斜入射激光支持燃烧波时纵波声场的指向性

利用理论推导及实验验证的方法研究了激光倾斜入射支持燃烧波时纵波声场的指向性。根据激光超声的产生机理, 在喷溅物质垂直作用于工件表面的前提条件下, 推导了椭圆形声源作用时远场质点的法向位移。获得了纵波声场的指向性函数, 分析了影响纵波声场指向性的因素, 并进行了实验验证。利用功率密度低于爆轰波点燃阈值的激光烧蚀工件, 使用峰值频率为5 MHz压电探头接收纵波, 进而获得纵波声场的指向性实验数据, 结果表明, 实验数据与理论数据能够较好地进行吻合。在光斑短轴长度恒定时, 与激光垂直入射相比, 各倾斜入射角度下纵波声场的声束轴线指向均保持不变, 并且指向性图形随倾斜角度的增加而变得细窄, 纵波声场的能量也更加集中。     

基于透射法的激光超声声场指向性研究

在忽略尺寸激光激励下的超声回波路径分析的基础上,通过设置不同直径的光源对不同厚度的1060铝合金平板进行激励,并在对侧接收信号,获取各次回波达到时间和幅值,用于分析不同尺寸光源激励下的激光超声各次回波传播路径及声场指向性规律。结果显示,在波形混叠处,纵波被淹没在横波内,到达时间难以提取,而横波的到达时间会向前移,偏离理论到达时间,若忽略波形混叠的影响,给出的各次回波到达时间扩展公式的理论值与实验值之间的最大误差不超过0.1μs;通过分析幅值分布情况可以看出,直径≤0.1 mm的激励源可以产生指向性较好的横波声场,而增大激励源直径,纵波声场指向性变好,横波幅值逐渐向法线方向移动,但当直径增加到一定程度,两者声场都会受到热弹效应的影响而向两边扩散。研究结果表明,在实际应用中可针对不同的检测需求选择合适的光源直径。     

纤维复合媒质中的超声衰减

为了精确估计纤维复合煤质中散射所引起的超声衰减，必须计及纤维之间的多次散射现象本文提出了纤维复合煤质中任一点有效入射声场的计算方法当超声纵波传播方向与纤维轴线相垂直时，散射横波并不影响有效入射声场；导出了考虑多次散射后超声衰减系数的表达式；数值计算了玻璃／金属铝复合媒质中纵波衰减系数随频率的变化关系 关键词：     

带斜楔相控声束偏转聚焦延时特性研究

带斜楔的相控阵超声检测广泛应用于低碳钢薄壁工件焊缝的检测,研究带斜楔的相控阵超声偏转聚焦检测延时法则和对应的声场将使检测可靠性进一步提高。本文利用费马原理探究了相控阵超声探头辐射声波至楔块中,在楔块-工件平面界面发生模式转换入射到工件中的横波聚焦时各阵元延时的计算方法,数值求解指定焦点时各阵元的延时,并利用计算得到的延时进行声场仿真和实验测量,发现声波能很好的聚焦在目标点,仿真和实验结果吻合。     

光弹法测量超声换能器声场

超声换能器声场的测试对于超声检测具有基础性作用,而传统的超声换能器声场测试方法具有一些局限性。本文介绍了搭建的动态激光光弹实验平台,并利用动态光弹法测量了纵波换能器和横波换能器辐射声场的特征,由瞬态声场图像获得了传声介质的声波速度及超声换能器的中心频率;由稳态声场图像获得了声场的近场长度、指向性和扩散角等参数;分析了光弹实验系统和测量方法可能引起测量误差。本文结果表明动态光弹法是一种有效的定量测量超声换能器声场的方法。     

宽带相控线阵声源在套管井外地层辐射声场的指向性

套管井中的声传播涉及到波在柱状多层介质中的传播问题。通过数值计算对比了宽带相控线阵声源在套管井外均匀地层中产生的纵横波声场的指向性。结果表明,在任意胶结状况下,均可实现向套管井外地层定向辐射纵横波的技术;与地层中纵波的传播特征不同的是在主瓣偏转角方向横波幅度随着偏转角的增大逐渐增加,且在主瓣辐射方向的横波幅度受套管井胶结状况的影响较纵波小;采用玻璃钢套管代替钢套管,会进一步减弱地层声场受胶结状况的影响,这有利于实现在套管井外地层较大范围内的精确定向辐射声波的技术。     

弹性波斜入射声子晶体的缺陷模及其转型

推导出弹性波斜入射固-固掺杂结构声子晶体的转移矩阵和透射系数公式.计算固-固掺杂结构声子晶体中弹性波的透射系数.得到当横波斜入射时,透射波中横波的缺陷模随着入射角的增大而减弱,横波向纵波的转型随着入射角的增大而增强.当纵波斜入射时,透射波中纵波的缺陷模随着入射角的增大而减弱,纵波向横波的转型随着入射角的增大而增强.     

