甲酸根离子均匀掺杂的卤化银中的光电子特性

甲酸根离子(HCO-2)作为一种“空穴-电子转换剂”掺杂在卤化银中,可以提高潜影形成过程中光电子的利用率,俘获光生空穴,减少潜影形成过程中电子-空穴复合所造成的电子损失;同时还可以释放一个电子,提高感光效率。采用微波吸收介电谱检测技术,检测了不同浓度甲酸根离子均匀掺杂的立方体AgCl和AgBr乳剂在脉冲激光作用下所产生的光电子衰减信号。通过比较光电子的衰减时间和寿命,分析了甲酸根离子的空穴陷阱效应对立方体AgCl和AgBr乳剂中光电子衰减行为的影响,并得到了最佳均匀掺杂浓度（10^-5mol/molAg）。     

Investigation of the photoelectron decay of silver halide microcrystal

The microwave absorption dielectric spectrum can be used to study the decay process of free photoelectrons and shallow-trapped electrons in semiconductor crystals. The decay curve of free photoelectrons and shallow-trapped electrons of silver halide grains is measured using this technique. The influence of iodide and K_4Fe(CN)_6 shallow electron trap dopants on the photoelectron lifetime of silver halide grains is studied. For the unsensitized cubic AgCl crystals, when the free photoelectron lifetime (FLT) reaches a maximum, the photographic efficiency is optimal. From our analysis, we conclude that FLT is the longest for the cubic AgCl crystals doped with 0.5% iodide at 80% doping position and 1×10^{-6} mol K_4Fe(CN)_6/molAg, whereas, for the highly photosensitized cubic AgBrCl crystals doped with K_4Fe(CN)_6, the photographic efficiency is optimal when the FLT reaches its minimum. The free photoelectron lifetime reaches minimum and the sensitivity of AgBrCl emulsion reaches maximum when the doping position is 30%Ag at K_4Fe(CN)_6 content of 10^{-6}mol/molAg.     

Response of photosensitive silver halide micro-crystals to multiple-charged particles

Temperature dependence of sensitivity of silver halide micro-crystals is theoretically examined for a wide range of momenta and charges of ionising particles. Our earlier results on the ionisation theory have now been extended for the interaction of multiple-charged particles with AgBr emulsion grains.     

The influence of trapping centres on the photoelectron decay in silver halide

Photoelectron is the foundation of latent image formation, the decay process of photoelectrons is influenced by all kinds of trapping centres in silver halide. By analysing the mechanism of latent image formation it is found that electron trap, hole trap, and one kind of recombination centre where free electron and trapped hole recombine are the main trapping centres in silver halide. Different trapping centres have different influences on the photoelectron behaviour. The effects of all kinds of typical trapping centres on the decay of photoelectrons are systematically investigated by solving the photoelectron decay kinetic equations. The results are in agreement with those obtained in the microwave absorption dielectric spectrum experiment.     

AgX:I微晶的光电子衰减时间分辨谱测量

利用高时间分辨的微波吸收薄膜介电谱测量技术,采用自行设计的光电子时间分辨谱测量装置(时间分辨率达到1 ns),精确地测量了不同Agx:I材料在35 ps超短脉冲激光曝光后产生的自由光电子和浅俘获光电子随时间衰减的光电子衰减时间分辨谱,分析了不同的[I-]掺杂条件对材料光电子时间特性的影响关系,得到了影响Agx:I微晶光电子时间特性的最佳[I-]掺杂条件。对立方体AgCl乳剂来说,[I-]含量0.5％,掺杂位置80％Ag处时,乳剂的光电子寿命最长。而对T-颗粒AgBr乳剂而言,[I-]含量3％时,乳剂的光电子寿命最长。碘化物对光电子寿命增大的影响是由于碘化物离子可以作为缺陷电子陷阱,这就使得银簇上的反应减小,当碘化物大于3％时,这一效应由于碘化物团簇的形成而消失。     

甲酸根离子掺杂的AgCl乳剂增感后的光电子特性研究

甲酸根离子作为一种“空穴－电子转换剂”掺杂在卤化银中可以提高潜影形成过程中光电子的利用率。将不同位置甲酸根离子掺杂的立方体AgCl乳剂又经相同条件的硫加金或感绿染料增感后，采用微波吸收介电谱检测技术对样品在脉冲激光作用下所产生的光电子衰减信号进行检测，通过分析光电子的衰减特性，发现甲酸根离子仍然能发挥其空穴陷阱效应，而且自由光电子的衰减时间和寿命与未增感的掺杂乳剂随掺杂位置的变化趋势一致。     

