非圆截面环流器中逃逸电子实验分析

本文描述和分析非圆截面环流器中逃逸电子的行为。计算了临界场、临界速度、逃逸率、逃逸电子轨道漂移位移和约束条件。测量了硬X射线闪烁谱及其空间分布,讨论了逃逸电子产生的硬X射线强度与充气压强、环电流、纵向磁场之间的关系。     

170 GHz回旋管大束流双阳极磁控注入电子枪的分析及设计

 基于绝热压缩原理和强流电子光学理论,设计了一只170 GHz回旋管双阳极磁控注入电子枪,经过理论分析及计算,采用仿真软件进行模拟和优化,最终得到的电子枪的电子注速度比为1.31,横向速度零散度为3.5%,纵向速度零散度为6.1%,束电流为51 A。讨论了阴极磁场、控制阳极电压和第二阳极电压等因素对电子注性能的影响,发现电子注的速度比和速度零散度对这些影响因子的变化都非常敏感:随着阴极磁场的增大,电子注的速度比减小,纵向速度零散度先增大后减小,横向速度零散度先减小后增大;阳极角越接近阴极倾角,纵向速度零散度越小;阳极角向着减小阴阳极间距的方向变化时横向速度零散度变小;增大第一阳极电压可以增大电子注的速度比和电子注的速度零散度。在两阳极电压不变的情况下,增大阴阳极之间的距离会使电子注的速度零散度和电子注的速度比减小。     

0.6 THz三次谐波大回旋电子枪设计

基于会切磁场的理论模型,采用粒子模拟软件对0.6 THz三次谐波的太赫兹回旋管所需的大回旋电子光学系统进行研究。通过大量的模拟计算,分析讨论了不同参数对电子注的横向速度离散、纵向速度离散及横纵速度比的影响,优化了电子光学系统的性能参量,得到符合设计要求且具有工程实际应用的电子枪,该电子枪能够产生55 kV,1 A,横向速度离散为3.39%、纵向速度离散为7.10%、横纵速度比为1.53的大回旋电子注。     

双阳极磁控注入枪设计参数对其性能的影响分析

 对34GHz基波回旋管双阳极磁控注入枪的优化做了详细的研究和计算，数值模拟了阳极电压、注电流、枪体尺寸加工误差、外加直流磁场等因素对电子枪的影响。模拟结果表明：增大阳极电压不但可以提高速度比，而且可以降低横向速度零散。磁场压缩比减小，使电子注具有最小速度零散的电流值增大；同时，电子注的速度比降低，最小横向速度零散值也增大。必须慎重选择阳极形状，以提高电子枪的性能并保证电子注的稳定性；同时，还发现由于阳极结构的变化导致阴极电场分布的变化，使电子注的注电流在各因子变化过程中出现了微小的扰动。减小Bc可以增大电子注的速度比，还可以减小电子注的横向速度零散，但是当电子注的速度比增大到一定值时，电子注的性能就会变得不太稳定。     

托卡马克等离子体电子逃逸阈值实验研究

本文采用统计方法分析了HL-2A托卡马克装置上欧姆放电条件下的实验数据,根据硬X射线出现时刻的等离子体环电压、 中心线平均等离子体电子密度等参数, 计算出电子逃逸的实验阈值, 并与初级产生机制下逃逸电子的理论阈值进行对比. 实验数据表明逃逸电场阈值明显高于相对论碰撞理论预测, 抑制电子逃逸现象的临界电子密度明显比理论预测的低. 这与ITPA（International Tokamak Physics Activity）在D3D, TEXTOR, FTU, KSTAR等装置得出的实验结果吻合. 针对逃逸现象出现时刻硬X射线增长率的实验研究发现初级产生机制下逃逸电子的增长率与电场强度大小成正比, 与中心线平均等离子体电子密度成反比, 此现象验证了通过减小环电压或提高等离子体密度的方法可以抑制电子逃逸现象.     

有限引导磁场下相对论环形电子注色散特性的研究

采用等效媒质处理方法来研究有限引导磁场下沿纵向运动的相对论环形电子注.首先建立运动坐标系以电子注纵向速度匀速运动,在运动坐标系中电子注可以被考虑成静止的磁化等离子体,再通过四维空间的洛伦兹变换得到电子注在静止的实验室坐标系下可以被等效为双各向异性媒质,其不仅具有张量形式的电导率和磁导率,还具有手征特性.在此基础上同时考虑了由于电子注表面波动所引起的表面电流密度.采用该方法研究了有限引导磁场下圆柱波导中沿纵向运动的相对论环形电子注,推导出该模型的色散方程,并进行了数值计算.计算结果表明该研究方法能够得到更准 关键词： 相对论环形电子注 磁化等离子体 色散特性     

托卡马克等离子体电子逃逸阈值实验研究

本文采用统计方法分析了HL-2A托卡马克装置上欧姆放电条件下的实验数据,根据硬X射线出现时刻的等离子体环电压、中心线平均等离子体电子密度等参数,计算出电子逃逸的实验阈值,并与初级产生机制下逃逸电子的理论阈值进行对比.实验数据表明逃逸电场阈值明显高于相对论碰撞理论预测,抑制电子逃逸现象的临界电子密度明显比理论预测的低.这与ITPA(International Tokamak Physics Activity)在D3D,TEXTOR,FTU,KSTAR等装置得出的实验结果吻合.针对逃逸现象出现时刻硬X射线增长率的实验研究发现初级产生机制下逃逸电子的增长率与电场强度大小成正比,与中心线平均等离子体电子密度成反比,此现象验证了通过减小环电压或提高等离子体密度的方法可以抑制电子逃逸现象.     

