean environment into the solution for a spiral source in the same environment. Applications of this transformation are presented for a spiral source near the ocean surface and seafloor as well as for the more general case of propagation in a horizontally stratified waveguide.     

浅海起伏海面下气泡层对声传播的影响

分析了起伏海面下风浪引起的气泡层对海面反射损失和对声传播的影响.一方面,气泡层会改变原来水中的声速剖面;另一方面,气泡层会对声波产生散射和吸收作用.考虑以上两方面的因素,分析了不同风速下气泡层对海面反射损失和声传播损失的影响,仿真发现,在风速大于10 m/s时,对于2 k Hz以上频率时气泡层对小掠射角下海面反射损失的影响不可忽视.在给定的水声环境中,当声源深度和接收深度都为7 m时,风速为16 m/s的风浪下生成的气泡层,在10 km处对3 k Hz的声传播损失的影响达到8.1 d B.当声源深度和接收深度都为18 m时,风速为16 m/s的风浪下生成的气泡层,在10 km处对3 k Hz的声传播损失的影响达到4 d B.     

波浪破碎气体的卷入过程及相关统计量的估计

基于实验观测,导出了波浪破碎能量耗散ε_ed、气泡云卷入深度z_b、气体卷入速率Q(z)和湍流动能耗散率ε_T(z)的表达式,在此基础上建立了一种简单、实用的气泡粒径谱参数化模式N(a,z),揭示了波浪破碎气泡云卷入过程能量耗散、气泡破碎临界Hinze特征尺度和气泡粒径谱在不同海况下的变化. 研究表明：气泡云卷入过程能量耗 关键词： 波浪破碎能量耗散 气泡云卷入深度 气泡粒径谱     

反常波海面参数计算方法及其色散关系

提出了一种计算反常波海面参数及色散关系的数值方法.将反常波海面看成变幅变频的波列,在各个具体时间、空间点用不同参数的延拓正弦波进行插值.在具体的时间、空间点处,根据海面及其一阶、二阶导数关系,求出相应的延拓正弦波各个参数.数值模拟出的振幅结果表明该方法有效,利用该方法计算的反常波海面参数进行海面重构的结果与原海面完全符合.比较非线性海面波数和角频率的关系式ω²/k与重力加速度g值,发现反常波海面的主要非线性色散区域不是位于反常波区域,而是位于 关键词： 反常波 非线性 色散     

Modeling the spectrum of infrasonic hydroacoustic radiation generated by the sea surface under storm conditions

Generation of infrasonic radiation into a water medium by sea surface waves is analyzed. The analysis is carried out for the situation in which the infrasound is generated by surface waves with frequencies close to those of dominant waves. The presence of two wave systems on the sea surface is assumed: swell and wind waves. It is shown that if the frequencies of spectral peaks of wind waves and swell diverge by 20%, the maximum value of the radiation spectrum decreases by approximately 40% (if the general directions of the two wave systems are oriented strictly towards each other). A deviation of the general directions of the two wave systems from the opposite direction by 45° leads to a decrease in the maximum value of the radiation spectrum by more than two times.     

Reminiscences on the study of wind waves

The wind blowing over sea surface generates tiny wind waves. They develop with time and space absorbing wind energy, and become huge wind waves usually referred to ocean surface waves. The wind waves cause not only serious sea disasters but also take important roles in the local and global climate changes by affecting the fluxes of momentum, heat and gases (e.g. CO₂) through the air-sea boundary. The present paper reviews the selected studies on wind waves conducted by our group in the Research Institute for Applied Mechanics (RIAM), Kyushu University. The themes discussed are interactions between water waves and winds, the energy spectrum of wind waves, nonlinear properties of wind waves, and the effects of surfactant on some air-sea interaction phenomena.     

Compressibility and collisional effects on thermal instability of a partially ionized medium

The thermal instability of a finitely conducting hydromagnetic composite and compressible medium is studied to include the frictional effects with neutrals. The effect of compressibility is found to be stabilizing. In contrast to the nonoscillatory modes for (C _p/g)β > 1 in the absence of a magnetic field;C _v, β andg being specific heat at constant pressure, uniform adverse temperature gradient and acceleration due to gravity respectively, the presence of magnetic field introduces oscillatory modes in the system. The overstable case is also discussed. The magnetic field is found to have a stabilizing effect on the system for (C _p/g)β > 1.     

Two-dimensional structure of the wake behind a pitching airfoil with higher non-dimensional pitching rate

Two-dimensional flow patterns have been visualized by two kinds of dyes and a VTR camera in a water tunnel atRe=4.0×10³ in order to study how flow patterns of vortex changed behind a pitching airfoil with various pitching rates and pitching amplitudes. The tested airfoil was NACA0010. The experiment was performed under the conditions such as the pitching motions with sinusoidal or triangular wave around its mid- or quarter-chord axis. The non-dimensional pitching rates werek=1.97, 2.81 and 4.22. The pitching amplitudes were changed asA=±2, ±6 and ±12, however the mean angle of attack was fixed atμ _m =0°. As a result, the followings were clarified. The flow pattern of thrust producing vortex street was observed in the wake behind the pitching airfoil with a higher nondimensional pitching rate. Similar flow patterns of the vortex were observed in spite of the differences in the location of pitching motion axis, in the pitching motion wave profile and in the pitching amplitude. Moreover, the pitching motion around the quarter-chord axis with triangular wave could realize the thrust producing vortex street more easily.     

