不同种类燃料火焰的辐射光谱测量

利用CCD光纤光谱仪测量不同燃料的火焰辐射光谱,得到了不同种类燃料燃烧时火焰光谱的不同特征。分析这些特征可以对燃料进行判别,也可以对不同火焰进行监测和诊断。     

拉伸流扩散火焰面结构及熄火的研究

对拉伸层流扩散火焰面进行了数值模拟,考察了在以往湍流燃烧的火焰面模型中,假定Lewis数等于1的可靠性,研究了不同分子扩散和火焰辐射对火焰面结构、氮氧化物排放和熄火临界的影响.计算结果表明,Lewis数等于1的假定在火焰面结构的计算中存在很大的近似性,火焰辐射可以引起低拉伸条件下的熄火临界.     

多焦距微透镜阵列光场成像火焰三维温度场测量

多焦距微透镜阵列可提高聚焦光场相机的深度分辨率。为了研究多焦距微透镜阵列对光场成像火焰三维温度场测量的影响,本文在火焰辐射光场成像模型的基础上,分析了单焦距微透镜阵列和多焦距微透镜阵列的火焰辐射光场成像特征,计算了两种不同微透镜阵列下的火焰辐射图像,根据火焰光场图像重建了火焰的三维温度场。开展了多焦距微透镜阵列聚焦光场相机火焰三维温度场重建的实验研究,并对数值计算和实验结果进行了分析。     

乙腈池火燃烧场分析与特征产物浓度的定量反演研究

乙腈广泛应用于医药、化工等领域,而乙腈属于易燃易爆化学品,其引发的火灾事故具有极大的危害。研究乙腈燃烧的温度场与浓度场、火焰辐射光谱以探究其火灾污染特性具有重要实用价值。首先采用平面激光诱导荧光技术(PLIF)与Fluent数值模拟方法,获取了5 cm尺度乙腈池火燃烧产物NO在20、 40、 60和80 s时刻的空间浓度值,并结合CFD与FDS仿真模拟获取了不同时刻下乙腈燃烧温度场与浓度场信息。其次,采用所获取的乙腈火焰温度场和浓度场数据(将火焰划分为6个热力学平衡区域),并基于HITRAN数据库内高温气体分子吸收系数与火焰总体辐射传输方程构建了乙腈火焰光谱辐射模型。再次,将所得乙腈浓度场与温度场数据代入火焰光谱辐射模型,模型模拟计算结果与相同条件下乙腈火焰光谱实测数据进行对比,以验证模型精度,然后再与Radcal模型进行精度对比。最后,利用自行构建的火焰光谱辐射模型对燃烧特征污染产物NO进行了浓度反演。结果表明：(1)5 cm尺度乙腈池火火焰温度范围为400～1 000 K,在池火上方60～80 mm区域温度较高,最高温度为945 K。(2)在20、 40、 60和80 s时刻下5 ...     

一种新的层流扩散火焰面建库模型的研究

本文通过求解物理空间中的层流扩散火焰面方程,建立火焰面数据库。相比于求解混合物分数空间的层流火焰面模型,该模型不仅简单,且易于耦合详细组分输运模型、Soret效应和气相辐射等影响因素。同时,求出的温度及组分浓度分布可以整理成各种不同参数的函数,提高了数据库使用的灵活性。本文对这种新的层流扩散火焰面模型进行详细的分析,并考察组分输运模型、Soret效应、气相辐射以及化学反应机理等因素对计算结果的影响。     

横向风条件下线性火焰热特性

通过搭建横向风下线性火焰燃烧的实验装置,对线性火焰下游壁面处温度以及辐射热流进行了研究。结果表明,壁面温度随无量纲下游距离增加而减小,且呈分段函数分布。量纲分析和数据拟合表明,无量纲辐射热流随着无量纲下游距离增加而减小。计算结果表明,辐射分数随着风速的增加而略微减小。考虑到火焰浮力和环境风动量的共同作用,依据火焰附壁长度,将火焰分为浮力主控区和动量主控区,建立了一种修正的线性火焰对下游壁面热辐射的预测模型,模型预测与实验结果吻合较好。     

