自制楞次定律演示仪

介绍了对楞次定律演示仪的实验改进,提出了直接用锡箔纸筒代替原演示装置中的导线,通过朗威电流传感器采集I-t图像,直观地演示楞次定律.     

“楞次定律”教学探讨与实验设计

简要分析了楞次定律教学难点形成的原因,建议通过创新实验设计来突破教学难点,为此设计了演示楞次定律实验现象的实验装置.     

关于焦耳-楞次定律演示实验的改进汇集

我们前后收到几位作者的来稿,都对初中物理课本中焦耳-楞次定律的演示装置和方法提出了改进意见,方法各有不同,现一并发表,以便读者参阅比较.     

“荡秋千的金属环”——楞次定律演示仪

1 设计思想 中学物理实验室现有的楞次定律演示仪是用铝制的圆环(图1),这个装置虽小便于携带,但也不利于不和学生观察.圆环太小,教师操作不便;学生尤其是后排学生看不清楚,且演示效果不太明显.为增强实验效果,激发学生兴趣,笔者自制了楞次定律演示仪,命名为"荡秋千的金属环".     

焦耳—楞次定律演示实驗的改进

在高三讲授焦耳-楞次定律这一課題时,教师一般感到演示实驗不易完成。因为按照书本图63的装置做实驗,花费时間太多,先后要改变     

简易楞次定律演示仪的改进

介绍了对楞次定律演示仪的几次改进情况,并分析了改进中存在的利弊,提出了直接用铜丝绕制成线圈代替原演示装置中的铝环,可有效地解决涡流现象带来的问题. 该实验的改进过程可提高师生的动手能力,体验创新过程带来的喜悦心情,激发和培养学生的创新能力,同时也可弥补条件欠缺的地区没有楞次定律演示仪的缺陷.     

改进的交流跳圈演示实验的定量分析

交流跳圈演示实验是电磁学教学中常做的演示实验，传统的交流跳圈演示实验对楞次定律和法拉第电磁感应定律能给出很好的演示说明．我们对交流跳圈演示实验做了如图1所示的改进，原线圈(1600匝)套在L形的铁轭上；漆包线绕制成的动圈与外电路连接，并用细棉线悬挂起来．通过动圈的受力情况，能进一步演示说明交流电的三种电路特性．文献[1]对此仅作定性分析，在此我们再给予定量分析．     

双管对比式楞次定律演示装置

利用圆柱形强磁铁在铜管中下落并与同尺寸圆柱形铁块自由下落相对比以验证感应磁场对强磁铁的阻碍作用,再利用螺线管配合发光二极管演示强磁铁进出螺线管时感应电流方向的变化,从两方各面验证了楞次定律.另外,利用本装置还可测量闭合回路中的感应电流等物理量.装置结构简单且可拆卸,具有组装快捷,操作方便等特点.     

利用磁钢与铝质硬币演示楞次定律

利用磁钢和硬币设计了操作简易的磁学演示实验,通过磁钢对铝镁合金制成的硬币的作用力的研究,有助于学生理解楞次定律.     

超导楞次定律实验装置

超导楞次定律实验装置由磁块、3个金属环(铜、铝和不锈钢)和1个超导环以及导向管组成.除了传统楞次定律实验装置的展示内容,该装置还可以展示磁块在超导环上的悬浮现象,磁块在穿过金属环和超导环时的受力情况不同.     