海面中波红外反射率特性研究

基于Cox Munk海面模型,计算了海面对中波红外（3~5 μm）的反射率.利用双站散射遮蔽函数对Cox Munk海面反射率模型进行了修正,数值模拟了反射率随入射角、反射角和风速的变化关系.结果表明,考虑遮蔽效应后,反射率较未考虑遮蔽时的变化更为平缓,且峰值的位置发生变化,峰值明显减小.     

The hydrothermal wave of large-Prandtl-number fluid in a shallow cavity

The hydrothermal wave was investigated numerically for large-Prandtl-number fluid (Pr = 105.6) in a shallow cavity with different heated sidewalls. The traveling wave appears and propagates in the direction opposite to the surface flow (upstream) in the case of zero gravity when the applied temperature difference grows and over the critical value. The phase relationships of the disturbed velocity, temperature and pressure demonstrate that the traveling wave is driven by the disturbed temperature, which is named hydrothermal wave. The hydrothermal wave is so weak that the oscillatory flow field and temperature distribution can hardly be observed in the liquid layer. The exciting mechanism of hydrothermal wave is analyzed and discussed in the present paper.     

Frequency response of 1D dispersive sea surface by the ADE-FDTD algorithm

The frequency response of a one-dimensional (1D) sea surface was investigated using the finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) algorithm with pulsed wave excitation. Where the sea water is regarded as an isotropic and dispersive medium, it satisfies the single-pole Debye model. The auxiliary differential equation (ADE) technique is incorporated into the FDTD scheme to deal with the dispersive sea surface. To ensure the feasibility of our present method, the frequency response of dispersive sea surface by the ADE-FDTD method is compared with the result by the conventional method of moments (MOM), which requires an individual calculation for every frequency point of interest. Finally, the scattering characteristic of dispersive sea water is investigated for different wind speed, temperature, and salinity. The representative far zone scattered field versus time is also analyzed.     

Optical target and spiral patterns in a single-mirror feedback scheme

Spatio-temporal structures with a regular time dependence are observed in a nonlinear optical system consisting of a sodium-vapour cell and a single feedback mirror. Target and spiral patterns appear spontaneously in the intensity of the transmitted light field as a result of a self-organisation process. In contrast to the results obtained in most other pattern-forming systems, the radial motion of the waves is directed towards the centre. The emergence of oscillatory structures is traced back to a Hopf bifurcation at a finite wave number. The preference for a radial drift motion is due to a nonlinear guiding effect which results from phase gradients created by the inhomogeneous pump profile. The direction of the drift can be reversed by externally applied phase gradients. The system is a striking example of a case in which the radial variation of the pump profile has a decisive influence on pattern formation. Received: 31 July 2002 / Revised version: 30 October 2002 / Published online: 26 February 2003 RID="*" ID="*"Corresponding author. Fax: +49-251/83-33513, E-mail: huneus@uni-muenster.de     

Dynamics of a vertical flight in the stationary gravitational field of a celestial body: Post-newtonian corrections and gravitational redshift

The standard problem of a radial motion of test particles in the stationary gravitational field of a spherically symmetric celestial body is solved and is used to determine the time features of this motion. The problem is solved for the equations of motion of general relativity (GR), and the time features are obtained in the post-Newtonian approximation, with linear GR corrections proportional to r _g /r and β ² (in the solution being considered, they are of the same order of smallness) being taken rigorously into account. Total times obtained by integrating the time differentials along the trajectories of motion are considered as the time features in question. It is shown that, for any parameters of the motion, the proper time (which corresponds to watches comoving with a test particle) exceeds the time of watches at rest (watches at the surface of the celestial body being considered). The mass and the radius of the celestial body, as well as the initial velocity of the test particle, serve as arbitrary parameters of the motion. The time difference indicated above implies a leading role of the gravitational redshift, which decreases somewhat because of the opposite effect of the Doppler shift. The results are estimated quantitatively for the important (from the experimental point of view) case of vertical flights of rockets starting from the Earth’s surface. In this case, the GR corrections, albeit being extremely small (a few microseconds for several hours of the flight), aremeasurable with atomic (quantum) watches.     

Calculation of the reverberation spectrum for Doppler-based sonar

For monostatic sonar using long pulsed tone signals, the problem of evaluating the spectrum of reverberation due to sound wave scattering by a rough sea surface is solved. Relatively simple computational schemes are proposed, which make it possible (i) to transform the three-dimensional spectra of surface waves to the frequency-angular characteristics of reverberation and (ii) to choose the optimal operating frequency band for a Doppler sonar from the point of view of reverberation. For typical wind wave characteristics measured in shallow water areas, the spectral levels of reverberation are estimated in the frequency band of acoustic signals within 0.4?C2 kHz.     

非均匀水流中涌浪运动对水下量子通信性能的影响

涌浪运动是非均匀水流中的一种非线性运动,是常见的海洋运动形式之一.在进行水下量子通信时,会对光量子信号的传输造成极大的影响.然而,有关涌浪运动造成量子通信信道参数变化的研究,迄今尚未展开.为了研究涌浪运动对水下量子通信性能的影响,首先对涌浪运动的传播建立了数学模型并分析了其频谱特性.针对退极化信道,提出了涌浪运动与水下量子通信信道纠缠和信道容量的定量关系,并对量子密钥分发过程中误码率的影响进行了分析.仿真结果表明,当海面风速在0—20.5 m/s变化时,随着传播周期逐渐增大,信道纠缠度由0.0012逐渐增加到0.8426,信道容量由0.8736减小到0.1024,密钥分发过程中,量子误码率由0.1651增加到0.4812.由此可见,涌浪运动对于水下量子通信性能有着明显的影响.因此,在进行水下量子通信时,应根据涌浪运动的不同程度,自适应调整系统参数.