任意形状凸粗糙物体高斯光束相干散射研究

研究了任意形状凸粗糙物体对高斯光束的相干散射特性。由平面波谱展开法推导出粗糙面高斯波束散射场表达式．并根据物理光学近似和稳相法原理得到相干散射截面的理论公式。与平面波解不同的是,在公式中引入了波束因子这一表征波束作用的重要参量,该参量与束腰半径、束腰中心与物体中心距离和物体照射面积以及入射、散射方向有关。最后数值计算了1．06μm激光波束对粗糙球的散射,分析了波束因子．介电常量和极化状态对红外激光相干散射截面的影响,重点讨论了波束因子的变化规律。分析表明．当波束半径远大于物体尺寸时,波束入射的结果可退化到平面波情况。     

IR Properties of Randomly Sea Surfaces

Sea surfaces should be considered as randomly rough surfaces at the infrared(IR) and optical bands. The geometric model of sea surfaces has been obtained by using image processing. Based on the electromagnetic scattering theory, the Laser Radar Cross Section(LRCS) for the sea surfaces is analyzed at IR band and the scattering properties of the sea surfaces have been gotten.     

飞机激光雷达散射截面测量与分析

飞机激光雷达散射截面的测量,对于研究飞机激光散射特性以及评估探测系统至关重要.本文介绍了飞机激光雷达散射截面测量理论,设计了飞机激光雷达散射截面测量装置和测量方法,并通过实验验证了该装置与测量方法.在全尺寸真实飞机试验与测量过程中,通过对原始数据高斯补偿与背景修正,获得了误差小于7%的飞机激光雷达散射截面数据.实验结果表明,本文提出的飞机激光雷达散射截面测量与分析方法是正确的和有效的.     

On radar accuracy using beam wave in random media

The accuracy of radar detection is measured in this paper through comparing the laser radar cross-section (LRCS) to RCS data for plane-wave incidence in free space. This is to study the performance of backscattering enhancement from conducting targets with finite size. LRCS is calculated using beam wave incidence propagating in a random medium. Targets are of large size with relatively complex cross-sections. E-wave polarization is assumed for incident waves in continuous random media with different spatial coherency.     

An “exact” geometric-optics approach for computing the optical properties of large absorbing particles

Based on the principles of geometric optics, the ray-tracing technique has been extensively used to compute the single-scattering properties of particles whose sizes are much larger than the wavelength of the incident wave. However, the inhomogeneity characteristics of internal waves within an absorbing particle, which stem from a complex index of refraction, have not been fully taken into consideration in the geometric ray-tracing approaches reported in the literature for computing the scattering properties of absorbing particles. In this paper, we first demonstrate that electromagnetic fields associated with an absorbing particle can be decomposed into the TE and TM modes. Subsequently, on the basis of Maxwell's equations and electromagnetic boundary conditions for the TE-mode electric field and the TM-mode magnetic field, we derive generalized Fresnel reflection and refraction coefficients, which differ from conventional formulae and do not involve complex angles. Additionally, a recurrence formulism is developed for the computation of the scattering phase matrix of an absorbing particle within the framework of the conventional geometric ray-tracing method. We further present pertinent numerical examples for the phase function and the degree of linear polarization in conjunction with light scattering by individual absorbing spheres, and discuss the deviation of the geometric optics solutions from the exact Lorenz-Mie results with respect to size parameter and complex refractive index.     

Enhanced Raman scattering from individual semiconductor nanocones and nanowires

We report strong enhancement (approximately 10(3)) of the spontaneous Raman scattering from individual silicon nanowires and nanocones as compared with bulk Si. The observed enhancement is diameter (d), excitation wavelength (lambda(laser)), and incident polarization state dependent, and is explained in terms of a resonant behavior involving incident electromagnetic radiation and the structural dielectric cross section. The variation of the Raman enhancement with d, lambda(laser), and polarization is shown to be in good agreement with model calculations of scattering from an infinite dielectric cylinder.     