低杂波电流驱动中的雪崩逃逸增强及鱼骨不稳定性

等离子体中存在的一定数量的高能逃逸电子（E≥1MeV)通过大角度库仑散射从等离子体中碰撞出二次电子，二次电子被低杂波有效地加速成为逃逸电子，这些逃逸电子又被正反馈回等离子体，形成雪崩现象。在此过程中，一部分获得较大横向动量的二次电子或由低杂波驱动的高能电子可能被香蕉轨道捕获，这些被捕获在磁岛中的电子与某种模式的磁场扰动共振时，就出现鱼骨不稳定现象。     

HT-7托卡马克等离子体密度调制实验中的逃逸电子行为

在HT-7托卡马克的等离子体密度调制实验中,通过对欧姆和低杂波电流驱动两种放电条件下等离子体逃逸电子辐射行为的研究,验证了非准稳态等离子体中逃逸电子的产生机制,研究了欧姆和低杂波电流驱动两种放电条件下的大量充气对等离子体整体约束性能的影响。研究结果发现:放电过程中额外的大量工作气体的充入使等离子体偏离了准稳态,逃逸电子初级产生机制和次级产生机制准稳态的假设条件被打破,这时候需要利用非准稳态条件下修正后的逃逸电子归一化阈值速度来解释逃逸电子的辐射行为; 同时也发现放电过程中额外的大量工作气体的充入将使等离子体的整体约束性能变差。     

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用NaI闪烁体探测器组成的逃逸电子诊断系统和CdTe半导体探测阵列组成的快电子轫致辐射诊断系统,研究了一定等离子体密度条件下低杂波功率和等离子体电流对逃逸产生的影响以及一定低杂波功率下等离子体密度对逃逸电子产生的不同作用效果。根据实验数据计算了HT-7装置等离子体中电子逃逸的阈值电场和一定放电条件下电子逃逸的阈值能量。     

Observation of magnetically induced transparency in a classical magnetized plasma

We report the first demonstration of magnetically induced transmission in an opaque magnetized plasma. Magnetically induced transmission in a plasma is a classical analog to the electromagnetically induced transparency in atomic systems. The transmission of radiation through an axially magnetized plasma is obtained by applying an additional one dimensional transverse spatial periodic magnetic field. The transverse-periodic magnetic field uncouples the right-hand electromagnetic wave from interacting with plasma electrons, rendering the plasma band-stop transparent. This provides means to control the extent of absorption of electromagnetic radiation in magnetized plasma.     

A confident source of hard X‐rays: radiation from a tokamak applicable for runaway electrons diagnosis

In a tokamak with a toroidal electric field, electrons that exceed the critical velocity are freely accelerated and can reach very high energies. These so‐called `runaway electrons' can cause severe damage to the vacuum vessel and are a dangerous source of hard X‐rays. Here the effect of toroidal electric and magnetic field changes on the characteristics of runaway electrons is reported. A possible technique for runaways diagnosis is the detection of hard X‐ray radiation; for this purpose, a scintillator (NaI) was used. Because of the high loop voltage at the beginning of a plasma, this investigation was carried out on toroidal electric field changes in the first 5 ms interval from the beginning of the plasma. In addition, the toroidal magnetic field was monitored for the whole discharge time. The results indicate that with increasing toroidal electric field the mean energy of runaway electrons rises, and also an increase in the toroidal magnetic field can result in a decrease in intensity of magnetohydrodynamic oscillations which means that for both conditions more of these high‐energy electrons will be generated.     

The anomalous penetration of intense circularly polarized electromagnetic beam through overdense magnetized plasma

The steady state nonlinear propagation of an intense, circularly polarized electromagnetic beam in an inhomogeneous magnetized plasma has been investigated in paraxial approximation. The laser induces a large oscillatory velocity on electrons, raising their mass and lowering the plasma frequency. Further, rising due to cyclotron resonance effect. The propagation of the electromagnetic waves in magnetized plasma in both the extraordinary and ordinary mode is analyzed. The nonlinearity in dielectric function is considered in presence of external magnetic field due to saturation effects for arbitrary large intensity, which leads to focusing/defocusing of the beam. The focusing effect along with magnetic field helps in the process of anomalous penetration of the beam by enhancing the depletion of the plasma from the axial region. The penetration increases with the incident beam power up to some critical value beyond which it rises abruptly when all electrons have been driven out of the axis. The cyclotron resonance effect awfully supports the laser beam to propagate inside the overdense plasma region. Numerical computations are performed for typical parameters of relativistic laser–plasma interaction applicable for underdense and overdense plasma.     