CS2燃烧火焰光谱辐射模型的构建与特征污染产物浓度反演研究

CS₂在当今化工等领域占据了重要地位,而CS₂火灾污染事故危害性极大。通过研究CS₂燃烧火焰光谱辐射以探究其火灾污染特性极为必要。搭建了CS₂燃烧火焰光谱测试平台,采用黑体辐射源对VSR仪器进行了标定,通过多用途傅里叶变换(VSR)红外光谱辐射仪测试了5,10和20 cm三种燃烧尺度下CS₂燃烧的火焰光谱,并通过热电偶测试了整个燃烧时间段内不同燃烧时刻下的火焰温度,以及在火焰上方安装了烟气分析仪对火焰中的燃烧产物浓度进行监测。测量了CS₂整个燃烧时间段内火焰温度,以及不同燃烧时间、不同燃烧尺度下的火焰光谱、燃烧产物组分信息。测试结果表明,CS₂火焰中主要含有高温SO₂,CO₂,CO气体和空气中卷入的H₂O分子,并获取了特征污染产物SO₂的浓度。由于现有光谱仪测量分辨率有限,室内实验测量的火焰尺度有限,为了能实现火灾在线监测需要建立一个火焰光谱辐射模型来反演CS₂火灾时的污染物浓度相关信息。基于HITRAN数据库可知在2.7 μm附近为高温水蒸气的发射峰,4.2 μm附近特征峰为高温CO₂气体的发射峰,4.7 μm附近有CO微弱的发射峰,在7.4 μm附近特征峰为高温SO₂气体的发射峰,并获得了CS₂燃烧时产生的SO₂,CO₂,CO和H₂O气体在火焰燃烧相同温度下的吸收系数,通过计算得到了CS₂燃烧时产生的SO₂,CO₂,CO和H₂O混合气体的透过率与发射率,并结合气体辐射传输方程、气体吸收系数等方程,创建了CS₂燃烧的火焰光谱辐射模型。利用该光谱辐射模型反演了不同燃烧时间下特征污染产物SO₂的浓度,并与实验测得的数据进行了对比分析。结果表明,该模型精度高,可用于燃烧产物浓度的定量化反演,SO₂分子含量在燃烧时间20,40,60和80 s时的反演精度分别是89.5%,82.5%,85.6%和86.5%。为遥感反演CS₂型大尺度火灾中燃烧产物的浓度奠定基础。     

高压下CO2稀释的CO/H2/Air火焰贫可燃极限处的辐射重吸收效应的数值研究

本文分别采用考虑辐射重吸收的谱带辐射（SNBCK）模型及未考虑辐射重吸收的光学薄辐射（OPT）模型,对0.1～4 MPa,CO₂稀释比为0%和20%的一维预混层流合成气/空气火焰进行数值分析,研究辐射重吸收效应对可燃极限及极限处的火焰传播速度和温度的影响。结果表明,辐射重吸收效应能有效拓宽贫可燃极限,提高燃料中CO₂比例或提高CO/H₂比例都会加剧上述效果。辐射重吸收效应随压力增大而逐渐增强,并造成可燃极限处最大火焰温度随压力先增加后减小,在1 MPa左右达到峰值。     

辐射模型和弥散效应对多孔介质内燃烧影响的数值模拟

本文根据气固两相局部非热平衡假设,建立了甲烷/空气预混气在惰性多孔介质内的一维层流燃烧数学模型。分别采用附加导热、Rossland模型和二通量法模型求解固体能量方程中的辐射源项,研究了热辐射模型和弥散效应对多孔介质内燃烧火焰结构的影响。结果表明,多孔固体表面辐射的影响不可忽略,辐射模型对火焰温度的预测影响显著,而弥散效应对气体温度的分布及反应热影响则较小。     

一种煤粉燃烧火焰辐射成像新模型

本文在辐射成像基本模型的基础上给出了一种新的成像模型,该模型将燃烧对象的温度分布直接同检测到的火焰温度图像相关联。新模型中从火焰图像转化而来的温度图像不因CCD摄像机镜头尺寸、光圈大小、快门速度等成像参数的改变而发生变化。同时,通过对一个具体的二维对象的计算分析,可以看出新模型中的系数矩阵同样基本不随成像参数的变化而变化,显示了新辐射成像模型在反映对象温度分布方面的客观性。     

On the role of radiation and dimensionality in predicting flow opposed flame spread over thin fuels

