发射CT法测量层流乙烯扩散火焰中温度与烟黑浓度分布的实验研究

对于非均匀吸收、发射、无散射的轴对称含烟黑火焰对象,常规双色法不再适用。本文基于烟黑辐射特性,利用烟黑单色辐射强度图像信息采用CT算法同时重建含烟黑火焰温度与烟黑浓度分布,对层流乙烯扩散火焰的温度与烟黑容积份额进行测量,得到了较好的结果。     

火焰烟黑三维温度场和浓度场同时重建实验研究

利用电荷耦合器件摄像机采用烟黑温度场和浓度场同时重建模型对自由火焰烟黑的三维温度场和浓度场进行了同时重建实验研究,所利用的重建模型是基于区域重建的方法.将重建的烟黑温度场和浓度场与文献结果进行了对比,而且还将重建温度场与热电偶所测量的温度场进行了对比.结果表明,重建的烟黑温度场和浓度场与文献结果趋势相一致,重建温度值与热电偶测量值符合较好.因此,同时重建模型可以较好地重建出火焰烟黑的三维温度场和浓度场. 关键词： 火焰烟黑 温度场 浓度场 三维同时重建     

热电偶沉积法测量乙烯非预混火焰的试验研究

烟黑容积份额的测量是研究烟黑生成的反应机理的额的薪方法.本文详细描述了采用热电偶沉积法测量烟黑容积份额的理论基础和数据处理过程,并将此方法应用于层流乙烯非预混火焰的测量中.测量结果表明,该火焰中烟黑容积份额的分布同火焰结构和火焰温度都有关.     

轴对称含烟黑火焰非均匀温度与烟黑浓度分布同时重建模拟研究

对于非均匀吸收、发射、无散射的轴对称含烟黑火焰对象,常规双色法不再适用。本文基于烟黑辐射特性,提出并模拟研究了同时重建火焰温度与烟黑容积份额的新的辐射测量方法。从重建结果看,重建误差主要集中在火焰中心区域,这是观测路径上测量误差累积的结果。温度重建主要受火焰断面参数分布类型影响,而烟黑容积份额重建主要受测量误差的影响,这由它们与单色辐射强度的内在关系所决定。     

重力对层流扩散火焰烟黑生成特性影响

本文采用数值模拟方法研究了重力对甲烷/空气同轴射流层流扩散火焰烟黑生成特性的影响,数值分析中将详细的气相化学反应机理、复杂的热物性和输运特性关系、半经验的双方程烟黑生成模型和非灰体辐射模型耦合到燃烧场的计算中。同时考虑烟黑经O_2、OH和O的氧化途径。热辐射计算采用与统计窄波段调K(SNBCK)模型相耦合的离散坐标法求解。烟黑的谱带吸收系数根据小颗粒的Rayleigh理论计算。结果表明,随着重力水平的降低,火焰峰值温度降低,微重力下烟黑浓度的最大值约为正常重力下相应火焰的两倍。这一计算结果与已有的试验数据符合较好。计算结果还表明,重力也影响烟黑成核和表面生长的位置和强度。     

微重力环境中的蜡烛火焰

对蜡烛火焰动态特征的分析表明,从正常重力状态过渡到微重力状态,火焰的空气动力学特征比质量和能量的传输特征的变化快。通过一台差分干涉仪首次测量得到了微重力环境中蜡烛火焰的温度。结果表明,微重力蜡烛火焰的温度小于正常重力蜡烛火焰的温度。微重力蜡烛火焰之所以呈蓝色是因为其温度小于烟黑生成的阈值温度1300K。但当环境氧浓度足够高时,火焰温度大于烟黑生成的阈值温度,火焰中明显有烟黑生成,颜色为亮黄色。     

基于窄谱带模型的烟黑颗粒辐射模型的比较

烟黑是燃烧过程的重要生成产物,对燃烧系统中辐射换热有着重要的影响.针对一维平行平板介质的辐射传递过程求解算例,本文改进RADCAL程序,采用三个烟黑辐射模型,研究了烟黑颗粒分别与水蒸气、二氧化碳及其混合物三种情况的非灰辐射,考察了三类模型的适用范围,为燃烧换热提供了参考依据.     