背景散射对LRCS测量精度的影响分析

针对激光雷达散射截面的测量精度,指出测量中存在的背景散射问题。给出了激光雷达散射截面的测量方程,分析了地面、支撑架等背景散射对激光雷达散射截面测量精度影响的机理。根据测量方程和影响机理提出了敷设消光材料、多次比对测量、尺寸匹配等方法,并对敷设消光材料法进行了实验验证。实验表明：所用方法能够有效地减小背景散射,提高激光雷达散射截面的测量精度。     

Analysis of long wavelength electromagnetic scattering by a magnetized cold plasma prolate spheroid

Abstract

Using dielectric permittivity tensor of the magnetized prolate plasma, the scattering of long wavelength electromagnetic waves from the mentioned object is studied. The resonance frequency and differential scattering cross section for the backward scattered waves are presented. Consistency between the resonance frequency in this configuration and results obtained for spherical plasma are investigated. Finally, the effective factors on obtained results such as incident wave polarization, the frequency of the incident wave, the plasma frequency and the cyclotron frequency are analyzed.     

不同表面激光双向反射分布函数的实验研究

根据粗糙面电磁散射理论讨论了粗糙表面双向反射分布函数（ＢＲＤＦ）和单位面积激光雷达截面的关系。测量不同粗糙度金板、铝基、钢基和涂层样片在０．６３μｍ的双向反射分布函数。分析了高度起伏均方根δ，斜率起伏均方根ｓ，介电常数对双向反射分布函数的影响。最后，将部分粗糙样片的双向反射分布函数理论计算结果与实验数据比较，两者有良好的吻合。     

单层元胞结构金属泡沫的透射特性

本文构建了开孔泡沫铝的简化几何模型,并利用有限积分法模拟了具有单层元胞结构的金属泡沫材料在线性极化平面波垂直入射情况下的透射率。基于菲涅耳-基尔霍夫衍射理论分析了孔隙率、孔径尺寸、材料厚度和骨架结构对金属泡沫材料辐射特性的影响。当尺度参数较大时,金属泡沫材料的固相支架结构满足良导体条件,宏观电磁屏蔽效应显著,金属泡沫材料呈现"非透明"性质。随着入射电磁波波长逐渐接近于孔径尺寸,散射效应越来越显著,金属泡沫材料的"半透明"性质开始显现,不同孔隙率的金属泡沫材料的透射率以相近的规律随波长变化。随着波长的进一步减小,衍射效应对于金属泡沫材料透射特性的影响逐渐占据主导地位,采用菲涅耳-基尔霍夫衍射理论可以较好地描述透射能流在孔隙结构内的分布。当衍射效应占据主导地位时,对于相同孔隙率金属泡沫材料,孔径尺寸对衍射光学行为影响不大,而材料厚度、孔隙率和骨架结构会显著影响金属泡沫材料的透射率。     

微纳粒子光学散射分析

为实现利用光学方式对微纳尺度粒子性质的研究,探讨了亚微米线及亚微米球对光电磁波的散射效应.微纳米尺度粒子的光学散射,散射粒子尺寸与入射光波长尺寸可满足米氏(Mie)散射条件.利用Matlab数值模拟的方式,将分析结果以模拟图的形式清晰地展现出来.满足尺寸条件的层状粒子以及任意多个散射粒子存在时对电磁波的散射都可采用Mie散射分析方法,并且针对多粒子散射,分析了散射体位于不同位置时对散射造成的影响.通过分析光学散射光场相关的微分散射截面及近场散射电磁场分布,可得出散射光场随散射角度的变化趋势,以及散射光场受各类因素的影响,包括入射光偏振态、散射粒子尺寸、散射粒子结构及粒子构成层数、散射粒子数量等的影响,也包括一些隐含因素对散射光场的影响,如散射粒子与周围介质的相对折射率.本文的科学意义体现在:与入射光波长尺寸可比的亚微米尺度的粒子,可用作传感器,对于其位移的探测可通过光学方式来实现,而由于粒子本身特性对散射光的影响具有一定的参考价值,从而使通过光学方式对机械位移的读出具有更高准确度.研究结果对于光学方式探测亚微米线机械振动具有指导意义.     