逃逸电子和不稳定性波反常多普勒共振实验研究

利用电子回旋辐射诊断系统并结合其他相关诊断研究了HL-2A托卡马克中逃逸电子与波间的反常多普勒共振作用.结果显示:欧姆放电下提高等离子密度能抑制逃逸电子束的不稳定性,但等离子密度的再次降低导致逃逸电子又会激发不稳定性波,并耦合不稳定性波发生二次反常多普勒共振作用.利用统计方法分析了HL-2A上不同放电阶段逃逸电子反常多普勒共振阈值(ωpe/ωce)区间大致都在0.17-0.54范围内.此共振机制导致逃逸电子在速度空间被波散射,平行能量转化到垂直能量,pitch角增加,同步辐射功率增强,逃逸电子能量限制在反常多普勒效应的阈值能量附近.基于反常多普勒共振的逃逸抑制能有效减轻逃逸电子对装置第一壁的损坏.     

On the possibility of natural formation of a transverse wave with a phase velocity lower than the velocity of light

The formation of a transverse wave with a phase velocity lower than the velocity of light, which can exist in an equilibrium plasma without a slow-wave structure in zero magnetic field, is described. It involves the transformation of a transverse wave with trapped electrons, traveling along the magnetic field, into a slow transverse wave after the removal of the magnetic field. During the evolution of the wave with trapped electrons, the magnetic induction decreases very slowly in the direction of the wave propagation. As a result, the velocity at which electrons are in resonant interaction with the wave increases; therefore, the electrons fall to the bottom of potential wells. Under the influence of the trapped electrons, the phase velocity of the wave decreases and becomes lower than the velocity of light. It becomes equal to the velocity at which the electrons are in resonance interaction with the wave at the instant when the magnetic field vanishes. It is demonstrated that a transverse wave with a velocity lower than the velocity of light can exist in an equilibrium plasma even after the magnetic field vanishes; in this case, the flow of trapped electrons serves as a slow-wave structure.     

Runaway-Ströme hoher Intensität in einer toroidalen Entladung

Intensive currents of runaway electrons with energies of 50 keV or more have been observed at high pressures in a plasma betatron in addition to betatron accelerated electrons at lower pressures. The measurements agree with the assumption that these electrons are accelerated in the external field while they are guided by the self magnetic field of the plasma current. Macroscopic instabilities and plasma waves can be excluded as accelerating mechanisms. The strong dependence of the runaway flux upon the gas pressure and the electric field can be explained by collisions between electrons and the other plasma particles. Furthermore the influence of the external magnetic field on the movement of the plasma current to the torus wall was investigated. A maximum circulating runaway current of more than 2000 A (Xenon) appeared when the plasma current was kept approximately in balance by the external magnetic field.     

Runaway Electron Measurements in the EAST Tokamak

An experimental study of runaway electrons in the EAST tokamak has been performed by a recently developed multi‐channel hard x‐ray diagnostics based on NaI(TL) scintillator detectors. It is found that in the current quench phase, the inductive loop voltage plays an important role in the generation of runaway electrons. And the avalanche mechanism was the main mechanism for runaway electrons after the disruptions. The distribution and transportation of runaway electrons were also investigated by multi‐channel hard x‐ray diagnostics. It is also found that the intensity of runaway electrons emission in the core plasma was much higher than those in the downside of the cross‐section, while the emission intensity of runaway electrons in the core plasma was almost the same. Calculated shrinking coefficient of runaway electrons emission after the plasma disruption was about 26 m/s according to the experimental data (© 2010 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)     

具有非广延分布电子的碰撞等离子体磁鞘的结构

很多关于等离子体鞘层的研究工作都是基于电子满足经典的麦克斯韦速度分布函数,而等离子体中的粒子具有长程电磁相互作用,使用Tsallis提出的非广延分布来描述电子更为恰当.本文建立一个具有非广延分布电子的碰撞等离子体磁鞘模型,理论推导出受非广延参数q影响的玻姆判据,离子马赫数的下限数值会随着参数q的增大而减小.经过数值模拟,发现与具有麦克斯韦分布(q=1)电子的碰撞等离子体磁鞘对比,具有超广延分布(q<1)和亚广延分布(q>1)电子的碰撞等离子体磁鞘的结构各有不同,包括空间电势分布、离子电子密度分布、空间电荷密度分布.模拟结果显示非广延分布的参数q对碰撞等离子体磁鞘的结构具有不可忽略的影响.希望这些结论对相关的天体物理、等离子体边界问题的研究有参考价值.     

Investigating the separatrices for the runaway threshold of cosmic ray electrons in a thunderstorm atmosphere

Using a modified GEANT4 code, we calculated the probabilities for cosmic ray electrons to become runaway particles in an electric field with a strength ranging from 0 to 5 kV/cm. About 10 million trajectories were calculated for particles with initial energies of 0.1 to 100 MeV. Instead of a single separatrix determining the region of runaway electrons, a set of curves connecting points with equal probabilities of a runaway regime (from 0 to 100%) was obtained. It was shown that not only is the threshold for a runaway regime probabilistic in character, but the critical field as well. This must be considered when calculating variations in the intensity of cosmic rays during thunderstorms.