同轴枪放电等离子体电流片的运动特性研究

同轴枪放电可以产生高速度、高密度的等离子体射流,在天体物理、核物理等研究领域具有广泛的应用.基于同轴枪放电等离子体运动的"雪犁模型"分析,本实验通过对等离子体光电信号和磁信号的测量及放电照片的拍摄,研究了不同放电电流和气压对同轴枪放电等离子体电流片的运动特性、电流通道分布的影响.实验结果发现:一次放电过程中,气压为10 Pa、放电电流为35.7—69.8 kA时,随着放电电流的增加,等离子体喷射速度增加,输运距离与离子携带的轴向动能成正比,大电流条件下,等离子体喷出枪口时易于在枪底端形成新的电流通道;气压为5—40 Pa、放电电流为49.8 kA时,随着气压的增加,等离子体喷射速度减小,输运距离缩短,高气压下,等离子体喷出枪口时在枪底端未产生新的放电通道,这与放电过程中遗留在枪底端的带电粒子和电流片渗漏残留在枪内的中性粒子共同形成的阻抗通道有关;电流反向时,二次放电击穿位置发生在电极头部,放电过程中存在多次放电现象.     

微小碎片加速器同轴枪内等离子体轴向速度研究

等离子体驱动微小碎片加速器是地面模拟空间微小碎片超高速撞击实验的装置, 决定其加速效果的是加速器同轴枪内等离子体轴向速度. 采用发射光谱法研究等离子体轴向速度随放电电压和工作气体压强的变化关系. 实验结果揭示:轴向速度随着放电电压的增大线性增加,随工作气压的增大而缓慢减小, 与数值模拟结果符合.为进一步提高等离子体轴向速度,优化加速器提供了可靠依据.     

微秒脉冲大气压氦气等离子体射流阵列特性

为了深入研究等离子射流阵列的放电特性,利用上升沿1μs、脉宽2μs的微秒脉冲电源产生等离子体射流,通过电压电流波形的测量和发光图像的拍摄,研究了在针-环双电极结构下,不同电极位置以及不同重复脉冲频率下氦气等离子体射流阵列的放电特性。实验结果表明放电最初产生在阵列的两端,随着外加电压幅值的增加,中心管也会有射流产生,最终形成射流阵列。随地电极距管口距离的变远,放电电流和中心管的射流长度均呈现出先增大后减小的变化趋势(20mm处取得最大值),随着重复脉冲频率的增大,放电由不均匀的丝状放电向均匀放电转变,放电电流先减小而后保持不变。     

含氢电极真空弧放电等离子体时空分布特性研究

真空弧离子源在真空镀膜、材料表面改性、真空大电流开关、加速器离子注入等领域有广泛应用,目前国内外对真空弧放电等离子体的研究主要针对纯金属或合金电极,对含氢电极的研究和公开报道较少.本文利用高时空分辨的四分幅图像诊断系统,结合氢和钛原子特征线单色器件,研究了含氢钛电极的真空弧微秒级脉冲放电等离子体的轴向和径向时空分布特性.研究表明:在真空击穿阶段,阳极区域发光更为明显,阳极电极解吸附释放的氢原子是引发击穿的主要放电介质;在真空弧阶段,阴极-绝缘-真空三结合点处产生圆锥状阴极斑,喷射出大量的等离子体以维持弧放电,同时电极内壁非阴极斑区域也有少量等离子体产生,等离子体中H原子的轴向和径向空间分布均比Ti原子均匀.     

微秒脉冲激励的大气压氦等离子体射流放电特性北大核心CSCD

研究了不同电极结构以及放电参数对微秒脉冲激励的氦等离子体射流放电特性的影响。实验中采用不同管内径、不同电极形状、不同重复频率等参数,通过采集放电阶段的电流电压图、发光图像以及发射光谱等,对等离子体射流的电学特性和光学特性进行诊断。实验结果表明,随着管内直径的增大,氦等离子体射流的长度减小;管内径为8mm时,等离子体射流的击穿电压与放电电流最小,同时,其发射光谱中第二正带系N2,N+2和O等高能活性粒子的强度最高;管内径为5mm的等离子体射流的放电电流、功率及消耗的能量最大;在相同实验条件下,针尖电极结构中的放电电流、消耗的功率还有发射光谱强度都较大;随着重复频率的增加,氦等离子体射流的长度会增加,但击穿电压减小。     