掺杂的AgCl微晶在化学增感条件下的光电子衰减特性

利用微波吸收介电谱技术研究了K₄Fe(CN)₆浅电子陷阱掺杂剂和S+Au增感剂对立方体AgCl微晶光生电子衰减时间分辨特性的影响。结果表明,掺杂浓度为10-8～10-7 mol·mol-1Ag时,在增感之前,掺杂位置越接近表面时,光电子衰减过程会变慢,即衰减时间增加;S+Au增感后的掺杂乳剂中光电子衰减变快,说明了增感中心起深电子陷阱作用,当掺杂位置接近表面90%Ag时,光电子衰减时间突然减小,说明表面掺杂中心和增感中心可能发生了某些反应。     

光谱增感剂对AgBr微晶光电子衰减时间特性的影响

本工作利用高时间分辨的微波吸收薄膜介电谱测量技术,测量了菁染料光谱增感后的AgBr晶体在35ps超短脉冲激光曝光后产生的自由光电子和浅俘获光电子随时间衰减的光电子衰减时间分辨谱,分析了不同的染料增感条件对材料光电子时间特性的影响关系,实验验证了吸附在T-颗粒(111)晶面上的染料比吸附在立方体(100)晶面上的染料更有效、更有助于形成潜影的论据。     

卤化银微晶中光电子衰减谱的特性

光电子在卤化银材料潜影形成过程中发挥着重要的作用 ,光电子衰减行为在很大程度上决定于卤化银的晶体结构。采用光学与微波双共振技术 ,测量了自由光电子和浅俘获光电子的衰减谱 ,得到了卤化银中电子陷阱的密度和深度分布。以自由光电子寿命为纽带 ,通过分析掺杂卤化银晶体中电子陷阱的分布情况 ,可以确定浅电子陷阱掺杂剂的最佳掺杂浓度。     

明胶大分子中的正电子湮没行为

利用正电子湮没寿命谱 ,从分子尺度上对两种分别从深海鱼皮和牛骨提取的明胶大分子的微观结构性能进行了研究 .正电子湮没寿命谱的长寿命组分给出了关于明胶大分子中自由体积空穴的信息 .结果表明 ,鱼明胶大分子中自由体积空穴的尺度与数量均低于骨明胶大分子 .同时 ,用鱼明胶和骨明胶作为成核分散介质的乳剂试验表明 ,鱼明胶可以改善卤化银颗粒的单分散性并抑制晶核的生长和聚结 .由此认为 ,明胶作为保护性胶体的功能与其微结构特征相关 .鱼明胶在控制卤化银颗粒成核与生长中的功能强于骨明胶 .     

感绿光谱增感染料在氯化银微晶表面的电子陷阱效应

光谱增感技术可使卤化银感光材料实现对全波段感光，同时光谱增感技术在现代光信息记录与存储、光电器件、太阳能转换与存储等领域具有重要的应用.应用微波吸收介电谱技术研究了立方体氯化银吸附感绿菁染料后的光电子衰减特性，建立了氯化银光电子衰减动力学模型，根据此模型结合光电子衰减实验结果对光谱增感染料吸附在卤化银表面的电子陷阱效应进行了分析.研究结果表明：当染料以单分子态吸附在卤化银表面时，染料起浅电子陷阱效应；染料以J聚集体吸附在卤化银表面时，染料起到了深电子陷阱效应.浅电子陷阱与深电子陷阱效应的临界浓度为每40g 关键词： 感绿染料 氯化银 光电子衰减 电子陷阱效应     

为原子核科学研究用的原子核乳膠核-2,核-3,制备方法的研究

本文对于原子核乳胶核—2、核—3制备方法中的几个主要问题进行了初步研究。通过这些研究,我们掌握了制备过程中各种主要因素的关系和它们对于乳胶性能的影响,从而制成了性能良好的原子核乳胶。我们用控制乳化过程中溴离子浓度的方法解决了颗粒大小均匀问题;选择适当的成熟条件和用三乙醇胺增感解决了乳胶对质子的灵敏度问题;用加金盐的方法解决了潜影衰退问题;用纯化明胶的方法解决了雾点问题。     

Analytical electron microscopy of silver halide photographic systems

Studies of silver halide (AgX) photographic materials and individual microcomponents by TEM/STEM/SEM/EDX, CL, EFTEM/EELS and digital image analysis techniques are reviewed. Electron-beam-AgX interactions are discussed to clarify relationships between the signals analysed in various operating AEM modes. An optimum strategy of structural and analytical diagnosis of complex silver halide photographic systems by a number of AEM methods is considered, using a number of examples (colour and black-and-white films, AgX microcrystals, and colour coupler dispersions). AEM applications to study of the main stages of the photographic process, i.e., chemical ripening, spectral sensitisation, latent image formation and development are also presented. Current trends and future directions in research of AgX-based photographic systems by AEM techniques are outlined.     