In this work a flame-spread model is formulated in three dimensions to simulate opposed flow flame spread over thin solid fuels. The flame-spread model is coupled to a three-dimensional gas radiation model. The experiments [1] on downward spread and zero gravity quiescent spread over finite width thin fuel are simulated by flame-spread models in both two and three dimensions to assess the role of radiation and effect of dimensionality on the prediction of the flame-spread phenomena. It is observed that while radiation plays only a minor role in normal gravity downward spread, in zero gravity quiescent spread surface radiation loss holds the key to correct prediction of low oxygen flame spread rate and quenching limit. The present three-dimensional simulations show that even in zero gravity gas radiation affects flame spread rate only moderately (as much as 20% at 100% oxygen) as the heat feedback effect exceeds the radiation loss effect only moderately. However, the two-dimensional model with the gas radiation model badly over-predicts the zero gravity flame spread rate due to under estimation of gas radiation loss to the ambient surrounding. The two-dimensional model was also found to be inadequate for predicting the zero gravity flame attributes, like the flame length and the flame width, correctly. The need for a three-dimensional model was found to be indispensable for consistently describing the zero gravity flame-spread experiments [1] (including flame spread rate and flame size) especially at high oxygen levels (>30%). On the other hand it was observed that for the normal gravity downward flame spread for oxygen levels up to 60%, the two-dimensional model was sufficient to predict flame spread rate and flame size reasonably well. Gas radiation is seen to increase the three-dimensional effect especially at elevated oxygen levels (>30% for zero gravity and >60% for normal gravity flames).     

Flame spread and interactions in an array of thin solids in low-speed concurrent flows

Flame spread in an array of thin solids in low-speed concurrent flows was investigated and numerical solved. A previous steady, two-dimensional flame-spread model with flame radiation was employed and adapted in this work. The flame structures of spreading flames between parallel solids were demonstrated and some of the features were presented, including flow channelling effect and flame radiation interactions. The channelling effect is caused by flow confinement by the presence of the other solids; the flows through the hot combustion gases are accelerated downstream drastically. Radiation interactions between flames and solids contributed to a less heat-loss system, and radiation re-absorption by flames resulted in a larger flame with higher temperature, which increased the conductive heat fluxes to the solids and flame spread rate. Consequently, the extinction limit for the interacting flames is extended beyond the low-speed quenching limit for a single flame. The influence of the separation distance on the flame spread rate was also studied, which exhibits a non-monotonic behaviour. At larger separation distance, the flame spread rate increases with decreasing the separation distance owing to the channelling effect and radiation interactions. However, at very small separation distance, the flame spreading rate decreases with decreasing the distance because of the limited space for thermal expansion and flow résistance between solids.     

表面辐射热损失对微重力静止环境下火焰传播特性的影响

采用数值模拟方法研究了静止微重力环境中,表面辐射热损失对燃料表面火焰传播特性的影响以及表面辐射和压力对火焰传播特性的共同影响。结果表明,随着表面辐射增大,火焰传播速度减小,在考虑表面辐射后,随着压力的增大,火焰传播速度增大。采用无量纲参数分析了表面辐射对火焰传播速度的影响,进一步阐明了微重力环境下的火焰传播机理。     

An experimental study on flame geometry and radiation flux of line-source fire over inclined surface

An experimental study was performed on line-source fire over an inclined surface (ground) to simulate downhill fire spread behavior. The flame geometry and the thermal radiation to both far-field surroundings and near-field inclined surface were investigated. As a basic configuration for wildland fire over a slope, the buoyancy induced natural convection flow along the inclined surface and the constraint of air entrainment by the inclined surface change the flame geometry as well as its radiation emission. Various surface (ground) inclination angles (from 0°-80°), fire source heat release rates and fuels were considered comprehensively with a total of 126 test conditions. Results showed that the flame perpendicular height decreased, while both the flame parallel length and base drag length along the inclined surface increased, with the increased inclination angle. A dimensional analysis was then performed based on the controlling mechanisms, with the dimensionless heat release rate, the density ratio of fuel vapor to air, along with sinα and cosα involved to represent the components in the parallel and perpendicular directions. The flame geometry parameters were well represented by the proposed dimensional analysis. Both the radiation fluxes to far-field surroundings and to near-field inclined surface decreased with the increased inclination angle. The far-field radiation was found to be well characterized by a model based on the soot volume fraction analysis according to single point source model. Concerning the near-field radiation to inclined surface, an inclined cuboid radiative modeling was developed. The predicting results by the proposed model and the experimental values showed good agreement. The present study has explained the controlling physics and proposed non-dimensional functions for flame geometry and modeling the downslope radiation of the line-source fire over the inclined surface, which facilitates the understanding of the wildland fire spread behavior over a slopping ground in the downhill direction.     