多层介质的转移矩阵及其在声子晶体中的应用

引入四维波矢的概念,推导出弹性波斜入射到多层介质系统时的转移矩阵以及透射系数和反射系数。利用这些公式计算了纵波和横波正入射到一维掺杂声子晶体时纵波和横波的透射系数。得出:当纵波正入射时,透射波中纵波在一定频率范围内出现了禁带,并且在禁带的中心频率处出现了缺陷模。当横波正入射时也有相同的结果。     

横波直探头的辐射声场

分析了采用2/2型压电复合材料制作的一种水平面内偏振的横波直探头的辐射声场特性,推导了两种表面力源辐射声场的严格解析解,通过数值计算给出了相应声场分布和指向性图,得到了横波垂直辐射指向性,并与实验结果进行了对比。实验所得声场指向性与理论计算结果符合较好,为该换能器的工程应用提供了理论依据。     

电磁声换能器的辐射声场研究

分析了一种圆环形螺线圈、垂直偏置磁场结构的电磁声探头在非铁磁性介质铝中的辐射声场特性。首先根据电磁感应原理对探头进行了物理和数学建模,将表面力源近似成水平和竖直分布的两种,且水平分量远大于竖直分量,推导出该种力源产生的声场的理论解析解。分别数值计算出了横波和纵波的切向和法向指向性,并和实验结果进行对比。实验结果和理论计算符合较好,为此种结构的电磁声换能器的实际工程应用提供了理论依据。      

Ultrasonic field radiated by a normal shear wave probe

The field of horizontally polarized ultrasonic shear wave radiated by a 2/2 piezoelectric composite normal probe was studied. The strictly analytic field solutions for two different surface forces were deduced and the field distribution and directivity patterns were given by numerical calculations. The vertical radiated field of shear wave was obtained theoretically and compared with experiment. The experimental result of directivity pattern conformed the theoretical prediction, which provided the theoretical basis for the engineering application of the transducer.     

瞬态波位移场计算方法在相控阵声场模拟中的实验验证

通过实验研究了声束偏转不同角度和声场半径变化时线性相控阵的声场特性,并与基于瞬态波位移解析解的相控阵声场计算方法得到的理论结果进行了对比。首先研究了基于半圆圆弧离面瞬态位移的声场计算方法,并进行了数值计算可靠性的优化。然后建立了一套相控阵瞬态波位移场的测量系统,以半圆形钢板为试件,纵波传感器为接收传感器,测量了偏转角度为-10°,-30°,-50°,-70°,及声场半径为50 mm,75 mm,100 mm和125 mm时线性超声相控阵的声束指向性;同时以基于瞬态波位移解析解的相控阵声场计算方法,计算了相同条件下该相控阵的声束指向性。最后将实验结果与理论结果进行了对比,取得了较好的一致。说明基于瞬态波位移的相控阵声场计算方法可以较好地计算线阵的声场,对于声束偏转较大角度和声场半径变化时也同样有效。      

Analysis of acoustic directivity of spherical cap transducers

In order to study the acoustic radiation from the spherical cap transducer,a theoretical model is used by solving the wave equation in spherical coordinates using the method of separation of variables,based on the spherical harmonic Fourier transform and boundary condition.The calculation formulas for the far field radiated pressure and directivity of spherical cap are derived.Some theoretical results are presented in the form of far-field directivity patterns of the spherical cap transducer for various polar angles of the spherical cap,radii of sphere baffle and operating frequencies.Both the diameter of the sphere baffle and the wavelength determine the directivity of acoustic radiation from a spherical cap.When the frequency is lower or the wavelength is longer than the diameter of the sphere baffle,the acoustic radiation from a spherical cap is omnidirectional.With the increase of the frequency or the diameter of the sphere baffle,the acoustic radiation from a spherical cap is more directional and the beamwidth more tends to spherical cap angle.Furthermore,the ripple in the beam is more obvious.The high frequency spherical cap transducer was fabricated and the directivity pattern was tested and the measurement data is shown to coincide with the theoretical results.This research can provide a guideline for designing the spherical cap transducers and arrays.     

