基于深度学习的粒子场数字全息成像研究进展

粒子场的数字全息成像中，由一幅粒子场全息图重建出高精度的三维粒子场分布，是数字全息技术领域的经典问题之一。相比于传统反向重建算法，深度学习算法可以从单个全息图直接重建出三维粒子场来简化算法复杂度，提高计算效率和准确率。介绍国内外研究团队将深度学习算法结合数字全息技术实现粒子场数字全息成像的研究进展，从不同粒子表征方法入手，叙述了支持向量机、全连接神经网络、全卷积网络、U-Net网络、深度神经网络在粒子场数字全息成像中粒子表征及粒子场反向重建过程中的应用原理、实现途径和准确率。最后指出了深度学习算法在这一研究领域的优势及目前基于深度学习算法的不足，并对如何进一步提高该方法的准确率进行了展望。     

空气击穿效应对粒子全息像的影响

 在粒子场全息实验中,研究了4F光学成像系统不抽真空时,其内部实焦点处由于光脉冲能量聚焦引起的空气击穿现象。发现在这种情况下得到的同轴和离轴全息粒子再现像,与实焦点未被击穿时得到的正常全息再现像相比,其强度分布发生了反转。理论分析表明,这种情况是由于实焦点处空气击穿引起的空间滤波效应造成的。研究发现:在离轴粒子场全息实验中,合理调整曝光强度,利用4F系统中的空气击穿效应可以获得高清晰度的全息再现象。     

非线性介质对粒子场同轴全息成像的影响

 通过理论分析和实验验证,研究了非线性折射率介质对粒子场同轴全息成像的影响。利用粒子场同轴夫琅和费全息记录和光束在非线性介质中传输的波动方程,得出了光波的复振幅和强度分布。数值模拟了介质在线性和非线性时全息记录的情况,并进行了实验验证。结果表明：光波经非线性介质传输后,全息干板记录到粒子场的再现图像,这为高功率激光应用于全息照相提供参考,原因是高功率脉冲激光聚焦易击穿介质产生非线性传输。     

多通道瞬态全息粒子场测量

采用光学多通道方法进行粒子场的全息拍摄,可以有效地减小相干噪音的干扰,同时极大地提高了对粒子场的层析能力,对于粒子大小为100μm下的粒了场层析能力能达到1mm。前后粒子之中可以互不干扰,便于准确地测量粒子的大小、运动方向和速度等。文中进行了理论分析和实验,结果较好。     

高速粒子场同轴Fraunhofer全息数据处理系统研究

介绍了用同轴Fraunhofer全息测量强动载下材料表面微喷射粒子场的数据处理方法.在全息像重建过程中，将再现的三维粒子场由计算机控制分成许多小薄层采集.在数据处理过程中根据图像中粒子边缘，决定在整幅图或局部采用边缘检测的方法提取大粒子，根据图像的灰度分布将图像分成很多小区域，在每个小区域采用不同的阈值分割图像.在处理结果的校正中根据粒子场的特点，去除过大、过小和重复统计粒子.采用该方法得到了粒子的空间分布图像及粒子大小的统计结果.     

宽场平谱面全息凹面光栅光谱仪的设计

全息凹面光栅光谱仪具有平谱面、小型化、大孔径、高分辨率等优点。首先从信息光学的角度推导了全息凹面光栅的成像公式,在垂直于狭缝和平行于狭缝的平面上系统分析了全息凹面光栅光谱仪的成像性能;在垂直于狭缝的平面上,全息凹面光栅光谱仪具有良好的平谱面性;在平行于狭缝的平面上,全息凹面光栅光谱仪克服了传统平面光栅的谱线弯曲和色畸变,实现了谱线平直成像;此外指出全息凹面光栅光谱仪固有的弧矢场曲对视场扩展的限制。然后根据理论分析结果提出了结构对称消场曲的全息凹面光栅光谱仪的设计思想,利用ZEMAX软件优化设计了像差补偿型全息凹面光栅光谱仪。在保证相对孔径F#=3、光谱分辨率为20nm/mm、空间分辨率小于25μm等技术指标不变的前提下,设计了狭缝长度为0.4mm的传统单球面镜全息凹面光栅光谱仪和狭缝长度为8mm的像差补偿型全息凹面光栅光谱仪。结果表明,改进后的像差补偿型全息凹面光栅光谱仪成功地将视场扩大为单球面镜全息凹面光栅光谱仪的20倍。     

用脉冲激光同轴全息技术测量微射流

 用脉冲激光同轴全息技术建立了全息照相系统和高精度同步时序系统，获得了采用爆轰加载产生高速运动的微射流全息图，并再现出微射流的全息像，得到粒子的大小和分布情况，从图像处理得到粒子尺寸的统计结果表明，最大尺寸在300μm左右，最小尺寸在30μm左右。证明了研制的全息系统和测试技术可以测量高速的微射流场。 .     