Binary collision of a burning droplet and a non-burning droplet of xylene: Outcome regimes and flame dynamics

The binary collisions of a burning droplet and a non-burning droplet of xylene are experimentally investigated. The experimental parameters span an extensive range of Weber number and impact parameter, covering the collision outcome regimes of coalescence, reflexive separation, and stretching separation. A high-speed camera captures the temporal details of the collision process, involving flame spread, visible radiation, and flame distributions around droplets. For reflexive separation and stretching separation, the flame from the droplet spreads to the ligament, surrounding it during the interaction process, and then spreads around separated droplets and satellite droplets. Highly-interactive flames are formed in-between the droplets, with very sooty flames generated for most collisions. For the coalescence case, a swirling flame forms around the rotating coalesced droplet. For similar Weber numbers, visible flame radiation is compared for different collision regimes. The visible flame radiation changes more significantly for the reflexive and stretching separation cases than it does for the coalescence case. The change of the averaged visible flame radiation for reflexive separation and stretching separation is more than two times higher than that for coalescence. The map of three different collision regimes is plotted in the Weber number versus impact parameter domain and compared with available theoretical model predictions. Although the different outcomes of collision with the presence of flame can be well predicted by the model, using fluid properties determined by the averaged properties of the two droplets, the dynamics of the detailed processes involved in the collisions are very interesting and have strong implications on overall combustion behavior that go well beyond the mapped regimes.     

测量层流扩散火焰温度与烟黑浓度分布的实验研究

本文提出了一种通过线性规划中的内点法(仿射变换法)来计算烟黑浓度和温度分布的模型.根据烟黑辐射特性,利用火焰单色辐射强度图像信息采用此模型同时重建轴对称含烟黑火焰的温度与烟黑浓度分布,对层流乙烯扩散火焰的温度与烟黑浓度进行测量,得到了较好的结果.     

The importance of thermal radiation transfer in laminar diffusion flames at normal and microgravity

The importance of radiation heat loss in laminar and turbulent diffusion flames at normal gravity has been relatively well recognized in recent years. There is currently lack of quantitative understanding on the importance of radiation heat loss in relatively small scale laminar diffusion flames at microgravity. The effects of radiation heat transfer and radiation absorption on the structure and soot formation characteristics of a coflow laminar ethylene/air diffusion flame at normal- and microgravity were numerically investigated. Numerical calculations were conducted using GRI-Mech 3.0 combustion chemistry without the NO_x mechanism and complex thermal and transport properties, an acetylene based soot formation model, and a statistical narrow-band correlated-k non-grey gas radiation model. Radiation heat transfer and radiation absorption in the microgravity flame were found to be much more important than their counterparts at normal gravity. It is important to calculate thermal radiation transfer accurately in diffusion flame modelling under microgravity conditions.     

Effects of radiation heat loss on laminar premixed ammonia/air flames

Ammonia (NH₃) direct combustion is attracting attention for energy utilization without CO₂ emissions, but fundamental knowledge related to ammonia combustion is still insufficient. This study was designed to examine effects of radiation heat loss on laminar ammonia/air premixed flames because of their very low flame speeds. After numerical simulations for 1-D planar flames with and without radiation heat loss modeled by the optically thin model were conducted, effects of radiation heat loss on flame speeds, flame structure and emissions were investigated. Simulations were also conducted for methane/air mixtures as a reference. Effects of radiation heat loss on flame speeds were strong only near the flammability limits for methane, but were strong over widely diverse equivalence ratios for ammonia. The lower radiative flame temperature suppressed the thermal decomposition of unburned ammonia to hydrogen (H₂) at rich conditions. The equivalence ratio for a low emission window of ammonia and nitric oxide (NO) in the radiative condition shifted to a lower value than that in the adiabatic condition.     

Investigation and optimization of sampling characteristics of light field camera for flame temperature measurement

It is essential to investigate the light field camera parameters for the accurate flame temperature measurement because the sampling characteristics of the flame radiation can be varied with them. In this study, novel indices of the light field camera were proposed to investigate the directional and spatial sampling characteristics of the flame radiation. Effects of light field camera parameters such as focal length and magnification of the main lens, focal length and magnification of the microlens were investigated. It was observed that the sampling characteristics of the flame are varied with the different parameters of the light field camera. The optimized parameters of the light field camera were then proposed for the flame radiation sampling. The larger sampling angle(23 times larger) is achieved by the optimized parameters compared to the commercial light field camera parameters. A non-negative least square(NNLS) algorithm was used to reconstruct the flame temperature. The reconstruction accuracy was also evaluated by the optimized parameters. The results suggested that the optimized parameters can provide higher reconstruction accuracy for axisymmetric and non-symmetric flame conditions in comparison to the commercial light field camera.