Xe介质极紫外光源时间特性及最佳条件研究

理论和实验上研究了Xe介质毛细管放电极紫外光源等离子体时间特性和最佳条件. 从理论上建立了Xe介质一维辐射磁流体力学模型,模拟了不同气压和电流条件下等离子体压缩和辐射特性;实验上测量了放电电流30 kA时不同气压条件下13.5 nm （2%带宽）动态特性. 理论和实验结果表明：不同放电电流条件下,存在最佳气压值,最佳气压随着电流的增加而增加;同时,电流增加时,13.5 nm （2%带宽）辐射光强峰值时刻减小. 关键词： 极紫外光刻光源 毛细管放电 磁流体力学 Xe等离子体     

三电极等离子体合成射流激励器工作特性参数影响实验

采用放电测量和光学诊断技术对三电极等离子体合成射流激励器放电特性及流场特性进行了实验研究,分析了放电电容、激励器腔体体积和射流出口直径对三电极等离子体合成射流流场分布及速度特性的影响.实验结果表明:三电极等离子体合成射流激励器放电过程包含触发、放电增强、放电衰减和电弧熄灭4个阶段,表现出典型的欠阻尼放电特征;等离子体合成射流流场包含射流主流、"前驱激波"和复杂的反射波系.放电电容、腔体体积和射流出口直径均存在一阈值,当电容和出口直径小于阈值、腔体体积大于阈值时,"前驱激波"以当地声速（约345 m/s）恒速传播,否则"前驱激波"则以大于345 m/s的速度传播,且与射流速度呈现相同的变化趋势,即随着放电电容和出口直径的增加而增大,随着腔体体积的增加而减小.      

大气压微等离子体射流电子密度研究

采用微空心阴极放电装置,利用光学方法和电学方法研究了大气压流动Ar和N₂混合气体中产生的微等离子体射流特性。研究发现,随着电源输入功率增大到一定数值,微空心阴极装置中两个电极间气体发生击穿,通过击穿气隙气体的流动会沿着气流方向产生最大为4 mm的等离子体射流。放电电流为准连续的脉冲放电形式,其中放电电流脉冲宽度约为0.1 μs。分别利用爱因斯坦方程和等离子体发射光谱中谱线的Stark展宽方法计算了电子密度。结果发现,2种计算方法得出的微等离子体射流的电子密度均在1015·cm-3的量级。研究还发现,功率对微等离子体射流电子密度影响不大。利用气体击穿理论,对以上结论进行了定性分析。     

空心阴极等离子体电子枪研究

对空心阴极等离子体电子枪的理论与机理做了较详细的分析，介绍了空心阴极放电特性，论 述了激励电极和调制电极在空心阴极内等离子体形成过程中的作用，分析了等离子体中电子 和离子的运动及主要参数，推导出空心阴极内电场与电流密度的表达式，研究了形成稳定电 子束流的基本条件.利用泊松方程、电流连续性方程和运动方程对其进行了数值模拟计算， 并给出了优化结果. 在此基础上设计出了输出束流脉宽为1μs、幅值达2kA的空心阴极等离 子体电子枪. 关键词： 空心阴极 等离子体 电子枪     

HL-2A中性束大功率离子源的研制

2007年3月,为HL-2A中性束注入器研制的大功率离子源在核工业西南物理研究院成功通过了测试.该离子源为圆柱结构的桶式离子源型;加速器采用三电极的加减速系统.实验运行参数如下:灯丝加热电流1100A,电压12V,弧放电电压120V,弧放电电流1050A,等离子体密度达2.5×1012/cm3,离子流密度0.44A/cm2;在距等离子体电极5mm的平面上,等离子体的均匀性好于5%,工作脉宽2s.离子源物理设计、工程考虑、实验研究结果等将在本文介绍.     

Effective erosion coefficient and plasma velocity limitation in the channel of an electromagnetic rail accelerator

The concept of an effective erosion coefficient, which takes into account the capture and entrainment in motion (by accelerated plasma) of only part of the erosion mass lost by rail accelerator electrodes, is introduced to describe the plasma acceleration dynamics in the channel of an electromagnetic rail accelerator. This parameter is determined from a comparison of the experimental and calculated plasma velocities at the stage of velocity saturation. The plasma velocity is calculated using a model that takes into account the pressure force of a shock-compressed gas and the deceleration force that appears during the capture of the erosion mass by a plasma piston. The ratio of the captured mass to the mass lost by the electrodes is found to depend on the current; for copper, this ratio is 1/4–2/3. The effective erosion coefficient is 0.6–0.7 mg/C at a current of ～40 kA.     