体全息成像系统的深度分辨率特性分析

通过分析探测点光源在x、y、z轴偏移时的衍射光场分布,研究了以球面参考光和平面物光波记录的体全息透镜系统的成像特性.结果表明:探测点光源在z轴偏移,引起衍射场的显著变化,并且衍射成像光场分布不再为理想成像点,而是在成像面上呈现扩展分布,成像质量明显下降; 探测点光源在x、y轴偏移,衍射场变化不明显,成像质量无显著变化.     

含铝推进剂燃烧场全息粒子图象处理系统的研究

本文主要围绕微粒场全息术的记录,再现和图象分析这三个过程,对含铝复合推进剂燃烧场的粒子分布进行了深入研究.根据全息图象再现场的三维特点,我们采用4F光学全息记录系统并结合层析分幅和特殊的图象处理技术,建立了一套独特的粒子场采集和自动图象分析体系.在实践中取得了较满意的实验结果.     

预放大数字全息显微系统的特点

为了提高预放大数字全息显微系统的成像质量,采用理论分析与实验验证相结合的方法,分别对采用平面及球面参考光记录的预放大数字全息显微系统进行了研究和比较。结果表明:在通常的实验条件下,系统的横向分辨力主要取决于显微物镜的成像分辨力;记录距离较小时,两种系统的横向分辨力均随着记录距离的增大略有降低;但当记录距离较大时,球面参考光预放大数字全息系统的横向分辨力降低得更为明显,即平面参考光预放大数字全息显微系统较为优越;在记录距离为0的情况下,即像面数字全息成像情况下,两种系统的再现像均具有最高的分辨力,在利用普通工业用传感器条件下,横向分辨力远超过了2.19 m,且像质较好。因此,尽可能减小全息图的记录距离,或者采用像面数字全息系统,可以有效提高数字全息系统的成像分辨力。     

静态调制的光谱偏振成像系统

针对传统光谱偏振成像系统普遍存在的系统结构复杂、需要动态调制、光通量低等问题,提出一种基于静态调制的光谱偏振成像系统,将静态调制偏振探测方法与Savart偏光镜干涉成像原理相结合,可在成像过程中实时获取目标的光谱信息和全部四个Stokes偏振信息。与传统系统相比较,该系统具有无运动部件、无需动态电控调制、没狭缝限制、光通量大等优点。介绍了系统组成和基本原理,搭建了实验装置,实验装置包括二次成像光学系统、偏振调制模块、干涉成像模块、CCD图像采集及数据处理模块等,成像谱段范围为可见光近红外(480~950 nm)。利用实验装置对白板、飞机玩具模型进行了成像实验,验证了该系统的光谱偏振成像数据获取能力。对静态调制的偏振测量精度进行了验证,偏振测量统计误差小于5%。实验结果验证了系统原理的正确性和可行性,获取的光谱偏振成像数据在目标识别、目标分类、遥感探测等方面具有较高的应用价值。     

一种基于新型偏振干涉成像光谱仪的目标偏振信息探测新方法

提出了一种采用基于视场补偿型Savart偏光镜的新型偏振干涉成像光谱仪对二维目标偏振信息进行空间遥感探测的新原理和新方法.在新型偏振干涉成像光谱仪光学系统不变的情况下,通过旋转偏振干涉仪分别测出了三个不同角度下像面上各像点的光强值,反演出了二维面目标的斯托克斯矢量,并给出了各像点偏振度和偏振方向的理论表达式.采用计算机模拟实验对该探测原理和方法进行了验证,所得结果与理论完全符合.从理论和实践上扩展了干涉成像光谱仪的探测功能,与目前国内外所研究的成像光谱仪相比,该成像光谱仪既能同时探测目标二维空间信息和一维光谱信息,又提供了一种获得目标偏振信息的手段和方法.     

基于互信息的干涉成像采样系统性能分析

为了优化干涉采样成像系统的设计,采用端到端的互信息量评价系统的性能.建立了基于互信息的干涉采样成像系统数学模型.利用该模型得到了互信息量最大时光学成像系统和CCD的匹配条件:相干成像光学系统的截止频率等于CCD的Nyquist频率.分析了物体频谱分布、噪声、光源相干性和光学成像系统像差对互信息量的影响.结果表明,它们不影响光学成像系统和CCD的匹配条件.     

Ultrasonic strain imaging and reconstructive elastography for biological tissue

Mechanical properties of biological tissue represent important diagnostic information and are of histological and pathological relevance. In order to obtain non-invasively mechanical properties of tissue, we developed a real-time strain imaging system for clinical applications. The output data of this system also allow an inverse elastography approach leading to the spatial distribution of the relative elastic modulus of tissue. The internal displacement field of biological tissue is determined using the above mentioned strain imaging system by applying quasi-static compression to the considered tissue. Axial displacements are calculated by comparing echo signal sets obtained prior to and immediately following less than 0.1% compression, using the fast root seeking technique. Strain images representing mechanical tissue properties in a non-quantitative manner are displayed in real-time mode. For additional quantitative imaging, the stiffness distribution is calculated from the displacement field assuming the investigated material to be elastic, isotropic, and nearly incompressible. Different inverse problem approaches for calculating the shear modulus distribution using the internal displacement field have been implemented and compared. The results of an ongoing clinical study with more than 200 patients show, that our real-time strain imaging system is able to differentiate malignant and benign tissue areas in the prostate with a high degree of accuracy (sensitivity=76% and specificity=89%). The reconstruction approaches applied to the strain image data deliver quantitative tissue information and seem promising for an additional differential diagnosis of lesions in biological tissue. Our real-time system has the potential of improving diagnosis of prostate and breast cancer.     

