Nonlinear modulation technique for NDE with air-coupled ultrasound

The present study is aimed at expanding flexibility and application area of nonlinear acoustic modulation (NAM-) technique by combining the benefits of noncontact ultrasound excitation (remote locating and imaging of defects) with sensitivity of nonlinear methods in a new air-coupled NAM-version. A pair of focused air-coupled transducers was used to generate and receive (high-frequency) longitudinal or flexural waves in plate-like samples. Low-frequency (LF-) vibrations were excited with a shaker or a loudspeaker. Temporal and spectral analysis of the output signal revealed an extremely efficient nonlinear amplitude modulation and multiple frequency side-bands for sound transmission and flexural wave propagation through cracked defects. On the contrary, a negligible modulation was observed for large and medium scale inclusions and material inhomogeneities (linear defects). A new subharmonic mode of the NAM was observed at high excitation levels. It was also shown for the first time that nonlinear vibrations of cracks resulted in radiation of a very high-order harmonics (well above 100) of the driving excitation in air that enabled imaging of cracks remotely by registration their highly nonlinear "acoustic emission" with air-coupled transducers.     

空气耦合超声检测复合材料研究综述

复合材料普遍具有高比强度、高比刚度、高模量、耐腐蚀等优异性能,广泛应用于飞机机翼、导弹外壳、航空发动机壳体等部位。制造和服役过程中各类缺陷影响复合材料的力学性能和服役性能,必须采用有效的方法准确检测和评估复合材料中各类缺陷。空气耦合式超声检测具有完全非接触、非侵入、无损伤和无需耦合剂的特点,能够很好地运用于复合材料的在线和在位检测。该文就近年来空气耦合超声检测技术的研究现状进行了系统综述,简明扼要地分析和介绍了当前空气耦合超声检测的研究热点及进展,重点介绍了1-3型压电复合材料换能器、信号处理技术、相控聚焦式空气耦合超声检测、超声在复合材料的传播特性及其与缺陷交互作用的研究现状,探讨了空气耦合超声无损检测技术与仪器的发展方向,总结了目前空气耦合超声检测的研究热点问题,最后展望了空气耦合超声检测的发展趋势和应用前景。     

Study on the instantaneous characteristics of diffracted and transmitted light of static photorefractive grating illuminated by ultra-short pulse laser

Based on Kogelnik's coupled wave theory, the time-domain diffraction and transmission of static PR gratings are theoretically studied when they are illuminated by ultra-short pulse laser. Study shows that the waveforms of the diffracted and transmitted pulses depend on the readout pulse duration, grating spacing, crystal thickness and refractive index modulation. By changing the values of these parameters, the diffracted and transmitted waveforms can be controlled. Also we find there is a displacement of diffracted and transmitted pulse along the time-axis when compared to readout pulse. Conclusions of our study could be used in many areas, such as pulse shaping and signal processing.     

可调谐二极管激光吸收光谱技术参数选择及优化

可调谐二极管激光吸收光谱技术(TDLAS)系统性能受调制参数,如调制度、调制频率、扫描幅度及扫描频率影响,实际测量中各参数不存在明确的选择依据。针对此问题,文章在一定的理论基础上通过实验分别观察各调制参数对二次谐波信号的影响,通过分析检测信号的特征,如幅值、信噪比、对称性及峰宽得出其变化规律,总结出在不同系统功能和需求下系统各调制参数的优化依据及方法。系统在计算浓度和温度时应优先考虑幅值和信噪比,从而使调制度达到最佳值,调制频率和扫描频率取较小值;在线形推导压强时优先考虑信号的对称性和峰宽,根据计算的具体要求确定调制参数;扫描幅度的确定以得到完整谐波信号为准;再根据系统的速度和精度需求调整扫描频率。该研究为此类系统工作状态的确定提供了实验依据。     

The use of broadband acoustic transducers and pulse-compression techniques for air-coupled ultrasonic imaging

A pulse-compression technique has been applied to air-coupled testing of solid materials. Capacitance transducers were used to generate wide bandwidth swept-frequency (chirp) signals in air, which were then used to measure and image solid samples in through transmission. The results demonstrate that such signal processing techniques lead to an improvement in the signal to noise ratio and timing accuracy for air-coupled testing. Measurements of thickness and spectroscopic experiments are presented. Images of defects in a wide range of materials, including metals and carbon-fibre composites have also been obtained. This combination of capacitive transducers with pulse-compression techniques is shown to be a powerful tool for non-contact air-coupled ultrasonic measurements.     