近红外光谱技术在葡萄及其制品品质检测中的应用研究进展

葡萄具有丰富的营养价值、药用价值和经济价值,是世界上种植面积最大的水果之一。根据人们的消费需求及产品的贮运要求,葡萄被加工成葡萄干、葡萄汁、葡萄酒、葡萄籽油等常见葡萄制品。基于食品质量安全的关注以及高品质果蔬农产品的需求,如何快速有效地评价葡萄及其制品的质量已成为当务之急。随着无损检测技术及装备的快速发展,近红外光谱（NIR）技术因其快速、无损、精确、经济及便于在线分析的优点,也逐渐被应用在果蔬等农产品质量品质检测领域。近年来,国内外学者利用NIR技术在不损坏被检测葡萄及其制品的前提下,结合化学计量法、主成分聚类分析（PCA）、偏最小二乘判别分析（PLS-DA）、主成分回归（PCR）、偏最小二乘回归（PLSR）、支持向量机（SVM）及神经网络（NN）等数据处理方法探究了糖、酒精、酸等一般成分及色素、单宁、芳香物质等特有成分含量与有效光谱信息的关联性,以此建立了葡萄及其制品主要品质指标的定性鉴别与定量分析模型,为便携式近红外葡萄品质检测设备的研制和在线葡萄汁、葡萄酒酿制过程监测系统的开发提供了一定技术支持。文章系统概述了近十年来国内外NIR技术在葡萄、葡萄酒、葡萄汁及葡萄副产物检测中的应用现状,旨在为葡萄及其制品在后续分类鉴定与品质评价研究方面提供参考。研究表明NIR技术通过定量定性分析可实现葡萄复杂理化成分的多组分检测和分类鉴别,在测定葡萄理化特性与内部品质方面的研究已经有了一定的进展,且在葡萄酒、葡萄汁的品质过程监测和定性鉴别方面的研究应用逐渐增多,并逐步应用于葡萄皮中多酚、花青素等葡萄副产物分析,以及葡萄藤、葡萄叶营养生长状况监测等其他方面,进一步证实了NIR技术正成为检测葡萄及其制品品质的一种有效工具,为进一步提高葡萄及其制品品质价值以及实现葡萄果园的实时、高效生产管理提供了技术支持,应用前景极为广泛。如何深入挖掘葡萄及葡萄制品不同类检测数据所反映信息的内在关联性,结合视觉、味觉、嗅觉等多源信息融合技术建立预测精确度更高、更稳健的模型去全面评价葡萄生产、果园管理、成熟期收获及产后加工全过程,实现对葡萄及其制品生产全过程质量控制和在线监测将成为今后的发展趋势。     

Sound scattering from partially water-filled elastic spherical shell with an internal elastic plate

According to the equation of motion in the elastic medium and integral equation of target scattering, the sound scattering from the partially water-filled elastic spherical shells with and without an inner plate is studied using the finite element and boundary element method, and the scattering normalized form functions of the shell filled with different volume of water are computed and the mechanism of resonance scattering is analyzed. The results show that the resonance of the shell with partially water-filled and without the plate is mainly related to the volume of water, and the resonance is produced by inner water and the spherical shell. The resonance characteristics of partially water-filled elastic shell with the plate are similar to that of empty structured elastic spherical shell, and the sound field in inner water is weaker which indicates the main resonance characteristics are decided by spherical shell and the plate. In addition, the scattering characteristics of spherical shell with plate and one side full water-filled are greatly different from the partially water-filled ones.     

Possibilities and limitations of high-resolution mass spectrometry in life sciences

We have applied time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry (ToF-SIMS) and laser post-ionization secondary neutral mass spectrometry (laser-SNMS) to examine the immobilization process of PNA and its hybridization capability to unlabeled complementary DNA fragments, to characterize immobilized proteins, and to image intrinsic elements and molecules with subcellular spatial resolution in different types of frozen non-dehydrated biological samples.The possibilities and limitations of ToF-SIMS and laser-SNMS for imaging elements and molecules in biological samples are discussed. Furthermore possibilities for enhancing the detection sensitivity by using polyatomic and cluster primary ions and different laser post-ionization schemes, as well as ways of obtaining 3D molecular images from biological samples are described.The data shows that both ToF-SIMS and laser-SNMS are capable of imaging elements and molecules in complex biological samples and that they are very valuable tools in advancing applications in life sciences. It was found that cluster-ion bombardment is very useful for enhancing the molecular yield, while laser-SNMS resulted in much higher detection sensitivity for elements and specific molecules and is particularly well suited for imaging ultra-trace element concentrations in biological samples.     

Sonoproduction of nanobiomaterials – A critical review

Ultrasound (US) demonstrates remarkable potential in synthesising nanomaterials, particularly nanobiomaterials targeted towards biomedical applications. This review briefly introduces existing top-down and bottom-up approaches for nanomaterials synthesis and their corresponding synthesis mechanisms, followed by the expounding of US-driven nanomaterials synthesis. Subsequently, the pros and cons of sono-nanotechnology and its advances in the synthesis of nanobiomaterials are drawn based on recent works. US-synthesised nanobiomaterials have improved properties and performance over conventional synthesis methods and most essentially eliminate the need for harsh and expensive chemicals. The sonoproduction of different classes and types of nanobiomaterials such as metal and superparamagnetic nanoparticles (NPs), lipid- and carbohydrate-based NPs, protein microspheres, microgels and other nanocomposites are broadly categorised based on the physical and/or chemical effects induced by US. This review ends on a good note and recognises US-driven synthesis as a pragmatic solution to satisfy the growing demand for nanobiomaterials, nonetheless some technical challenges are highlighted.     