非对称碳氢扩散火焰内烟黑浓度与温度联合重建模型研究

基于烟黑热辐射传递过程,提出了非对称碳氢扩散火焰断面内烟黑浓度和温度分布的联合层析重建模型.应用最小二乘QR矩阵分解算法模拟分析了传感器数量和布置方式对重建结果的影响以及模型的抗噪能力.计算结果表明,当4个320像素线阵电荷耦合辐射投影传感器(CCD)成非正对布置时,浓度场重建结果最大误差小于2.5%,温度场重建结果最大误差小于0.2%.此外CCD正对布置将导致重建误差向中心聚集.从对含噪声数据的重建结果看,应用联合层析重建模型,辐射能传感器的信噪比不应低于60dB. 关键词： 非对称火焰 层析重建 最小二乘QR矩阵分解算法 联合重建     

基于图像处理测量扩散火焰温度和碳黑浓度

提出了一种同时重建轴对称扩散火焰温度和碳黑浓度分布的新方法。用一台带有滤色片的CCD摄像机拍摄600mm和618 nm波长下乙烯扩散火焰的单色辐射图像,通过黑体炉标定可以得到相应波长下的单色辐射强度图像。根据建立的辐射成像模型,用解耦重建方法从两幅单色辐射强度图像中同时重建出乙烯火焰温度和碳黑浓度分布。实验结果表明:随着乙烯燃料的增加,火焰中碳黑浓度也在增加,而碳黑浓度的峰值从火焰中心移向火焰边缘。     

模型燃气轮机燃烧室中三元两相反应流的数值计算

本文对于一种模型燃气轮机燃烧室中三元两相反应流流场进行了数值计算。在κ-ε双方程湍流模型中考虑了流线曲率的影响;在扩散火焰的k-ε-g湍流燃烧模型中采用了β函数作为混合分数f的概率密度函数;采用了6通量热辐射模型;在两相流模型中应用随机游动法考虑了颗粒的随机扩散。应用随机取样法考虑了液相的初始条件。计算预估了燃烧室中速度矢量,气相燃料浓度,液相燃料浓度,温度的分布以及油珠运动轨迹。与由实验得到的温度分布相比,表明计算是成功的。由作者发展的两相流模型有待实验进一步验证。     

Size distribution and morphology of nascent soot in premixed ethylene flames with and without benzene doping

Particle size distribution functions of nascent soot formed in four burner-stabilized, premixed ethylene-oxygen-argon flames were studied in a spatially resolved manner by online sampling/scanning mobility particle sizer. Particle morphology was analyzed by atomic force microscopy (AFM) of substrate-deposited samples. Two of the four flames were doped with benzene. An aerosol electrometer is introduced to extend the lower detection limit to around 1.5 nm in diameter. The results show that the bimodal behavior of particle size is applicable to all premixed ethylene flames studied. The variation of the size distribution from flame to flame is conclusively attributed to flame temperature variation. Under the condition of an equal carbon concentration, benzene doping leads to negligible changes in the characteristics of the size distribution. For all flames studied, AFM observations show that nascent soot is liquid-like and spreads extensively upon impact on a substrate surface.     

Addition of NO2 to a laminar premixed ethylene-air flame: Effect on soot formation

Experiments were conducted on a laminar premixed ethylene-air flame at equivalence ratios of 2.34 and 2.64. Comparisons were made between flames with 5% NO₂ added by volume. Soot volume fraction was measured using light extinction and light scattering and fluorescence measurements were also obtained to provide added insight into the soot formation process. The flame temperature profiles in these flames were measured using a spectral line reversal technique in the non-sooting region, while two-color pyrometry was used in the sooting region. Chemical kinetics modeling using the PREMIX 1-D laminar flame code was used to understand the chemical role of the NO₂ in the soot formation process. The modeling used kinetic mechanisms available in the literature. Experimental results indicated a reduction in the soot volume fraction in the flame with NO₂ added and a delay in the onset of soot as a function of height above the burner. In addition, fluorescence signals—often argued to be an indicator of PAH—were observed to be lower near the burner surface for the flames with NO₂ added as compared to the baseline flames. These trends were captured using a chemical kinetics model that was used to simulate the flame prior to soot inception. The reduction in soot is attributed to a decrease in the H-atom concentration induced by the reaction with NO₂ and a subsequent reduction in acetylene in the pre-soot inception region.     