基于LCTF与LCVR的偏振高光谱成像系统设计

提出一种基于液晶可调滤光片(LCTF)与两片液晶可调相位延迟器(LCVR)构成的偏振高光谱成像系统,相对于传统LCTF具有转动部件以及无法获取全部偏振态的特点,本系统能够静态凝视成像并且测量目标完整的Stokes参量。通过对两片LCVR取四组不同延迟组合,构造了一个4×4复原矩阵来获取目标的原始全偏振信息。使用干涉光强法,对两片LCVR分别进行了延迟-电压特性的精确测量;在633 nm下验证了全偏振复原算法,通过对误差分析,得到了较好的反演Stokes参数和相应的DoLP与Orient计算值,验证了复原算法的可靠性,可以为全偏振态高光谱遥感成像提供有效的数据。     

一种光谱偏振成像系统设计及应用

为了获取目标和背景的偏振信息,提高地面目标识别的准确度,提出一种光谱偏振成像探测系统。该系统采用旋转偏振片的方式对入射光的偏振状态进行调制,通过旋转滤光片进行光谱选择,从而实现光谱偏振成像探测。通过对该系统偏振度的探测精度进行实验测试,结果表明,所设计的光谱偏振成像探测系统达到4%的探测精度。利用该系统对地物背景中的迷彩伪装板进行了探测实验,分析所得的偏振度图像发现,目标在背景中较为明显,与草地及土壤背景区域偏振度的差值分别达到0.292和0.283。     

Identifying the Symmetry of an Object Based on Orbital Angular Momentum through a Few-Mode Fiber

In recent years, orbital angular momentum(OAM), as a new usable degree of freedom of photons, has been widely applied in both classical optics and quantum optics. For example, digital spiral imaging uses the OAM spectrum of the output beam from the object to restore the symmetry information of the object. However,the related experiments have been carried out in free space so far. Due to the poor anti-noise performance,limited transmission distance and other reasons, the practicability is seriously restricted. Here, we have carried out a digital spiral imaging experiment through a few-mode fiber, to achieve the identification of the symmetry of object by measuring the OAM spectrum of the output beam. In experiment, we have demonstrated the identification of the symmetry of amplitude-only and phase-only objects with the two-, three-and four-fold rotational symmetries. We also give the understanding of the physics. We believe that our work has greatly improved the practical application of digital spiral imaging in remote sensing.     

Optical system design of the Dyson imaging spectrometer based on the Fery prism

Imaging spectrometer has obtained wide development since rich feature information can be obtained by it; now, we focus on its high spectral resolution and miniaturization. In this paper, we design the Dyson imaging spectrometer system based on Fery prism. The average spectral resolution is 4.3 nm and the structure of the total length is 229 mm. It is a small, high-spectrometer imaging system. The front and rear surface of the traditional prism are plane, but the surfaces of the Fery prism are spherical, which can provide some optical power to realize imaging function and produce the dispersion effect. The Fery prism does not need to be placed in the parallel optical path, which simplifies the collimator lens and the imaging lens and are necessary in the prism spectrometer, making it possible to obtain a compact spectrometer. Full-spectrum transmittance of the prism is up to 94 %. Compared to the convex grating, the energy efficiency is greatly improved, and the free spectral range is wider, and its dispersion will not bring higher-order spectral aliasing problem. The small high spectrometer only includes two components. Its spectral range is from 400 to 1000 nm, covering the near-ultraviolet to near-infrared. The various aberrations of the typical spectrum are corrected. The spectrometer is excellent in performance.     

Acoustic field imaging by light reflection at the free surface of a liquid

In this paper we present a novel technique for acoustic field imaging. This technique is based on reflection of a collimated laser beam at the free surface of a liquid. The reflected beam becomes phase modulated by the acoustic wave as in acoustical holographic systems. We do not use a reference acoustical beam for holographic reconstruction but we observe this phase modulation using dark-field techniques. It gives a measurement of the acoustic field power as a function of the position. The authors have built an optical imaging system and carried out experiments with piezocomposite transducers. The technique presented in this work is able to give fast quantitative information about the performance of individual ceramic rods of the piezocomposite.     

一种水下对空成像失真的校正方法

水下光电对空成像失真现象,主要包括位置畸变和灰度衰减两部分,在分析成像过程的基础上,分别推导出了畸变校正数学模型和灰度校正数学模型.采用双线性插值法来处理空间变换后的灰度插值问题,最终实现了灰度校正和畸变校正的同步.设计了以标准网格为目标靶面的实验来采集匹配点的信息以获取校正模型的相关参数.实验表明本方法能较好地还原出图像的真实信息,对图像失真校正具有较好的实用性.