A Source for Fuel Supply to a Fusion Reactor Core

We present the results of studies of the plasma source based on the coaxial accelerator with the slothole channel geometry for plasma acceleration and working gas inlet into the accelerator via the electrodynamic valve. The plasma parameters at the output of the accelerator are measured. The slot-hole channel of the accelerator created higher jet pressure, as compared to the coaxial channel, especially at large distances from the source. The jet pressure reached 10⁶ N/m² at a distance of 0.7 m. The source created moderately pure plasma for a current below 80 kA. The density was (2.5–5) × 10²² m^–3, which was higher than the density obtained with the coaxial gun.     

300kV的虚火花放电实验

 介绍了用脉冲线加速器作驱动电源产生高压虚火花放电的实验。脉冲线加速器由十级马克斯发生器和改装的脉冲形成线构成, 虚火花放电室中注入低气压氮气, 在300kV的放电电压下获得药10kA的高亮度电子束。     

100 kA微秒导通时间等离子体断路开关研究

 研制了最大导通电流约为100 kA的微秒导通时间等离子体断路开关，开展了该导通电流下的等离子体断路开关性能实验，得到的负载电流上升时间为54-76 ns，最高开关电压为1.38 MV，最高电压倍增系数达到4.9。建立了导通阶段开关区等离子体运动的二维雪耙模型，初步数值模拟结果表明，该模型对目前开展的实验有较好的预估能力。     

Plasma-density-gradient injection of low absolute-momentum-spread electron bunches

Plasma density gradients in a gas jet were used to control the wake phase velocity and trapping threshold in a laser wakefield accelerator, producing stable electron bunches with longitudinal and transverse momentum spreads more than 10 times lower than in previous experiments (0.17 and 0.02 MeV/c FWHM, respectively) and with central momenta of 0.76+/-0.02 MeV/c. Transition radiation measurements combined with simulations indicated that the bunches can be used as a wakefield accelerator injector to produce stable beams with 0.2 MeV/c-class momentum spread at high energies.     

Discharge and flow characterizations of the double-side sliding discharge plasma actuator

We investigate the discharge and flow characterizations of a double-side siding discharge plasma actuator driven by different polarities of direct current(DC) voltage. The discharge tests show that sliding discharge and extended discharge are filamentary discharge. The irregular current pulse of sliding discharge fluctuates obviously in the first half cycle,ultimately expands the discharge channel. The instantaneous power and average power consumptions of sliding discharge are larger than those of the extended discharge and dielectric barrier discharge(DBD). The flow characteristics measured by a high-frequency particle-image-velocimetry system together with high-speed schlieren technology show that the opposite jet at the bias DC electrode is induced by sliding discharge, which causes a bulge structure in the discharge channel.The bias DC electrode can deflect the direction of the induced jet, then modifying the properties of the boundary layer.Extended discharge can accelerate the velocity of the starting vortex, improving the horizontal velocity profile by 203%.The momentum growth caused by extended discharge has the largest peak value and the fastest growth rate, compared with sliding discharge and DBD. However, the momentum growth of sliding discharge lasts longer in the whole pulsed cycle,indicating that sliding discharge can also inject more momentum.     

Analysis of the behavior of a discharge in a coaxial plasma jet accelerator

We analyze the behavior of the discharge in a coaxial plasma jet accelerator with a pulsed supply of the working gas released by an electric discharge from titanium hydride powder. Radiation (varying with time) from the discharge in the accelerator was detected using an optical method through a narrow slit cut along the outer electrode by a Bifo Company K008 streak camera. Stable operation of the source with the highest kinetic energy of a pure hydrogen plasma jet was attained for a relatively uniform glow of the discharge along the accelerator during the entire current pulse. Conversely, local glow of the discharge at the outlet or inlet of the accelerator considerably contaminated the discharge with impurities, and the kinetic energy of the plasma jet decreased by an order of magnitude. The highest energy of the plasma jet was attained when the polarity of the electrodes was the same as at the plasma focus.     

A high-power vircator based on an ironless linear induction accelerator of electrons

A high-power vircator that is based on the Korvet ironless linear induction electron accelerator built around radial pulse-forming lines is implemented for the first time. Results on the computer simulation and experimental optimization of the vircator are discussed. The experimentally found parameters of the vircator are the following: cathode current 35 kA (at a limit current of 19 kA), microwave pulse base widths 40 and 18 ns, and peak microwave power more than 500 MW.