剪切波对HIFU经颅聚焦形成温度场影响的数值仿真研究

在高强度聚焦超声经颅治疗时,既有纵波又有剪切波,为了保障该治疗方法的安全有效性,有必要分析剪切波对HIFU治疗温度场的影响。该文基于人体头颅CT数据和曲率半径为150 mm的256阵元的半球相控换能器建立三维高强度聚焦超声经颅声波传播模型,利用时域有限差分法结合Westervelt声波非线性传播方程、动量方程、质量守恒方程和Pennes生物热传导方程数值仿真其形成温度场,研究在相同输入功率、不同聚焦角度条件下对应阵元数进行激励时,剪切波对换能器形成温度场的影响。结果表明,随换能器聚焦角度减小,在几何焦点处形成的焦域面积逐渐增大,考虑剪切波形成的温度场达到65?C所需时间逐渐延长,焦点前移程度越大;在相同聚焦角度条件下,考虑剪切波的温度场达到65?C所需时间更短,旁瓣更少,在颅骨处的温度更高,对焦点前移几乎没有影响;随换能器聚焦角度减小,考虑剪切波的模型形成的焦域面积变化范围更大;幂指数函数形式对不同聚焦角度下焦域面积大小的拟合优度高,可预测不同聚焦角度换能器形成的焦域面积。     

A note on the sensitivity of SV wave scattering to surface-breaking cracks

The results presented in this communication show that the conventional configuration adopting a shear vertical wave at 45 degrees of incidence to detect cracks breaking the surface opposite the one on which the inspecting transducer is placed is not optimal when the crack depth is of the order of one wavelength of the inspecting wave or smaller. Angles of incidence proximal to the critical angle of longitudinal wave should be used instead.     

Shear Wave Field Radiated by an Electromagnetic Acoustic Transducer

The horizontally polarized ultrasonic shear wave field emitted by an electromagnetic acoustic transducer （EMAT） is studied by the surface force distribution on the EMAT approximately described as an inhomogeneous horizontal shear force. The shear wave directivity pattern is plotted by numerical calculations based on our strictly analytic solutions of the wave field we presented previously. An experimental system of EMAT generation and piezoelectric transducer reception is set up to check the predictions of the theoretical wave field by measuring the ultrasonic signals through aluminium block. The directivity pattern of the wave field obtained from the experimental results conforms the theoretical prediction, which lays a foundation for engineering applications of EMATs.     

Numerical investigation on radiation characteristics of discrete-frequency noise from scarf and scoop aero-intakes

Numerical studies have been carried out to investigate the detailed geometrical effects of full three-dimensional aero-intakes on the radiation of the discrete-frequency rotor-stator interaction noise. The near-field acoustic radiation characteristics and the far-field directivity patterns from the scarf and scoop aero-intakes with three different scarf/scoop angles are quantitatively analyzed and compared. The near-field predictions were obtained by solving the linearized Euler equations with computational aeroacoustic techniques consisting of high-order finite difference scheme, non-reflecting boundary conditions, overset grids and parallel computational methods. For the prediction of far-field directivity pattern, the Kirchhoff integral method was applied. By comparing the directivities of discrete-frequency noise radiating from the scarf and the scoop aero-intakes with that from an axisymmetric aero-intake, it is shown that the 7 dB noise reduction at downward peak radiation angle can be achieved by using the scoop aero-intake with scoop angle of 15°, and the 5 dB noise reduction by the scarf aero-intake with the scarf angle of 15°. The scattering of the radiating acoustic wave by the background mean flow around the aero-intakes shifts the peak lobe radiation angle toward ground and increases the amplitude of the acoustic pressure compared with the cases without mean flow effect. Overall, the scoop aero-intake was found to be more effective than the scarf and the axisymmetric aero-intakes in view of the lower noise radiation toward ground.     

Acousto-optic interaction with leaky surface acoustic waves in Y-cut LiTaO3 crystals

The acousto-optic interaction with leaky surface acoustic wave radiation into the bulk of YX-cut LiTaO₃ crystals has been investigated. The light incidence and diffraction angles corresponding to the strongest acousto-optic interaction were calculated and measured as functions of the acoustic wave frequency. The dependencies of the diffracted light intensity on the amplitude of radio-frequency voltage applied to the interdigital transducer (IDT) were studied. Our acousto-optic measurements revealed generation, by the IDTs, of slow shear bulk acoustic waves propagating at different angles depending on their frequency. A secondary acousto-optic interaction from the bulk waves radiated by the receiving IDT has been studied.