Enhanced signal intensities obtained by out-of-phase rapid-passage EPR for samples with long electron spin relaxation times

To understand the signals that are observed under rapid-passage conditions for samples with long electron spin relaxation times, the E' defect in irradiated vitreous SiO(2) was studied. For these samples at room temperature, T(1) is 200 mciro s and T(2) ranged from 35 to 200 micro s, depending on spin concentration. At X band with 100-kHz modulation frequency and 1-G modulation amplitude there was minimal lineshape difference between the low-power, in-phase spectra and high-power spectra detected 90 degrees out-of-phase with respect to the magnetic field modulation. Signal enhancement, defined as the ratio of the intensities of the out-of-phase to the in-phase signals when B(1) for both observation modes is adjusted to give maximum signal, was 3.4 to 9.5 at room temperature. The origin of the out-of-phase signal was modeled by numerical integration of the Bloch equations including magnetic field modulation. The waveforms for the E' signal, prior to phase sensitive detection, were simulated by summing the contributions of many individual spin packets. Good agreement was obtained between experimental and calculated waveforms. At low B(1) the experimental values of T(1) and T(2) were used in the simulations. However, at higher B(1), T(2) was adjusted to match the experimental signal intensity and increased with increasing B(1). At high B(1), T(2)=T(1), consistent with Redfield's and Hyde's models. For the spin concentrations examined, the out-of-phase signals at very high power (B(1) approximately 0.33 G) displayed a linear relationship between peak-to-peak signal amplitude and spin concentration. Under the conditions used for spin quantitation the signal-to-noise for these spectra was up to 5 times higher than for the in-phase signal, which greatly facilitates quantitation for these types of samples. For samples in which T(2) is dominated by electron spin-spin interaction, lower spin concentration results in longer T(2) and the enhancement is increased.     

基于空耦超声Lamb波的金属板状结构内部缺陷检测方法

针对接触式超声检测方法在金属板结构内部缺陷实际工程检测中存在的环境要求高、效率低、操作难度高等问题,提出了空耦超声Lamb波检测方法,该方法能更好地适应现场应用环境,提高检测效率,减少传感器数量。通过有限元仿真和实验分析比较了空耦超声检测与接触式超声检测两种方法接收到的信号和成像效果。结果表明:有限元仿真和实验中,空耦超声检测方法对缺陷位置的定位误差分别为2 mm和3.6 mm,接触式检测方法对缺陷位置的定位误差分别为2 mm和11.3 mm,空耦检测具有较高的定位精度;单侧激励条件下,适合采用A0模态Lamb波对板内缺陷进行检测;空耦超声检测可以通过调整信号接收角度接收单一模态Lamb波,避免伪像产生。该方法为后续金属板状结构内部缺陷的空耦超声检测提供参考。     

Analysis of modulation format in the 40 Gbit/s optical communication system

Three different modulation formats including nonreturn-to-zero (NRZ), return-to-zero (RZ), carrier-suppressed return-to-zero (CS-RZ) and the differential phase keying (DPSK) modulation format of each code are introduced in the article. A method of their modulated signal generation with computer is described, and a comparison of their spectra and waveforms is made. The 40 Gbps signal transmitted in 200 km G.652 fiber by way of single channel with erbium-doped-fiber-amplifier (EDFA) is simulated for these three formats. The ability of anti-dispersion and anti-PMD is analyzed. It is shown that RZ and CS-RZ formats are more tolerant than NRZ format in the same conditions.     

基于有限元的空耦超声相控阵Lamb波激发与检测

基于非接触式空气耦合超声换能器的无损检测技术在常规板材、纤维复合材料、层状结构材料、粘接界面等的检测中有了长足的发展。但是因为空气耦合超声本身的限制,对于如何提高空气声换能器的发射效率和接收灵敏度、提高检测中接收的信噪比成为这一领域的重要课题。因此有必要结合最新的信号处理技术探索新的无损检测形式。本文通过提出了基于电容式的空气声换能器阵列的构建和制作方法,应用有限元数值方法对一维线阵的空气声换能器阵列的动态偏转特性进行了模拟,并使用构建流固耦合模型对二维的空气声场及板材中的位移场进行计算。通过一维空气耦合相控阵的声束动态偏转激励了各向同性板中的Lamb波A₀ 和S₀模式,并进行了分析,验证了此模型可以进一步用于基于空气耦合相控阵激励的Lamb波的无损检测中。     

Photonic multi-shape UWB pulse generation using a semiconductor optical amplifier-based nonlinear optical loop mirror

We propose and demonstrate a scheme to implement photonic multi-shape ultra-wideband(UWB) signal generation using a semiconductor optical amplifier(SOA) based nonlinear optical loop mirror(NOLM).By employing the cross phase modulation(XPM) effect,cross gain modulation(XGM),or both,multi-shape UWB waveforms are generated including monocycle,doublet,triplet,and quadruplet pulses.Both the shapes and polarities of the generated pulses are flexible to adjust,which may be very useful in UWB pulse shape modulation and pulse polarity modulation.     