Entropy and complexity analysis of Dirac-delta-like quantum potentials

The Dirac-delta-like quantum-mechanical potentials are frequently used to describe and interpret numerous phenomena in many scientific fields including atomic and molecular physics, condensed matter and quantum computation. The entropy and complexity properties of potentials with one and two Dirac-delta functions are here analytically calculated and numerically discussed in both position and momentum spaces. We have studied the information-theoretic lengths of Fisher, Rényi and Shannon types as well as the Cramér-Rao, Fisher-Shannon and LMC shape complexities of the lowest-lying stationary states of one-delta and twin-delta. They allow us to grasp and quantify different facets of the spreading of the charge and momentum of the system far beyond the celebrated standard deviation.     

Tubulin-dynein system in flagellar and ciliary movement

Eukaryotic flagella and cilia have attracted the attention of many researchers over the last century, since they are highly arranged organelles and show sophisticated bending movements. Two important cytoskeletal and motor proteins, tubulin and dynein, were first found and described in flagella and cilia. Half a century has passed since the discovery of these two proteins, and much information has been accumulated on their molecular structures and their roles in the mechanism of microtubule sliding, as well as on the architecture, the mechanism of bending movement and the regulation and signal transduction in flagella and cilia. Historical background and the recent advance in this field are described.     

Ruby Crystal for Demonstrating Time- and Frequency-Domain Methods of Fluorescence Lifetime Measurements

We present experiments that are convenient and educational for measuring fluorescence lifetimes with both time- and frequency-domain methods. The sample is ruby crystal, which has a lifetime of about 3.5 milliseconds, and is easy to use as a class-room demonstration. The experiments and methods of data analysis are used in the lab section of a class on optical spectroscopy, where we go through the theory and applications of fluorescence. Because the fluorescence decay time of ruby is in the millisecond region, the instrumentation for this experiment can be constructed easily and inexpensively compared to the nanosecond-resolved instrumentation required for most fluorescent compounds, which have nanosecond fluorescence lifetimes. The methods are applicable to other luminescent compounds with decay constants from microseconds and longer, such as transition metal and lanthanide complexes and phosphorescent samples. The experiments, which clearly demonstrate the theory and methods of measuring temporally resolved fluorescence, are instructive and demonstrate what the students have learned in the lectures without the distraction of highly sophisticated instrumentation.     

State-of-the-art advantages and drawbacks on the application of vibrational spectroscopy to monitor alcoholic fermentation (beer and wine)

Wine production is directly linked with the monitoring of the fermentation and critical fermentation parameters such as total sugars and ethanol concentration, and the production of CO₂. Commonly used sensors applied in the wine industry to monitor wine fermentation are those based in single sensors such as temperature probes and manual density measurements (e.g., specific gravity). These sensors are used several times per day and have been the only source of data available from which the stage of the fermentation and the evolution rate could be monitored. Therefore, an ideal method for fermentation process control and monitoring should enable a direct rapid, precise, and accurate determination of several target compounds, with minimal or no sample preparation and reagent consumption. This article reviews the state of the art in the applications of both near and mid infrared spectroscopy to monitor beer and wine fermentation.     

Airborne Nanostructured Particles and Occupational Health

Nanotechnology is leading to the development in many field, of new materials and devices in many fields that demonstrate nanostructure-dependent properties. However, concern has been expressed that these same properties may present unique challenges to addressing potential health impact. Airborne particles associated with engineered nanomaterials are of particular concern, as they can readily enter the body through inhalation. Research into the potential occupational health risks associated with inhaling engineered nanostructured particles is just beginning. However, there is a large body of data on occupational and environmental aerosols, which is applicable to developing an initial assessment of potential risk and risk reduction strategies. Epidemiological and pathological studies of occupational and environmental exposures to airborne particles and fibers provide information on the aerosol-related lung diseases and conditions that have been observed in humans. Toxicological studies provide information on the specific disease mechanisms, dose–response relationships, and the particle characteristics that influence toxicity, including the size, surface area, chemistry or reactivity, solubility, and shape. Potential health risk will depend on the magnitude and nature of exposures to airborne nanostructured particles, and on the release, dispersion, transformation and control of materials in the workplace. Aerosol control methods have not been well-characterized for nanometer diameter particles, although theory and limited experimental data indicate that conventional ventilation, engineering control and filtration approaches should be applicable in many situations. Current information supports the development of preliminary guiding principles on working with engineered nanomaterials. However critical research questions remain to be answered before the potential health risk of airborne nanostructured particles in the workplace can be fully addressed. Disclaimer The findings and conclusions in this report are those of the authors and do not necessarily represent the views of the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health     

近五年我国近红外光谱分析技术研究与应用进展

评述了我国近五年来(2009年—2013年)近红外光谱分析技术的研究与应用进展,内容涉及软硬件研发、方法研究、以及诸多领域的应用开发等方面,并对今后我国近红外光谱技术的发展方向提出了建议。引用文献209篇。