Soot formation and temperature field structure in co-flow laminar methane-air diffusion flames at pressures from 10 to 60 atm

The effects of pressure on soot formation and the structure of the temperature field were studied in co-flow methane-air laminar diffusion flames over a wide pressure range, from 10 to 60 atm in a high-pressure combustion chamber. The selected fuel mass flow rate provided diffusion flames in which the soot was completely oxidized within the visible flame envelope and the flame was stable at all pressures considered. The spatially resolved soot volume fraction and soot temperature were measured by spectral soot emission as a function of pressure. The visible (luminous) flame height remained almost unchanged from 10 to 100 atm. Peak soot concentrations showed a strong dependence on pressure at relatively lower pressures; but this dependence got weaker as the pressure is increased. The maximum conversion of the fuel’s carbon to soot, 12.6%, was observed at 60 atm at approximately the mid-height of the flame. Radial temperature gradients within the flame increased with pressure and decreased with flame height above the burner rim. Higher radial temperature gradients near the burner exit at higher pressures mean that the thermal diffusion from the hot regions of the flame towards the flame centerline is enhanced. This leads to higher fuel pyrolysis rates causing accelerated soot nucleation and growth as the pressure increases.     

Transient soot dynamics in turbulent nonpremixed ethylene-air counterflow flames

The dynamics of soot formation in turbulent ethylene-air nonpremixed counterflow flames is studied using direct numerical simulation (DNS) with a semi-empirical soot model and the discrete ordinate method (DOM) as a radiation solver. Transient characteristics of soot behavior are studies by a model problem of flame interaction with turbulence inflow at various intensities. The interaction between soot and turbulence reveals that the soot volume fraction depends on the combined effects of the local conditions of flow, temperature, and fuel concentration, while the soot number density depends predominantly on the high temperature regions. Depending on the relative strength between mixing and reaction, the effects of turbulence on the soot formation lead to three distinct paths in deviating the data points away from the laminar flame conditions. It is found that turbulence has twofold effects of increasing the overall soot yield by generating additional flame volume and of reducing soot by dissipating soot pockets out of high-temperature regions. The relative importance between the two effects depends on the relative length scales of turbulence and flame, suggesting that a nonmonotonic response of soot yield to turbulence level may be expected in turbulent combustion.     

Highly radiating hydrogen flames: Effect of toluene concentration and phase

Adapting hydrogen as a carbon-free fuel for industrial applications requires new, innovative approaches, especially when radiant heat transfer is required. One possible option is to dope hydrogen with bio-oils, containing aromatics that help produce highly sooting flames. This study investigates the potential doping effects of toluene on a hydrogen-nitrogen (1:1 vol) flames. Flames with 1–5% toluene, based on the mole concentration of hydrogen, are measured using a combination of techniques including: still photographs and laser-based techniques. Toluene was mixed with hydrogen-nitrogen fuel mixture as either a vapour carried by nitrogen, or as a dilute spray. Spray flames are found to produce substantially more polycylic aromatic hydrocarbons, with significantly more soot near the nozzle exit plane, than the prevaporised flames. Increasing the dopant concentration from 1 to 3% of the hydrogen has a marked effect on soot loading in the flame, although the further increasing the dopant concentration to 5% has a far smaller effect on the soot produced in the flame. Simulations of laminar flames using detailed chemical kinetics support the above findings and reveal details of the competition between soot precursor formation and hydrocarbon oxidation. Correlations of formation rates are non-linear with toluene concentration in cases where toluene represents less than 10% of the fuel, although expected linear relationships are noted beyond this regime up to 1:1 toluene/hydrogen blends. The study provides insight and explanation into effects of toluene as a dopant, comparison between flame doping in gaseous or liquid phases and suggests that flame doping and blending should be treated as different regimes for their global effect on flame sooting characteristics.     