Detection of nuclear tracks comprising gold grains in nuclear emulsion by using gold deposition development method

The gold deposition development method instead of the normal development method was applied to a nuclear track detector by using silver halide photography. Fine tracks formed by spherical gold grains were observed without any filaments. The grain size does not depend on the initial size of the silver halide crystals but only on the deposition period. This implies that the grain size can be adjusted to a size similar to the resolving power of an optical microscope in spite of the use of an ultra-fine crystal emulsion. In addition, the developer used in the gold deposition method does not contain harmful organic reagents, and it contains a lower amount of inorganic salts than normal developers. The solution can be safely handled and the disposing treatment of the solution is easy.     

Contributions from the indirect ionic interactions to the elastic constants in the rock-salt structure crystals

Under the harmonic approximation, the contributions from the indirect ionic interactions to the elastic constants are calculated for the alkali halide and silver halide crystals with the rock-salt structure. The coupling constants of the indirect ionic interactions are calculated by the self-consistent field treatment of the local density approximation and the spherical solid model. The calculated values of the coupling constants are large for the silver ion. The indirect ionic interaction significantly affects the elastic constants. It quantitatively explains the deviation from the Cauchy relation in alkali halide crystals. Moreover, it provides a clear account for the large values of the deviation from the Cauchy relation in AgCl and AgBr.     

Ellipsometric studies on the photolysis of lead chloride crystal surfaces

The photolytic decomposition of large crystals of lead chloride was studied by ellipsometry. This technique proved to be successful for quantitative measurements in the latent image range of the photolysis. Large differences in the photolytic behaviour were observed between exposures in the presence and in the absence of oxygen. In the presence of oxygen, the photolysis is strongly influenced by physisorbed oxygen leading after photochemisorption to the formation of lead oxychlorides as latent image centers. In the absence of oxygen, latent image centers consist of lead nuclei obtained with a high quantum yield as determined from ellipsometric measurements. The photolysis of lead chloride seems to be governed by surface reactions, contrary to that of pure silver halide crystals where only internal latent images are formed, to which ellipsometric measurements are much less sensitive. A mechanism for the lead chloride photolysis is proposed on the basis of our results obtained from ellipsometry, diffuse reflectance spectroscopy, photosolubilisation and physical development of latent images. The good agreement observed between results by these different methods suggests that ellipsometry is a useful technique to study surface photolysis.     

不同增感对AgCl乳剂中光电子时间行为的影响

借助微波吸收介电谱检测技术,对AgCl立方体乳剂中光电子的时间行为进行了检测,同时获得了自由光电子与浅束缚光电子在不同增感条件下的时间分辨谱。实验结果表明：化学增感时由于硫加金增感中心的浅电子陷阱作用有效地抑制了空穴与光电子之间的复合,化学增感使得光电子的衰减相对未增感的减缓、衰减时间得到延长;光谱增感时由于染料J聚集体增加了卤化银晶体中添隙银离子的浓度、促进了光电子与添隙银离子之间的结合,光谱增感使得光电子的衰减相对未增感的加剧、衰减时间变短;化学与光谱共同增感使光电子的衰减时间在光谱增感的基础上得到了延长,且硫加金化学增感中心的浅电子陷阱效应在光谱增感的基础上更明显。     

一种普适型国产银盐感光胶的全息特性实验研究

实验研究了一种普适型国产HR_1型卤化银乳胶的主要全息特性;论述了其曝光量对衍射效率的影响;比较了两种化学后处理方法对衍射效率和信噪比的影响。实验结果表明,HR_1型卤化银乳胶是一种适合于记录透射和反射型合成全息图的记录介质,可以获得较高的衍射效率和信噪比。     

Formation of random and regular relief-phase structures on silver halide photographic emulsions by holographic methods

The formation of diffusers and microlens rasters on silver halide emulsions by holographic methods is considered. Two techniques for converting amplitude holographic recording to relief-phase recording, selective curing and irradiation of the emulsion gelatin by short-wavelength UV radiation, are compared.     

On the formation of silver specks in silver halide crystals

This theoretical study summarizes ionic and electronic processes in AgBr crystals and the influence of its results on photographic process. It deals with the importance of surface generated interstitials which Gurney and Mott left untouched because of the non-availability of sufficient data at that time. The magnitude of various parameters,e.g., mean intra-electron-ion distance in a latent image site, the rate of neutralization of Ag⁺ ion with trapped electron and capture cross-section for combination of Ag⁺ ion with the trapped electron, etc. (as desired for understanding the theory of photographic process) are calculated at different temperatures. The results when used in our earlier papers (Singh and Sharma, 1974 and 1975, and Singh 1975) for calculating charged particle track characteristics theoretically were found to give good agreement with the published experimental data (Della Corteet al 1953 and Dyer and Hechman 1967). A model for the mechanism of latent image formation (silver speck) is discussed.