碳纳米粒子悬浮液光限幅性能数值模拟

碳纳米粒子悬浮液具有良好的光限幅性质,是一种优良的宽波段光限幅材料。通过热传导方程和米氏散射理论建立了微气泡半径与入射光能量、碳纳米粒子悬浮液散射系数和透过率的理论模型。采用Matlab数值模拟了散射系数随微气泡尺寸因子的变化关系,碳纳米粒子悬浮液光限幅性能随入射光能量的变化规律。研究了气泡尺寸因子、入射激光能量以及波长对碳纳米粒子悬浮液光限幅特性的影响。研究发现当激光能量达到一定值时,微气泡的半径保持恒定,不再随入射激光能量的增加而增加。微气泡尺寸的增大对碳纳米粒子悬浮液的透过率有着显著的影响。同时,碳纳米粒子悬浮液对不同入射光波长和光能表现出不同的光限幅性能。研究结果为实验研究提供了理论指导。     

表面等离子激元非线性表面增强拉曼散射效应

本文采用热蒸发法制备得到纳米Ag颗粒作为增强拉曼衬底, 利用入射光子与纳米颗粒表面价电子的相互作用机理, 激发出高能表面等离子激元, 其表面等离子形成的高能"热点"起到表面增强拉曼散射效果. 通过比较不同入射光强下的拉曼峰强, 指出纳米Ag颗粒的增强拉曼散射效果可以实现低探测光强下的高散射强度, 即纳米Ag颗粒的表面等离子激元具有非线性的表面增强拉曼散射效果, 可降低对样品的光、热损伤, 以利于拓展拉曼散射光谱的应用范围. 同时比较不同纳米Ag颗粒衬底的表面增强拉曼散射效果表明, 采用的热蒸发工艺具有较大的工艺域度, 具有较强的工艺兼容性.     

Size dependent optical characterization of semiconductor particle: CdS embedded in polymer matrix

We report the optical investigation and analysis of both nano-sized and micrometer size Cadmium Sulphide particles which is embedded in a transparent polyvinyl alcohol (PVOH) dielectric host material. A designed and fabricated laser based light scattering system using a He-Ne laser of wavelength 632.8nm was used for the measurement and study of the scattering properties of the particles as a function of the scattering angle at this wavelength. An attempt was made to experimentally determine the most significant elements of the Mueller scattering matrix using combinations of randomly and linearly polarized incident laser beam and subsequent analyzers in corresponding orientations. The analysis of the experimental data was done by the method of comparison with theoretically generated data. Novel computational technique, involving single scattering for spherical particles using Mie-theory, was developed and applied. The theoretical data was found to be in good agreement with the experimental data within an acceptable margin of error. The results have proved that the combination of the experimental setup and associated computational method is a highly efficient and reliable in-situ system for monitoring size growth of semiconductor particles in the laboratory.     

Scattering of Solar and Atmospheric Background Radiation from a Target

Light scattering property of environment is very important in theoretical study and application of the remote sensing. What's more, it is valuable for infrared radiation, imaging, and the detection of target and tracking. In this paper, solar and atmospheric background radiation, and their scattering property from target are discussed. BRDF (Biodirectional Reflectance Distribution Function) is a very important quantity that shows the radiation and reflection feature of target. According to electromagnetic radiant and scattering theories, the relationship between laser radar scattering cross section (LRCS) and BRDF is introduced. LOWTRAN model is an effective method of calculating the spectral distribution of solar and atmospheric radiation. Here it is applied to compute solar and atmospheric background radiation scattered from a target. The relative equations are deduced. Thus, the spatial and spectral distribution of scattering light is given. As a special example, for the Lambert's surface, the equations are simplified. As a result, the spatial and spectral distributions scattering radiation of solar and atmospheric background from a rough painted surface are present. The scattering of solar radiation plays a primary role in MIR region, but scattering of atmospheric background radiation is higher in LIR region. At the same time, there is obviously specular reflectance for solar radiation due to coherent scattering from rough surface.     