Optical Signal Inversion Phenomenon for 1.5 μm Derived from the Negative Nonlinear Absorption Effect in an Erbium Nitrate Solution

The modulation characteristics of the negative nonlinear absorption effect were investigated in an erbium nitrate solution using a 1510 nm laser diode. The reversed-phase waveform was obtained in the transmitted laser for a sample length of 3.0 mm. With decrease in the modulation degree, the reversed-phase waveforms were observed at modulation degrees smaller than 72%. With increase in the modulation frequency, the transmitted waveforms were asymmetrical. The optical signal inversion phenomenon for 1.5μm can be explained by considering an excited state absorption in which energy transfer occurs in a system with high concentrations of the Er3+ ion.     

A PAM-PPM signalling format in optical fibre digital communications

A combined pulse amplitude modulation (PAM) and pulse position modulation (PPM) technique is proposed and investigated as a feasible solution of the problem of line encoding in optical fibre communication systems. The basic idea is that of exploiting PAM and PPM jointly, to give rise to three different waveforms in one signalling period, without resorting to more than two signal levels. Some evaluations of the behaviour of this signalling format are reported in terms of coding efficiency, spectral density, timing information, and error probability. Alternative receiving schemes are also devised to improve system performance.     

多匹配层空气耦合压电超声换能器*

该文针对超声无损检测与成像功能空气耦合换能器开展了分析计算和研制。为解决压电材料与空气间巨大的阻抗失配问题,进行了多匹配层设计,并基于有限元技术仿真设计了1-3压电复合材料参数。借助复数压电方程,导出考虑损耗的多匹配层压电复合材料换能器厚度振动等效电路,获得其等效导纳,以此计算电导谱,同时基于有限元技术数值计算相应电导谱,二者有较好的一致性。在此基础上分别设计制作复合压电材料,多匹配层材料以及由此构成的空气耦合超声换能器。换能器的实测电导谱与数值仿真结果一致。进一步的换能器回波信号测试及其谱分析结果表明,所研制的160 k Hz中心频率空气耦合换能器样品有较好灵敏度和带宽。这些结果说明,该文研制的空气耦合超声换能器的初样是成功的。     

Multi-task learning approach for modulation and wireless signal classification for 5G and beyond: Edge deployment via model compression

Future communication networks must address the scarce spectrum to accommodate extensive growth of heterogeneous wireless devices. Efforts are underway to address spectrum coexistence, enhance spectrum awareness, and bolster authentication schemes. Wireless signal recognition is becoming increasingly more significant for spectrum monitoring, spectrum management, secure communications, among others. Consequently, comprehensive spectrum awareness on the edge has the potential to serve as a key enabler for the emerging beyond 5G (fifth generation) networks. State-of-the-art studies in this domain have (i) only focused on a single task – modulation or signal (protocol) classification – which in many cases is insufficient information for a system to act on, (ii) consider either radar or communication waveforms (homogeneous waveform category), and (iii) does not address edge deployment during neural network design phase. In this work, for the first time in the wireless communication domain, we exploit the potential of deep neural networks based multi-task learning (MTL) framework to simultaneously learn modulation and signal classification tasks while considering heterogeneous wireless signals such as radar and communication waveforms in the electromagnetic spectrum. The proposed MTL architecture benefits from the mutual relation between the two tasks in improving the classification accuracy as well as the learning efficiency with a lightweight neural network model. We additionally include experimental evaluations of the model with over-the-air collected samples and demonstrate first-hand insight on model compression along with deep learning pipeline for deployment on resource-constrained edge devices. We demonstrate significant computational, memory, and accuracy improvement of the proposed model over two reference architectures. In addition to modeling a lightweight MTL model suitable for resource-constrained embedded radio platforms, we provide a comprehensive heterogeneous wireless signals dataset for public use.     

任意复包络信号的匀速运动目标回波脉间补偿及相干积累

现代声呐、水下制导等水声探测系统常常使用窄带脉冲、调制、编码、伪随机等种类繁多的发射信号波形来满足低信噪比检测、高分辨估计、抗干扰、主动隐蔽探测的应用需求.针对这一情况,本文研究了任意信号的长时间积累问题,给出了一种任意复包络信号的匀速运动目标回波脉间补偿及相干积累检测方法.通过构建任意发射信号波形的广义模糊函数,将匹配滤波器输出表示为所构造的广义模糊函数,使得任意复包络信号的脉压波形不仅能够用统一的数学模型来表述和计算,而且能够提供多脉冲回波的距离走动信息和多普勒频移信息,为多脉冲距离位置对齐和Fourier变换(FFT)积累提供了依据.对于用广义模糊函数表示的匹配滤波器输出,采用Keystone变换将复包络对齐,消除了距离走动,采用FFT补偿多普勒频移项,实现了任意复包络信号的长时间相干积累.对于水下探测中使用的连续波信号、线性调频信号以及复杂的m序列编码信号、Costas跳频编码信号波形进行了信号积累及检测的计算机仿真,验证了任意复包络信号的匀速运动目标回波脉间补偿及相干积累的正确性.消声水池实验验证了该方法的有效性.     