Effects of pressure and fuel dilution on coflow laminar methane–air diffusion flames: A computational and experimental study

In this study, the influence of pressure and fuel dilution on the structure and geometry of coflow laminar methane–air diffusion flames is examined. A series of methane-fuelled, nitrogen-diluted flames has been investigated both computationally and experimentally, with pressure ranging from 1.0 to 2.7 atm and CH₄ mole fraction ranging from 0.50 to 0.65. Computationally, the MC-Smooth vorticity–velocity formulation was employed to describe the reactive gaseous mixture, and soot evolution was modelled by sectional aerosol equations. The governing equations and boundary conditions were discretised on a two-dimensional computational domain by finite differences, and the resulting set of fully coupled, strongly nonlinear equations was solved simultaneously at all points using a damped, modified Newton's method. Experimentally, chemiluminescence measurements of CH* were taken to determine its relative concentration profile and the structure of the flame front. A thin-filament ratio pyrometry method using a colour digital camera was employed to determine the temperature profiles of the non-sooty, atmospheric pressure flames, while soot volume fraction was quantified, after evaluation of soot temperature, through an absolute light calibration using a thermocouple. For a broad spectrum of flames in atmospheric and elevated pressures, the computed and measured flame quantities were examined to characterise the influence of pressure and fuel dilution, and the major conclusions were as follows: (1) maximum temperature increases with increasing pressure or CH₄ concentration; (2) lift-off height decreases significantly with increasing pressure, modified flame length is roughly independent of pressure, and flame radius decreases with pressure approximately as P^?1/2; and (3) pressure and fuel stream dilution significantly affect the spatial distribution and the peak value of the soot volume fraction.     

Soot emission reduction in oxygenated co-flow jet flames

A computational study was performed for ethylene/air non-premixed laminar co-flow jet flames using an axisymmetric CFD code to explore the effect of oxygenation on PAH and soot emissions. Oxygenated flames were established using N₂ diluted fuel stream along with O₂ enriched air stream such that the stoichiometric mixture fraction (Ζ_st) is varied but the adiabatic flame temperature is not materially changed. Simulations were carried out using a spatially and temporally accurate algorithm with detailed chemistry and transport. A detailed kinetic model involving 111 species and 784 reactions and a fairly detailed soot model were incorporated into the code. Two different approaches, one with constant flame height and other with constant inlet velocity are comprehensively examined to bring out the effects of changes in flame structure and residence time on soot emissions with respect to Z_st. With increase in Ζ_st, a drastic reduction in the formation of soot precursors (acetylene and benzene) and thus in soot emissions are observed. In the present study, oxygenated flames with Ζ_st ≥ 0.424 are considered as blue flames or completely soot free. For various oxygenated flames a C/O ratio between 0.45 and 0.6 is found to be most favorable for soot formation.     

Soot formation characteristics in a lab-scale turbulent pulverized coal flame with simultaneous planar measurements of laser induced incandescence of soot and Mie scattering of pulverized coal

Soot formation characteristics of a lab-scale pulverized coal flame were investigated by performing carefully controlled laser diagnostics. The spatial distributions of soot volume fraction and the pulverized coal particles were measured simultaneously by laser induced incandescence (LII) and Mie scattering imaging, respectively. In addition, the radial distributions of the soot volume fraction were compared with the OH radical fluorescence, gas temperature and oxygen concentration obtained in our previous studies [1], [2]. The results indicated that the laser pulse fluence used for LII measurement should be carefully controlled to measure the soot volume fraction in pulverized coal flames. To precisely measure the soot volume fraction in pulverized coal flames using LII, it is necessary to adjust the laser pulse fluence so that it is sufficiently high to heat up all the soot particles to the sublimation temperature but also sufficiently low to avoid including a too large of a change in the morphology of the soot particles and the superposition of the LII signal from the pulverized coal particles on that from the soot particles. It was also found that the radial position of the peak LII signal intensity was located between the positions of the peak Mie scattering signal intensity and peak OH radical signal intensity. The region, in which LII signal, OH radical fluorescence and Mie scattering coexisted, expanded with increasing height above the burner port. It was also found that the soot formation in pulverized coal flames was enhanced at locations where the conditions of high temperature, low oxygen concentration and the existence of pulverized coal particles were satisfied simultaneously.