指数型粗糙地面与上方矩形截面柱宽带电磁散射的时域有限差分法研究

采用土壤介电常数的四成分模型表示实际地面的介电特性,应用指数型分布粗糙面模型和Monte Carlo方法模拟实际的粗糙地面,运用时域有限差分方法研究了微分高斯脉冲波照射时粗糙地面与上方目标的宽带电磁散射问题,得出了后向复合散射系数的频率响应曲线,计算了后向复合散射系数随粗糙地面高度起伏均方根、相关长度、土壤湿度、目标尺寸、高度、倾角等几何参数及介电参数等的变化情况,并做了详细分析与讨论,得到了指数型粗糙地面与上方目标宽带电磁散射特性.     

Gaussian beam scattering from arbitrarily shaped objects with rough surfaces

The scattered field of Gaussian beam scattering from arbitrarily shaped dielectric objects with rough surfaces is investigated for optical and infrared frequencies by using the plane wave spectrum method and the Kirchhoff approximation, and the formulae for the coherent and incoherent scattering cross sections are obtained theoretically based on geometrical optics and tangent plane approximations. The infrared laser scattering cross sections of a rough sphere are calculated at 1.06 μm, and the influence of the beam size is analysed numerically. It is shown that when the beam size is much larger than the size of the object, the results in this paper will be close to those of an incident plane wave.     

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分析了电磁波以任意角度入射到有限磁场中的激光等离子体通道天线(LPCA)时的电磁散射特性。根据LPCA的工作原理建立了其电磁分析模型,推导出广义柱坐标系下各向异性磁化等离子体中纵向分量所满足的波动方程和纵向场与横向场的关系,得到LPCA和周围媒质中的电磁场,利用边界切向电磁场连续,得出了散射系数方程。通过计算实例,将结果与文献结果比较,吻合较好。该研究结果预期可应用于高功率微波武器系统的研究。     

随机取向烟尘团簇粒子的光学截面的数值计算

采用蒙特卡罗方法根据团簇—团簇凝聚（CCA）模型对由球形原始微粒凝聚而成的烟尘团簇粒子进行了模拟,利用离散偶极子近似（DDA）方法数值计算了不同原始微粒粒径和数目组成的随机取向的烟尘团簇粒子的总消光截面、吸收截面及散射截面等光学特性参数,研究了原始微粒粒径及数目对随机取向烟尘团簇粒子光学特性的影响。结果表明：当入射波长一定时,随机取向烟尘団簇粒子的光学特性主要取决于原始微粒的粒径和数目;烟尘团簇粒子对不同波段激光的吸收和散射存在差别,这种差别随原始微粒粒径及数目变化而变化。这一工作为研究电磁波在烟尘中的传输特性提供重要参考数据。     

Gaussian beam scattering from arbitrarily shaped objects with rough surfaces

Abstract

The scattered field of Gaussian beam scattering from arbitrarily shaped dielectric objects with rough surfaces is investigated for optical and infrared frequencies by using the plane wave spectrum method and the Kirchhoff approximation, and the formulae for the coherent and incoherent scattering cross sections are obtained theoretically based on geometrical optics and tangent plane approximations. The infrared laser scattering cross sections of a rough sphere are calculated at 1.06 μm, and the influence of the beam size is analysed numerically. It is shown that when the beam size is much larger than the size of the object, the results in this paper will be close to those of an incident plane wave.