多基元聚焦空气耦合超声换能器*

文中针对空气耦合超声换能器及其在表面缺陷检测中的应用开展了研究。选用1-3型压电复合材料及双匹配层结构来实现超声换能器压电材料与空气之间声阻抗的逐渐过渡,提高压电材料/空气界面的声能量透射率进而提高空气耦合超声换能器的灵敏度。在此基础上研发制作了440 kHz多基元聚焦空气耦合超声换能器,并对其性能进行了测试。其焦距、焦宽及焦深分别为41.44 mm、1.14 mm和20.30 mm,灵敏度和带宽分别为-50 d B和20.2%。测试结果表明该空气耦合超声换能器具有优良的性能,利用该超声换能器可以有效检测材料表面缺陷。     

Review of air-coupled ultrasonic materials characterization

This article presents a review of air-coupled ultrasonics employed in the characterization or nondestructive inspection of industrial materials. Developments in air-coupled transduction and electronics are briefly treated, although the emphasis here is on methods of characterization and inspection, and in overcoming limitations inherent in the use of such a tenuous sound coupling medium as air. The role of Lamb waves in plate characterization is covered, including the use of air-coupled acoustic beams to measure the elastic and/or viscoelastic properties of a material. Air-coupled acoustic detection, when other methods are employed to generate high-amplitude sound beams is also reviewed. Applications to civil engineering, acoustic tomography, and the characterization of both paper and wood are dealt with here. A brief summary of developments in air-coupled acoustic arrays and the application of air-coupled methods in nonlinear ultrasonics complete the review. In particular, the work of Professor Bernard Hosten and his collaborators at Bordeaux is carefully examined.     

虫蛀玉米种子的空气耦合超声波检测

提出了一种基于空气耦合超声波技术的玉米种子虫蛀孔洞颗粒和完好颗粒分类识别方法·首先根据玉米颗粒的弹性模量、泊松比和密度等物理量计算出了玉米颗粒的声速,并根据检测精度需求设定了激励信号频率。然后采用MATLAB对采集的两类种子超声波信号数据进行分析处理,并分析了种子厚度和摆放方位对超声波响应特征的影响。最后建立了K近邻(KNN)、簇类独立软模式法(SIMCA)、Fisher线性判别(LDA)和决策树(DT)识别模型,并对模型性能进行了测试.结果表明;种子孔洞深度、胚部厚度和正反面方位不同,即超声波在种子表面的反射程度不同、在种子中传播声程不同,则起声波信号衰减程度不同,导致接收到信号的幅值不同,且样本点在主成分分析(PCA)特征空间的分布也不同。4种识别模型均可以实现对两类玉米的分类识别,其中KNN模型性能最佳,其对虫蛀孔洞颗粒和完好颗粒的正确识别率分别为98%100%,误差带为2%,0。此结果说明采用空气耦合超声波技术可以实现对玉米种子虫蛀孔洞颗粒的检测。      

利用随机共振在强噪声下提取信息信号

已有利用随机共振在强噪声下提取单一频率信号的若干报道，但单一频率信号所携带的信息量为零.本实验研究表明：在调幅波和白噪声的协同作用下，非线性双稳系统的输出不仅可以呈现随机共振现象，而且经检波、滤波后能提取出调制信号(信息信号)；与直接经电子学系统检波、线性滤波后所提取的调制信号相比，前者所获调制信号的信噪比更高.给出了绝热近似条件下，调制信号信噪比的解析表达式. 关键词： 随机共振 信噪比 调制信号 噪声     

Comparative Study on Large and Small Signal Theory for Intensity Modulation Response of Semiconductor Lasers Including Higher-Order Dispersion Terms

In this article, the comparison of large signal theory and small signal theory has been done with dispersive propagation of optical signal with IMDD (Intensity Modulation Direct Detection) systems for semiconductor lasers with higher-order dispersion terms. The expressions for an exact large signal theory and small signal theory including higher-order dispersion terms for propagation of an optical wave with sinusoidal amplitude and frequency modulation in a dispersive fiber have been derived. It is observed that small signal theory is more sensitive compared to large signal theory in terms of intensity modulation/direct detection systems. Also, it is reported that for large signal analysis the higher-order effects of dispersion can be ignored, whereas for small signal theory, the higher-order effects can be ignored for lower modulation frequencies only. The variation in the transfer function for various values of modulation indices are greater for small signal analysis than for large signal analysis. Also, as the intensity modulation index is increased, there is a decrease in the value of transfer function. The large signal model approximates the small signal model for lower values of the intensity modulation index.